Enginering departmanet

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RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

General Conversions, Formulas &References

hese pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confiat this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site.

ick here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.

q Areaq ASCII Charactersq Bolts, Nuts & Washers -

Metricq Bolts, Nuts & Washers -

SAEq Carnot Cycleq Coefficient of

Expansionq Density Conversionsq Drill Sizes - Letteredq Drill Sizes - Numberedq Electrochemical

Potentialsq Forceq Galvanic Seriesq General Constantsq General Unitsq Greek Alphabet

q IC Heat Transferq IC Lifetime

Accelerationq Laws of Motionq Laws Of

Thermodynamicsq Length Conversionsq Mass Conversionsq Materials Propertiesq Mechanical Constantsq Mechanical Unitsq Periodic Tableq Phonetic Alphabetq Pressure Conversionsq Psychometric Chartq P-T Diagramq Relativity

q Solar Systemq Sound Levelsq Sound Powerq Speed Conversionsq Tap & Drill - Metricq Tap & Drill - SAEq Temperature

Conversionsq Thermal Conductivitq Time Conversionsq Torx Heads

q Thermal Conductivitq Ultrasonic Frequenc

Chartq Visible Lightq Volume Conversionsq Work-Energy-Heat

Conversionsq World Time Zone Ma

Copyright, Acknowledgements,Disclaimer & Terms of Use

Visitors since May 2000

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2/81

RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

hese pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confiat this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Note: "#"dicates that an interactive calculator is on the Electrical Calculations page.

Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.

q A/D ConverterParameters

q ABCD, S, H, Y, ZParameters

q AC Voltage & Frequency Worldwide

Standardsq Amplitude Modulationq Atmospheric Absorptionq Atmospheric Refractionq Antenna Basicsq Antenna Radiation Patterns

q Attenuators (Fixed)#q Ball Grid Array (BGA) Counterq Batteriesq Battery Outlinesq Bessel Function Plotsq Bit Error Rateq Boolean Algebraq Capacitanceq Capacitance Conversions

q Cascade Budget Calculation#q Charge Conversionsq Circulatorsq Coaxial Cable Chartq Coaxial Cable Equationsq Coaxial Connectorsq Coaxial Connector Torque Specsq Color Codesq Communications Standardsq Compression Point, 1 dBq Conductors @ High Frequencies

q Copper Factsq Current Conversionsq Damped Responsesq Data Bus Specificationsq Delta-Wyeq Detectorsq Dielectric Constants & Strengthsq Diplexersq Directional Couplers

q Filters#q Flip Flop Tablesq Fourier Series of

Periodic Signalsq

Frequency Bandsq Frequency Modulationq Fuse Specsq Fuse Package Outlineq GPIB / HPIB / IEEE-

488q GSM Timeslot &

Frequency Specsq History of

Communicationsq History of 50 q Impedance Matching

q Inductance#q Inductance Conversionsq Intercept Points, 2-Tone 2nd-Orderq Intercept Points, 2-Tone 3rd-Orderq Isolatorsq Karnaugh Mapsq Kirchhoff's Lawq Link Budgetq

Lightningq Magnetic Field Conversionsq Magnetic Flux Conversionsq Maxwell's Equationsq Microstripq MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Busq Morse Codeq Noise Figureq Noise Powerq Norton Equivalentq Ohm's Lawq Op Amps

q Radar Cross Section (RCS)q Radar Equationq Radar Horizon/Line of Sightq Resistance Conversionsq Resistor Markings: MIL-PRF-5q Resistor Markings: Stdq Resistor Valuesq RLC Combinationsq RMS & Average Power & Voltaq Serial Port Pinoutq S, H, Y, Z, ABCD Parametersq Signal-to-Noise Ratioq Skin Depthq SMD Package Markingsq Smith Chartq Solderq Spectral Inversionq Spurious-Free Dynamic Rangeq Spurious Calculationsq TEMPESTq Thvnin Equivalentq Toroid Coresq Transmission Linesq Triboelectric Seriesq USB Specificationsq WAPq Waveguideq Wireq Wireless Communication Specq Wireless Coverage Mapsq Wireless Data Rate Standards

