ENGLISH Subject Object Predicate

8/9/2019 ENGLISH Subject Object Predicate

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Subject Object Predicate

Subject Object Predicate is the combination of three words which form any sentence.

SUBJECT:

Subject is the person or a thing who or which carries out the action of the verb.

Examples:

• Mr. Clinton is teaching lgebra to the students.

• Mon!eys are playing around in the garden.

"n the first sentence# the action is $teaching%. &hat action is carried out by Mr. Clinton. So# $Mr. Clinton% is the subject of the verb.

"n the second sentence# the action is $playing%. &hat action is carried out by the mon!eys.So# $&he mon!eys% is the subject of the verb.

&he subject of sentence may be a simple noun or a simple pronoun as in the followingsentences.

Examples:

'. (xygen is essential for life on earth.

). *ohn +. ,ennedy was elected as -S resident in '/01.

2. 3onesty is the best policy.

4. 3orses are majestic animals.

5. 6hen students travel to -S# they usually go by air.

&he subject may be also noun7phrase as in the following cases.

Examples:

'. &he Earth revolves around the sun.

). 8orrowed7garments never fit well.

2. ll matter is destructible.

4. 9o man can serve two masters.

5. &he greatest similarity between "ndia and China is that they both have huge population.

&he subject may also be an infinitive or an infinitive phrase as in the following sentences.



Examples:

'. &o err is human# but to forgive is divine.

). &o retreat was difficult to advance was impossible.

2. &o see! admission in a -S college is the purpose with which " ta!e &(E+;.

4. &o bribe a public servant is a penal offence.

5. &o score high mar!s in this examination means to have bright future.

&he subject may be gerund or a gerund phrase as in the following sentences.Examples:

'. <eading +rench is easier that spea!ing it.

). ;oo!ing after children re=uires patience.

2. 3unting of tigers was a favorite sport of "ndian ,ings.

4. 8ribing of public servant is a penal offence.

5. Scoring high mar!s in this examination is not as easy as you thin! of.

&he subject may be a full subordinate clause as in the following cases.

Examples:

'. 3ow he reached home after the accidents was mystery to himself.

). 6hy the people voted against the ruling party can be easily explained

.2. 6hat the minister spo!e was not audible because of the failure of the microphone.

4. 6here the prisoners went after escaping from jail was not !nown to the police.

5. 3ow he scored high mar!s is open secret.

sentence may also have $it% as the subject as in the following sentences.

Examples:

'. "t was raining heavily when " reached home.

). "t was in '/>1 that man first landed on moon.

2. "t is possible that scientists will one day release the energy that is stored in water.

4. "t was already dar! when they started studying.



5. "t is not he who came here as invigilator.

OBJECT:

&he object is the person or a thing upon whom or upon which the action of the verb is

carried out.

Examples:

• Mon!eys are destroying the garden.

"n this sentence the action is $destroying%. &hat action is carried by the mon!eys. 8ut theaction ?destroying@is carried upon the garden. So $Mon!eys% is theS-8*EC& and $A<BE9%

is the object of the verb.

• Mr. Clinton is teaching lgebra to the students.

"n this sentence# the action is $teaching%. &hat action is carried out by Mr. Clinton. &hataction is carried upon lgebraD. So $Mr. Clinton% is the S-8*EC& of the verb whereas

$algebra% is the (8*EC& of the verb. &he word $&he students% is the "9B"<EC& (8*EC& of

this sentence.

PREDICATE:

&he predicate in a sentence is what tells about what a person or a thing does or did or whathappened to a person or to a thing

&he predicate must ?'@ agree in number with subject# ?)@ have the correct tense and ?2@ bein the proper voice Factive or passiveG.

Examples:

• Mon!eys are destroying the garden.

"n the above sentence# the word $mon!eys% is subject. 6hereas the phrase $are destroying% is the predicate.nd the word $the garden% is the object.

• Mr. Clinton is teaching lgebra to the students

"n the above sentence# the word $Mr. Clinton% is the subject. &he phrase $is teaching% is

the predicate. &he words $lgebra H &he students% are objects.

6ords ?or participles@ such as $coming%# $eating%# can not form full predicates of a sentence.