q WLAN Specsq VSWR Mismatch Error#

q VSWR Reduction By Attenuati

q VSWR / Return Loss / Gamma

ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]
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rinter_cu_facts.htmlhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/cond_high_freq.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/p1dB.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/comm_standards_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/resistor_markings.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/connector_torque.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/coax_connector_usage.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/coax.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/coax_chart.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/circulators.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/charge.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/cascade_budget.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/capacitance_conv.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/capacitance.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/boolean_algebra.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ber.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/battery_drawings.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/batteries.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/bga_count.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/attenuators.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/antenna_patterns.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/antenna_basics.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/atm_refraction.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/atm_absorption.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/amplitude_modulation.htmhttp://www.kropla.com/electric2.htmhttp://www.kropla.com/electric2.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/s-h-y-z.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/s-h-y-z.htmhttp://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constantshttp://www.rfcafe.com/business/rfcafe_feedback.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/jokes_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/crosswords_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/quizzes_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/site_map.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/index.htmlhttp://www.rfcafe.com/business/about_rf_cafe_disclaimer.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/app_note_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/storefront/shopping.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/calculator_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/tech_definitions_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/education_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/engr_sites.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/jobs.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/magazine_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/patents.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/defense_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/test_note_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/vendors/vendor_links_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/games.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/forum2_toc.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/index.htmlhttp://www.rfcafe.com/swapshop_toc.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/search.htm


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RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

q Dividers/Combinersq Doppler Frequency Shiftq DTMF Tonesq EIRPq Electrical Constantsq Electrical Unitsq Electric Fieldsq Electrocution of Human Bodyq Field Intensityq ESD

q Op Noise Figureq Package Outlinesq Parallel Port Pinoutq PCS Web Siteq PIM - Passive Intermodulationq Path Lossq Potentialq Power Densityq Power Factorq Power & Voltage in 50 Systemq Propagation Timeq Pulse Definition



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RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets

Calculator Spreadsheets

hanks to MS Office Web Components and the advent of XML, including these interacreadsheet components is possible, for about the same amount of work as generatin Excel spreadsheet. Click on the following links for access.

q Electrical Calculationsr Attenuators ("T" and Pi)r Cascaded Componentsr Cavity Resonant Frequencyr Noise Conversions

r Voltage Dividerr VSWR - RL - Gamma()

q Filtersr Lowpass Butterworthr Lowpass Chebychevr Highpass Butterworthr Highpass Chebychevr Bandpass Butterworthr Bandpass Chebychevr Bandstop Butterworthr Bandstop Chebychev

NOTE:You must have either FrontPage2002 or Excel 2002 installed (from MSOffice XP) or these spreadsheets will beonly static and not interactive. You canpurchase an Excel 2002 upgrade for abo$100 here.



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/_spreadsheets/calculator_list.htm [4/1/02 3:54:57 AM]
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5/81

RF Cafe - Mathematical References

Mathematical References

ere are some of the most often need mathematical entities, all in one convenientlace.

q Averagesq Bessel Functionsq Coordinate Systemsq Derivatives, Basicq Deviationsq Differentiation Rulesq Exponentsq Fourier Seriesq Fourier Transform Pairsq Fourier Series

Propertiesq Imaginary Numbersq Integrals, Basicq Integrals, Inverse Trigq

Integrals, Natural Logq Integrals, Square Rootq Integrals,

Trigonometric

q LaPlace TransformPairs

q LaPlace TransformProperties

q Logarithmsq Matrix Algebraq Matrix Definitionsq Numerical Prefixesq Partial Fractionsq Permutations &

Combinationsq Phi () - the Golden

Numberq Plane Angleq

Series Expansionsq Summations

q Trig Identitiesq Trig Identities, Inverseq Trig Identities, Hyperbolicq Trig Identities, Inv Hyperbolic

q Trigonometry Lawsq Uncertaintiesq Vector, Curlq Vector, Divergenceq Vector, Gradientq z-Transform Properties



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical.htm [4/1/02 3:59:00 AM]
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matical/laplace_xfrm_pairs.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_trig.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_trig.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_sq_root.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_natural_log.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_inv_trig.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/integrals_basic.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/imaginary_numbers.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_xfrm_properties.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_xfrm_properties.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_xfrm_pairs.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/fourier_series.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/exponents.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/diff_rules.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/deviations.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/derivatives_basic.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/coordinate_systems.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/averages.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/business/rfcafe_feedback.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/jokes_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/crosswords_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/quizzes_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/site_map.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/index.htmlhttp://www.rfcafe.com/business/about_rf_cafe_disclaimer.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/app_note_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/storefront/shopping.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/calculator_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/tech_definitions_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/education_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/engr_sites.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/jobs.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/magazine_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/patents.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/defense_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/test_note_links.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/vendors/vendor_links_home.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/miscellany/games.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/forum2_toc.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/index.htmlhttp://www.rfcafe.com/swapshop_toc.htmhttp://www.rfcafe.com/search.htm


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RF Cafe - Area Conversion

AREA CONVERSIONS

Standard units = Square centimeter (cm2).

square in square ft square cm square m circular m

1 in2 = 1 6.944 10-3 6.452 6.452 10-4 1.273 101 ft2 = 144 1 929.0 9.290 10-2 1.833 10

1 cm2 = 0.1550 1.076 10-3 1 10-4 1.974 101 m2 = 1550 10.76 104 1 1.974 10

1 cir mil = 7.854 10-7 5.454 10-3 5.067 10-6 5.067 10-10 1



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/area.htm [4/1/02 12:30:31 AM]
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RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set

ASCII CHARACTER SET

33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 38 & 39

40 ( 41 ) 42 * 43 + 44 , 45 - 46 . 47

48 0 49 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 53 5 54 6 55

56 8 57 9 58 : 59 ; 60 < 61 = 62 > 63

64 @ 65 A 66 B 67 C 68 D 69 E 70 F 71

72 H 73 I 74 J 75 K 76 L 77 M 78 N 79

80 P 81 Q 82 R 83 S 84 T 85 U 86 V 87

88 X 89 Y 90 Z 91 [ 92 93 ] 94 ^ 95

96 ` 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 103

104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 111112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 119

120 x 121 y 122 z 123 { 124 | 125 } 126 ~ 127

128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135

136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/ascii.htm [4/1/02 12:37:35 AM]


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RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts

Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers

Size

TapDrill

(mm)

ClearanceDrill

(mm)

CounterBore(mm)

NutPoints(mm)

NutFlats(mm)

WasherI.D.

(mm)

WasherO.D.

(mm)

M1 0.75 1.10 0.30 2.08 1.8 1.0 2.0

M1.6 1.25 1.85 0.35 3.70 3.2 1.7 3.4

M2 1.60 2.40 0.40 4.62 4.0 2.2 4.5

M2.5 2.05 3.10 0.45 5.77 5.0 2.7 5.5

M3 2.50 3.75 0.50 6.35 5.5 3.2 6.0

M3.5 2.90 4.30 0.60 6.93 6.0 4.0 7.8

M4 3.30 4.90 0.70 8.08 7.0 4.3 8.0

M5 4.20 6.30 0.80 9.24 8.0 5.3 10

M6 5.00 7.50 1.0 11.5 10 6.4 11

M8 6.75 10.0 1.25 15.0 13 8.4 15

M10 8.50 12.5 1.50 17.3 15 11.5 21

1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts.3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM]


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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

SAE Bolts, Nuts &Washers

ize & Threads/ lnchSeries

DesignationTapDrill

ClearanceDrill

CounterBore

NutPoints

NutFlats

WasherI.D.

WaO

0-80 UNF 0.046 0.070 1/8 0.180 0.156 0.078 0.

1-64 UNC 0.059 0.089 5/32 0.180 0.156 0.099 0.

1-72 UNF

2-56 UNC 0.070 0.104 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.099 0.

2-64 UNF

3-48 UNC 0.078 0.120 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.105 0.

3-56 UNF

4-40 UNC 0.089 0.136 7/32 0.289 0.250 0.125 0.

4-48 UNF

5-40 UNC

5-44 UNF

6-32 UNC 0.106 0.161 9/32 0.361 0.312 0.149 0.

6-40 UNF

8-32 UNC 0.136 0.189 5/16 0.397 0.343 0.174 0.

8-36 UNF

10-24 UNC 0.149 0.213 11/32 0.433 0.375 0.203 0.

10-32 UNF12-24 UNC

12-28 UNF

1/4-20 UNC 0.201 0.281 7/16 0.505 0.437 0.265 0.