Similarly# hrases ?or infinitives@ such as $to come%# $to eat% also can not form full predicatesof a sentence.

hrases involving participles and infinitives with auxiliary verbs such as $will to come%# $will

to go%# $may expecting%# $must starting% etcI can not form the predicates of the sentence



Grammar : Verb and Subject

Jerb and Subject should agree with each other.

&he verb in every sentence must agree with the subject in person and in number.

;et us see how the subjects modify the verbs.

1. !en t"# #r m#re $ubject$ are c#nnected b% &and'( t!e )erb i$ *+ura+.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e and " are good friends.

• (xygen and 3ydrogen combine to produce water.

• eter# <aja and 3arry are classmates.

"n these sentences# you can see how perfectly KJerb and SubjectK agree with each other.

-. I t"# $in/u+ar n#un$ reer t# t!e $ame *er$#n( t!e )erb mu$t be $in/u+ar.

E,am*+e$:

• &he poet and novelist is dead. ?&hat means that the same person is a poet and a novelist@

• &he secretary and cashier was present. ?&hat means the same person was a secretary and

cashier@

9ote: &o find out whether the two words refer to the same person or two different persons#

loo! at the article or possessive adjective. "f there are two articles or possessives# there are

two different persons. "n that case# the verb must be in plural.

0. I t"# $in/u+ar $ubject$ e,*re$$ #ne idea t!en t!e )erb ma% be $in/u+ar.

P+ura+ )erb a+$# *ermitted2

E,am*+e$:

• Slow and steady wins the race.

• &he long and short of the problem is this.

• &he horse and carriage is waiting.

3. I "e /et t!e "#rd &eac!' and &e)er%' be#re $in/u+ar $ubject$( t!e )erb i$

$in/u+ar.



E,am*+e$:

• Every member was ready to spea!.

• Each day and each hour has its wor! to be done.

• Every man# woman and child has to be loo!ed after.


4. T"# #r m#re $in/u+ar $ubject$ c#nnected b% #r(n#r( eit!er5#r( neit!er5n#r

ta6e $in/u+ar )erb.

E,am*+e$:

• 3is gather or he is expected here.

• Either he or his brother might have done this.

• 9either he nor they were present.

• 9either they nor he was present.

• 9either laLiness nor dishonest is going to help you.

7. !en t!e $ubject$( c#nnected b% #r( n#r( eit!er5#r( neit!er5n#r( are #dierent number$.

&he verb must be plural and the plural subject must be put just before the verb.

E,am*+e$:

• Mr. Aobi or his brothers have to do this.

• 9either the boy nor his parents were present.

• Either the principal or the rofessors might have the decision.

• 9either the head cler! nor the assistant cler!s have ta!en the matter to the manager.


8. !en t!e $ubject$ c#nnected b% #r( n#r( eit!er5#r( neit!er5n#r are # dierent

*er$#n$.



&he verb agrees in person with the subject that comes just before it.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e or " have to be there.

• " or he has to be there. ?8etween this sentence and the above sentence# the above

sentence is preferable@

• Either he or you are mista!en.

• 9either you nor " am to be blamed.

9. !en $ubject$ "!ic! are dierent in *er$#n #r number #r b#t! arec#nnected b%

and;( t!e )erb i$ *+ura+.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e and " are friends.

• ou and " are responsible for this.

• My father and " wor! in the same office.

• 3e and his friends have come.

• ou and he are class7mates.

"n these sentences# you can see how perfectly Jerb and Subject agree with each other.

<. =#r a c#++ecti)e n#un( u$ua++% a $in/u+ar )erb i$ u$ed( but "!en t!e indi)idua+$

in t!e /r#u* are ta6en int# c#n$iderati#n( a *+ura+ )erb i$ u$ed.

E,am*+e$:

• &he committee meets tomorrow.

• &he committee was divided in its views.

• &here is a large number of boys in this group.

• number of boys have given their names to participate in this competition.

• &he crew of ship was efficient.



• &he crew were arrested.

1>. =e" n#un$ "!ic! are *+ura+ in #rm$ but $in/u+ar in meanin/ ta6e $in/u+ar

)erb.

E,am*+e$:

• &he news was false.

• Mathematics is an interesting subject.

• &he wages of sin is death.

"n all the sentences given above# you can see how perfectly Jerb and Subject agree with

each other.

Grammar :

?#un@T%*e$

"n this lesson we are going to see only 9oun7&ypes. (ther parts will be dealt with in the

following lessons.