1/4-28 UNF

5/16-18 UNC

5/16-24 UNF

3/8-16 UNC

3/8-24 UNF

7/16-14 UNC

7/16-20 UNF

1/2-13 UNC

1/2-20 UNF

9/16-12 UNC

9/16-185/8-115/8-183/4-103/4-16

UNFUNCUNFUNCUNF

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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

7/8-97/8-14

1-81-121-14

UNCUNFUNCUNFUN

11/8-711/8-811/8-1211/4-71114-8

UNCUNUNFUNCUN

11/4-121 3/8-61 3/8-81 3/8-1211/2-6

UNFUNCUNUNFUNC

1 1/2-81 1/2-121 5/8-81 3/4-51 3/4-8

UNUNCUN

UNCUN

1 7/8-82-4 1/2

2-82 1/4-4.5

2 1/4-8

UNUNCUN

UNC

UN2 1/2-42 1/2-82 3/4-42 3/4-8

3-4

UNCUN

UNCUN

UNC

3-83 1/4-43 1/4-83 1/2-43 1/2-8

UNUNCUN

UNCUN

3 3/4-43 3/4-8

4-44-8

UNCUN

UNCUN

See Drill Sizes page for cross reference.Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts.Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.



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RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

Carnot Cycle

ideal cycle would be performed by a perfectly efficient heat enginethat is, all the heat would be convmechanical work. A 19th-century French scientist named Nicolas Carnot conceived a thermodynamic cyat is the basic cycle of all heat engines. He showed that such an ideal engine cannot exist. Any heat engust expend some fraction of its heat input as exhaust. The second law of thermodynamics places an upp

mit on the efficiency of engines; that upper limit is less than 100 percent. The limiting case is now knownrnot cycle.

The Carnot Cycle

1) Isothermal expansion of gas in cylinder as heat is

dded from source. Piston moves from V1 to V2,oing work on the system.

(2)Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabat

expansion continues until volume V3 is reached,performing additional work, at temperature T2.

ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]


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RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

4) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabaticompression continues until volume V4 is reached,erforming additional work, at temperature T2.

(3)Isothermal compression of gas in cylinder aswork is done by the system on the piston.Heat istransferred to T2.

othermal: Process in which no temperature changeccurs in a closed system.

Adiabatic: Process in which no heat is transferred or out of a closed system.



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RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

Materials Properties

atWeb

Substance

MeltingTemperature

(C)

Density

(g/cm3)

ThermalConductivity

(W/ mK)

ThermalExpansion

(10-6 K)

Resistiv(cm

anx CG8963.32 3.32

cohol, Ethyl

umina, Al2O3 2040 3.9 32.2 6.5 1020

umina, 85% 3.41

umina, 90% 3.6

umina, 94% 3.7umina, 96% 3.75

umina, 99% 3.9

umina, 99.5% 3.89

umina, 99.9% 3.96

uminosilicate 2.6

uminum, Pure115056

660.1

2.643

238

23.5

2.67

uminum, 2024-T3 2.77

uminum, 6061-T6 2.7

uminum, 7079-T6 2.74

uminum bronze 7.702

uminum Nitride 3.25

nzene 0.737

ryllium, QMV 1.85

ryllia, BeO 2550 2.85 215 7.5 1020

ryllium 1.8477

rch 0.705

ron Carbide 2.5

rosilicate Glass 2.3ass 8.553

onze, ~11% Tin 8.1

onze, aluminum 7.702

onze, phosphor 8.8

rbon Steel 7.84

rbon Tool Steel 7.82

rbon-Carbon Composite 1.65

herry 0.433

ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (1 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]
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14/81


oal, Anthracite 1.554

oal, Bituminous 1.346

oal, Coke 1.201

oal, Lignite 1.25

obalt 8.8

oncrete

opper 1083.4 8.96 17.0 1.694

opper Ore, pyrites 4.197

opper, cast-rolled 8.906

opper, Pure 8.9

orundum-Crystal Form 3.99

elrin (acetyl resin) 175 8.96 3.6 1020

hyl Alcohol 0.802

asoline 0.721

erman Silver 8.586

ass 2.6

ass, Pyrex

old, 99.99% 1063 19.3 315.5 14.1 2.20old Coin (US) 17.19

old, cast-hammered 19.3

aphite 2.163

afnium Carbide 12.76

DPE 0.955

gh Speed Tool Steel 8.75

e 0.897

dium 22.16

on

on, Cast, Pig 7.207

on, Ferrosilicon 6.984

on, gray cast 7.079

on Ore, Hematite 5.206

on Ore, Limonite 3.796

on Ore, Magnetite 5.046

on Slag 2.755

on, Spiegeleisen 7.496

on, wrought 7.658

evlar

vlar 149 1.47

vlar 29 1.44

evlar 49 1.44

ad 11.37

ad Glass 2.8

ad Ore, Galena 7.449

ather, common 0.945

agnesium, Pure 1.7

ahogany 0.705



15/81


anganese 7.608

anganese Ore 4.149

ercury 13.57

ethyl Alcohol 0.809

g-PSZ 5.75

neral Oil 0.914

olybdenum, wrought 10.3

onel Metal, rolled 8.688

ullite 2.82

ckel 1455 8.602 88 13.3 6.9

ckel, Pure 8.9

tride-Bonded SiC 2.54

per 0.929

raffin 0.898

troleum, Crude

g Iron 7.207

atinum 21.3

utonium, alpha phase 19.35lyurethane 1

Z 5.75

re Iron 7.86

rolusite, Mn Ore 4.149

uartz Glass 2.2

B-SiC 3.09

ed Oak 0.673

efrax 2.54

T/Duriod 5880

bber 1.506pphire 3.99

AlON 3.3

ica, SiO2

icon 1412 2.34 138 7.6 105

icon carbide 3.2

icon Nitride 3.28

ver, Cast-hammered 10.51

ver, Pure 10.5

ntered SiC 3.1NBSN / Refrax 2.54

ft Steel (0.06% C) 7.87

uthern Pine 0.65

ainless 18Cr-8Ni 8.03

ainless 27Cr 7.47

ainless Steel, 304 8.03

eel, C1020, HR 7.85

eel, cold-drawn 7.83

eel, tool 7.715



16/81


gar Maple 0.689

ntalum 16.6

orium, Ind. melted 11.6

C 4.94

n Ore, cassiterite 6.695

n, cast-hammered 7.352

tanium 4.5

tanium, B 120VCA 4.85

ngsten 3400 19.3 159 4.5 5.5

ngsten 18.82

ngsten Carbide 15.7

anium 18.74

anium D38 18.97

nadium Carbide 5.71

getable Oil 0.93

alnut 0.593

ater

ater, 100 C 0.9581ater, 4 C 0.99997

ater, Ice 0.897

ater, Seawater 1.025

C / Tungsten Carbide 15.7

ood, Oak

nc Ore, blende 4.052

nc, Cast 7.049

rconia 5.75

rconium 6.3798

rconium Carbide 6.56





17/81

RF Cafe - Density Conversion

Density Conversions

andard units = Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2).

lb per in3 lb per ft3 slug per ft3 g per cm3 kg per m

1 lb/ in3 1 1728 53.71 27.68 2.768 * 101 lb/ ft3 5.787 * 10-4 1 3.108 * 10-2 1.602 * 10-2 16.02

1 slug/ ft3 1.862 * 10-2 32.17 1 0.5154 515.4

1 g/cm3 3.613 * 10-2 62.43 1.940 1 1000

1 kg/ m3 3.613 * 10-5 6.243 * 10-2 1.940 * 10-3 0.001 1



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/density.htm [4/1/02 12:53:17 AM]


18/81

RF Cafe - Lettered Drill Sizes

DRILL SIZES: LETTERED

LetterDiameter

(in)

LetterDiameter

(in)

A 0.234 N 0.302

B 0.238 O 0.316

C 0.242 P 0.323

D 0.246 Q 0.332

E 0.250 R 0.339

F 0.257 S 0.348

G 0.261 T 0.358

H 0.266 U 0.368

I 0.272 V 0.377

J 0.277 W 0.386

K 0.281 X 0.397

L 0.290 Y 0.404

M 0.295 Z 0.413



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_lettered.htm [4/1/02 1:00:04 AM]


19/81

RF Cafe - Numbered Drill Sizes

DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED

NumberDiameter

(in)

NumberDiameter

(in)

NumberDiameter

(in)

NumberDiame

(in

1 0.2280 21 0.1590 41 0.0960 61 0.03

2 0.2210 22 0.1570 42 0.0935 62 0.03

3 0.2130 23 0.1540 43 0.0890 63 0.03

4 0.2090 24 0.1520 44 0.0869 64 0.03

5 0.2055 25 0.1495 45 0.0820 65 0.03

6 0.2040 26 0.1470 46 0.0810 66 0.03

7 0.2010 27 0.1440 47 0.0785 67 0.03

8 0.1990 28 0.1405 48 0.0760 68 0.03

9 0.1960 29 0.1360 49 0.0730 69 0.02

10 0.1935 30 0.1285 50 0.0700 70 0.02

11 0.1910 31 0.1200 51 0.0670 71 0.02

12 0.1890 32 0.1160 52 0.0635 72 0.02

13 0.1850 33 0.1130 53 0.0595 73 0.02

14 0.1820 34 0.1110 54 0.0550 74 0.02

15 0.1800 35 0.1100 55 0.0520 75 0.02

16 0.1770 36 0.1065 56 0.0465 76 0.01

17 0.1730 37 0.1040 57 0.0430 77 0.0118 0.1695 38 0.1015 58 0.0420 78 0.01

19 0.1660 39 0.0995 59 0.0410 79 0.01

20 0.1610 40 0.0980 60 0.0400 80 0.01



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_numbered.htm [4/1/02 1:02:11 AM]