6hat is 9(-9

9oun is a word used as a name of a person# place# thing# state# =uality# activity# actionetc...

E,am*+e$:

• Mr. *ohn is our English teacher.

"n this sentence the words r. J#!n and teac!er are 9ouns.

• 3arvard -niversity is the oldest -niversity.

"n this sentence the words ar)ard and Uni)er$it% are 9ouns.

• ;ions live in forest.

"n this sentence the words i#n and #re$t are 9ouns.

• 3e is my best friend."n this sentence# the words e and riend are 9ouns.

;ondon# 9ew Belhi# 3imalaya# philosophy# beauty# car# road#

Management# science# school# students# boo!s# Mrs. <aman# tree#

mango# fruits flowers are few of the 9ouns.

9ouns can be classified into four 9oun7&ypes.



&he 9oun7&ypes are:

i. Pr#*er n#un:

proper noun is the name given to a particular person.

Mr.eter# 3emingway# ,ennedy# ;ondon# "taly# Mango and California

are roper 9ouns.

E,am*+e$:

• "taly is a developed country.

"n this sentence# Ita+% is a roper 9oun.

• Mr. Clinton is good administrator."n this sentence# Mr. Clinton is a proper noun.

• +ord is a car producing company."n this sentence# the word =#rd is a proper noun.

ii. C#mm#n n#un:

common noun is a name given in common to persons and things belonging to the samespecies.

E,am*+e$:

• "taly is a developed country.

"n this sentence# Ita+% is a proper noun.

• developed country has more responsibilities.

"n this sentence the word c#untr% is a common noun which could

be used for other countries li!e "ndia# England# Aermany# 8raLil etcI

Man# woman# city# fruit# tree# river# boo!# hotel# country#

mountain are common nouns which we use in our day7to7day lives.

nother type in 9oun7&ypes is Common 9oun.

iii. C#++ecti)e n#un:

collective noun is the name given to a collection or group of persons or things ta!en as

a single group or entity.

E,am*+e$:

• herd of cows is crossing the road.



• fleet of ships is sailing deep along the western coast.

• rmy is called to rescue the boy caught in the flood.

"n these sentences the words !erd# +eet and arm% are collective nouns.

3erd means a group of cattle. +leet means a group of ships.

+ew other collective nouns are police# gang# galaxy# family# team etcI

i). Ab$tract n#un:

n abstract noun is the name given to a =uality or action or state which we can understand

but we can not touch and see.

E,am*+e$:

• ,indness is expected of everyone.

• ;aughter heals many deceases.

• Sleep regenerates our energy7system.

• Music is a product of harmony.

"n these sentences# the words 6indne$$# +au/!ter# $+ee* and

$music% are abstract nouns which we could only understand but

could not see or touch.

(ther abstract nouns are =uality# goodness# beauty# mercy# youth#

movement# slowness# length# humility# truth# depth# wisdom#

pride# sanity# vacancy# novelty# justness# justice# height# life#

excellence# occupation# action# seiLure# defense# hatred#

protection# choice# flattery# death# service# thought# advice#

obedience# vanity# bravery# strength# cruelty# freedom etcI

6e believe that ou have clearly understood the 9oun7&ypes and their usages."t is better for

you to spend some more time on this section 9oun7&ypes so as to become a better =ualifiedperson to move on.



Artic+e$

&hree words are used as artic+e$.

&hey are:

'. a). an

2. the

(f these# a and an are indeinite artic+e$.

8ecause# the indefinite7articles are used to indicate not any specific object or subject in the

sentence.

$&he% is the only deinite artic+e

&he definite article is used to indicate a specific object or subject in the sentence.

'. "ndefinite articles:

E,am*+e$:

• man is standing at the corner of the road.

• n apple a day !eeps the doctor away.

• 3e demolished a temple in the next town.

• 6hat he needed was an umbrella.

• 6e need a building to set an office for our company.

• 3e gave me an onion.

• n honor of this type is what everybody dreams to get.

U$e$ # t!e Indeinite artic+e$:

". &he indefinite articles are used before a singular countable noun.

E,am*+e$:

• 6e want to construct a house for us.

• ball costs only few cents.

• boy was born to the couples two days bac!.