20/81

Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

Electrochemical Potentials

This table presents the electrochemical potential difference(in mV) for pairs of common metal alloys, when in thepresence of water with 2% salt content.

the "X" metal is attackedthe contact is practically neutralthe "Y" metal is attacked

\

\ \ X\

\Y \

Platinum 0 130 250 340 350 430 450 570 600 685 700 770 800 840 940 1000 1090 1100 1200 1400 1470

Gold/Carbon 130 0 110 210 220 300 320 440 470 535 570 640 670 710 810 870 960 970 1070 1270 1340

StainlessSteel

250 110 0 90 100 160 200 320 350 415 450 520 550 590 690 750 840 850 950 1150 1220

Titanium 340 210 90 0 10 90 110 230 260 325 360 430 460 500 600 680 750 760 860 1060 1150

Silver-Mercury

350 220 100 10 0 80 100 220 250 315 350 420 450 490 590 650 740 750 850 1050 1120

Nickel 430 300 180 90 80 0 20 140 170 235 270 340 370 410 510 570 650 670 770 970 1040

CopperAlloy 450 320 200 110 100 20 0 120 150 215 250 320 350 390 490 530 640 650 750 950 1020

Copper 570 440 320 230 220 140 120 0 30 95 130 200 230 270 370 430 520 530 630 830 900

Aluminum-Bronze

Brass 30%Zinc

600 470 350 260 250 170 150 30 0 65 100 170 200 240 340 400 490 500 600 800 870

Silicon 665 535 415 325 315 235 215 95 65 0 35 105 135 175 275 335 425 435 535 735 805

Brass 50%Zinc 700 520 520 360 350 270 250 130 100 35 0 70 100 140 240 300 390 400 500 700 770

Bronze 770 640 550 430 420 340 320 200 170 105 70 0 30 70 170 230 320 330 435 630 700

Tin 800 670 590 460 450 370 350 230 200 135 100 30 0 40 140 200 290 300 400 600 670

Lead 840 710 680 500 490 410 390 270 240 175 140 70 40 0 100 160 250 260 300 560 630

p://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]


21/81

Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials

Light alloyNSA 3001 940 810 690 600 590 510 490 370 340 275 240 170 140 100 0 60 150 160 260 460 530

Steels 1000 870 750 660 650 570 550 430 400 335 300 230 200 160 60 0 90 150 200 400 470

AluminumA5

1090 960 840 750 740 650 640 520 490 425 390 320 290 250 150 90 0 100 110 310 380

Cadmium 1100 970 850 760 750 670 650 530 500 435 400 330 300 260 160 150 100 0 100 300 370

Chromium 1200 1070 950 860 850 770 750 630 600 535 500 430 400 360 260 200 110 100 0 200 270

Zinc 1400 1270 1150 1050 1050 970 950 830 800 735 700 630 600 560 460 400 310 300 200 0 70

Manganese 1470 1340 1220 1150 1120 1040 1020 900 870 805 770 700 670 630 530 470 380 370 270 70 0

Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285 1250 1180 1150 1110 1010 950 860 850 750 550 480Values obtained from 1997 Huber+Suhner "RF Connector Guide"



p://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]
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22/81

RF Cafe - Force Conversion

FORCE CONVERSIONS

Standard units = Newton (N).

dyne newton pound poundal gram force kg force1 dyn = 1 10-5 2.248 * 10-6 7.233 * 10-5 1.020 * 10-3 1.020 * 11 N = 105 1 0.2248 7.233 102.0 0.10201 lb = 4.448 * 105 4.448 1 32.17 453.6 0.45361 pdl = 1.383 * 104 0.1383 3.108 * 10-2 1 14.10 1.410 * 11 gf = 980.7 9.807 * 10-3 2.205 * 10-3 7.093 * 10-2 1 0.0011 kgf = 9.807 * 105 9.807 2.205 70.93 1000 1



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/force.htm [4/1/02 1:11:53 AM]


23/81

RF Cafe - Galvanic Series

GALVANIC SERIES

galvanic series table lists metals in the order of their relative activity in a specific environment. The listgins with the more active (anodic) metal and proceeds down the to the least active (cathodic) metal of lvanic series. A "galvanic series" applies to a particular electrolyte solution, so for each specific solutionich is expected to be encountered for actual use, a different order or series will ensue. In a galvanic cou

e metal higher in the series (or the smaller) represents the anode, and will corrode preferentially in thevironment. This is the "dissimilar metals" corrosion that is spoken of.

ted below is the latest galvanic table from MIL-STD-889 where the materials have been numbered accohow they interact in a galvanic couple in a seawater environment. The table is the galvanic series of mesea water from Army Missile Command Report RS-TR-67-11, "Practical Galvanic Series."

Most Anodic (#1) Most Cathodic (#9

1. Magnesium2. Mg alloy AZ-31B3. Mg alloy HK-31A4. Zinc (hot-dip, die cast,

or plated)5. Beryllium (hot pressed)6. Al 7072 clad on 70757. Al 2014-T38. Al 1160-H149. Al 7079-T6

10. Cadmium (plated)11. Uranium

12. Al 218 (die cast)13. Al 5052-014. Al 5052-H1215. Al 5456-0, H35316. Al 5052-H3217. Al 1100-018. Al 3003-H2519. Al 6061-T620. Al A360 (die cast)21. Al 7075-T622. Al 6061-023. Indium24. Al 2014-025. Al 2024-T4

26. Al 5052-H1627. Tin (plated)28. Stainless steel 430

(active)29. Lead30. Steel 101031. Iron (cast)32. Stainless steel 410

(active)33. Copper (plated, cast, or

wrought)34. Nickel (plated)

35. Chromium (Plated)36. Tantalum37. AM350 (active)38. Stainless steel 310

(active)39. Stainless steel 301




(active)43. Stainless steel 17-7PH

(active)

44. Tungsten45. Niobium (columbium)

1% Zr46. Brass, Yellow, 26847. Uranium 8% Mo48. Brass, Naval, 46449. Yellow Brass50. Muntz Metal 280

51. Brass (plated)52. Nickel-silver (18% Ni)53. Stainless steel 316L

(active)54. Bronze 22055. Copper 11056. Red Brass57. Stainless steel 347

(active)58. Molybdenum,

Commercial pure59. Copper-nickel 715

60. Admiralty brass61. Stainless steel 202(active)

62. Bronze, Phosphor 534(B-1)

63. Monel 40064. Stainless steel 201

(active)65. Carpenter 20 (active)66. Stainless steel 321



(active)

69. Stainless steel 17-7PH(passive)

70. Silicone Bronze 65571. Stainless steel 304

(passive)72. Stainless steel 301




(passive)

76. Stainless steel 316(passive)

77. AM355 (active)78. Stainless steel 202

(passive)79. Carpenter 20 (pass80. AM355 (passive)81. A286 (passive)82. Titanium 5A1, 2.5 83. Titanium 13V, 11C

(annealed)84. Titanium 6Al, 4V

(solution treated aaged)85. Titanium 6Al, 4V

(anneal)86. Titanium 8Mn87. Titanium 13V, 11C

(solution heat treaand aged)

88. Titanium 75A89. AM350 (passive)90. Silver91. Gold92. Graphite

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24/81

RF Cafe - Galvanic Series



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/galvanic_series.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM]


25/81

RF Cafe - General Constants

GENERAL CONSTANTS

Reduced Planck constant, = h/2Name Symbol Value

Speed of light (in vacuum) c 2.9979 * 108 m/s

Mass-energy ratio c2 8.9876 * 1016 J/kg

Gravitational constant G 6.6720 * 10-11 N*m2/kg2

" G 3.4490 * 10-8 lb * ft2/slug2

Universal gas constant R 8.3144 J/(mol * K)

Avogadro constant N0 6.0220 * 1023 molecules/mol

Boltzmann constant k 1.3807 * 10-23 J/K

Planck constant* h 6.6262 * 10-34 J * s

Electron rest mass me 9.1095 * 10-31 kg

Proton rest mass mp 1.6726 * 10-27 kg

Bohr radius aB 0.52918

Volume of ideal gas (@STP) V 2.2414 * 10-2 m3/mol

Stefan Boltzmann constant s 5.6703 * 10-8 W/(m2 * K4)



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_constants.htm [4/1/02 1:17:02 AM]


26/81

RF Cafe - General Units

GENERAL UNITS

Name Base Unit Symbol

Enthalpy joule H

Entropy joule/Kelvin S

Heat capacity joule/Kelvin C

Internal energy joule U

Luminous intensity candela I

Quantity of heat joule Q

Radiant energy joule W

Radiant intensity watt/steradian IRadiant power (flux) watt P

Sound intensity watt/meter I

Sound energy flux watt W

Specific heat capacity joule/(kilogram * Kelvin) c

Speed of sound meter/second n

Thermal conductivity watt/(meter * Kelvin) l

Time Constant s



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_units.htm [4/1/02 1:19:48 AM]


27/81

RF Cafe - Greek Alphabet

GREEK ALPHABET

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Delta

Epsilon

Zeta

Eta

Theta

Iota Kappa

Lambda

Mu

Nu

Xi

Omicron

Pi

Rho

Sigma

Tau

Upislon

Phi Chi

Psi

Omega



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/greek_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 1:20:29 AM]


28/81

RF Cafe - Heat Transfer of an Integrated Circuit

HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/heat_xfer_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:26:38 AM]


29/81

RF Cafe - Lifetime Acceleration of Integrated Circuit

LIFETIME ACCELERATION OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Arrhenius Model for Integrated Circuits

F = x1x2 = e {Lifetime Acceleration Factor}

Where:

x1 = Failure rate at junction temperature T1x2 = Failure rate at junction temperature T2T = Junction temperature in degrees KE = Thermal activation energy in eVk = Boltzmann's constant



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/life_acceleration_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:28:55 AM]


30/81

RF Cafe - Laws of Motion

LAWS OF MOTION

Translational motion w ith constantacceleration in the x-plane.

Rotational motion w ith constantacceleration in the -plane.



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/law_of_motion.htm [4/1/02 2:30:02 AM]


31/81

RF Cafe - Laws of Thermodynamics

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

ermodynamics is the field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopstems of matter and energy by relating such qualities temperature, pressure, and volume. It also takes ergy, heat, and work. When a physical system moves from one state of equilibrium to another, aermodynamic process is said to take place. The laws of thermodynamics were discovered in the 19th cerough painstaking experimentation.

Zeroth Law

hen each of twoystems is in equilibrium

th a third, the first twoystems must be inquilibrium with eachher. This shared

roperty of equilibrium ise temperature.

he concept ofmperature is based onis Zeroth Law.

First Law

Because energy cannot becreated or destroyed

(with the specialexception of nuclearreactions) the amount ofheat transferred into asystem plus the amountof work done on thesystem must result in acorresponding increase ofinternal energy in thesystem. Heat and workare mechanisms by whichsystems exchange energy

with one another.

This First Law ofthermodynamics identifiescaloric, or heat, as a formof energy.

Second Law

Entropythat is, thedisorderof an isolated

system can neverdecrease. Therefore,when an isolated systemachieves a configurationof maximum entropy, itcan no longer undergochange (it has reachedequilibrium).

Additionally, it is notenough to conserveenergy and thus obey theFirst Law. A machine thatwould deliver work whileviolating the second law iscalled a "perpetual-motionmachine of the secondkind." In such a system,energy could then becontinually drawn from acold environment to dowork in a hot environmentat no cost.

Third Law

The Third Law ofthermodynamics state

that absolute zero canbe attained by anyprocedure in a finitenumber of steps. Absozero can be approacharbitrarily closely, butcan never be reached



ttp://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermodynamics.html [4/1/02 2:34:40 AM]


32/81

RF Cafe - Length Conversion

LENGTH CONVERSIONS

Standard units = Meter (m).

inch foot mile centimeter meter kilomet

1 in = 1 8.333 * 10-2 1.578 * 10-5 2.540 2.540 * 10-2 2.540 * 1

1 ft = 12 1 1.894 * 10-4 30.48 0.304 8 3.048 * 1

1 mi = 6.336 * 104 5 280 1 1.609 * 105 160 9 1.609

1 cm = 0.393 7 3.281 * 10-2 6.214 * 10-6 1 10-2 10-5

1 m = 39.37 3.281 6.214 * 10-4 100 1 10-3

1 km = 3.93 7 * 104 3 281 0.621 4 105 1 0

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