"". $n% is used before a word beginning with a vowel ?or a vowel sound@.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e gave me an onion.

• n ass is leaping into your field.

• n enemy need not be far away from you. 3e may be beside you.

• n orange is what you have to ta!e to overcome thirsty.

• 8efore you go out in the winter season# please remember to ta!e an umbrellawith you.

""". $% is used before a word beginning with a consonant.

E,am*+e$:

• cat is running behind the rat.

• 6e need a man to safeguard our car.

• hole in the boat will endanger its safety.

"J. $n% is used before the word beginning with hD in case the hD is silent in pronunciation.

E,am*+e$:

• n hour is a long time for the students who ta!e this examination.

• n honor of this type is what everybody dreams to get. ? vowel sound@

• "t is difficult to find an honest policeman.

• &he train was late by an hour.

J. $% is used before the words beginning with a vowel which is pronounced li!e the yD inyoung.

E,am*+e$:

• &he employees of this company formed a union.

• European is better placed to reach the (xford -niversity than an sian.

• &he government decided to set a university in this area of the country.

• &he ornithologist has written about a uni=ue bird.

J". 6hen the word suchD is applied to countable things# the indefinite article is used after



suchD.

E,am*+e$:

• Mr. <am is an honest man. ou can not find such a man.

• 3e confused everybody with his witty tal!. Such a blunder is rare to find in our lives.

J"". $% is used in expression li!e:

E,am*+e$:

• few students came forward to organiLe this function.

• little sugar should be added to this coffee.

• certain number of boo!s have been sold off by the authorities of this library.

J""". &he indefinite article is used when a singular noun stands for a whole group or species.

E,am*+e$:

• cow is a useful animal.

• dog is a faithful animal.

9(&E:

Countable noun is the noun which can be counted as '# )# 2# 4# 5# 0I.

+ive animals# seven students# eight stars# ten countries etcI

So# animals# stars# students# colleges# computers# countries# boo!s and boats are countable

nouns.

-ncountable nouns are the nouns which can not be counted.

&ime# rice# s!y# sugar# soil# water# honesty# virtue and wisdom are the nouns which can not

be counted.

So# they are called uncountable nouns.

). Befinite articles:

E,am*+e$:

• &he lion is a majestic animal.

• &he boy who is standing there is my nephew.

• &he ndamans belong to "ndia.



• &he boo! that you wanted is not in this boo!7stall.

• &he girl is not an "ndian.

• ou are welcome to the function.

-ses of definite articles:

&he definite articles $the% is used as follows.

E,am*+e$:

i. &o refer to both countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

• &he boo! is costly one.

• &he pen is what 3e sells in his shop.

• &he news is not sweet for our ears.

• &he river is going through our city.

ii. &o refer to a particular person or thing or one already mentioned in the sentence.

E,am*+e$:

• &here is a chair but the chair is bro!en.

• &he boo! that you want is not available in this library.

• &he resident arrived by a special plane.

iii. &o refer to a singular noun that represents a whole class.

E,am*+e$:

• &he elephant is a huge animal.

• &he scientist is a useful person to the society.

&he definite article $the% is used:

iv. 6ith superlatives:

E,am*+e$:

• &he highest mountain is Mount Everest.

• &his is the best boo! on (rnithology.



• &he dar!est night has its own dawn.

v. 6ith ordinals:

E,am*+e$:

• &he tenth student in the last row has to stand up.

• &he first man who arrives will be given a priLe.

vi. 8efore musical instruments:

E,am*+e$:

• 3e can play the flute.

• 6e have master the !ey7board at the early stage.

vii. 8efore the adjective when the noun is implied:

E,am*+e$:

• &he downtrodden ?people@ will vote him to power.

• &he intelligent ?students@ will answer this =uestion.

• &he poor ?people@ will not agree to this policy.

viii. 8efore names of uni=ue of their !ind.

E,am*+e$:

• &he Sun is the source of all forms of energies.

• &he S!y loo!s beautiful every night.

• &he earth is the example of patience.

• &he sea is the birth7place of many rare fishes.

9(&E:

&he two words $Man% and $6oman% in the general sense do not ta!e any article.

Man ?not $&he Man%@ is the only animal that has intelligence.

ix. &o refer to rivers# seas# oceans# groups of islands# mountains# ranges trains etcI

E,am*+e$:

• &he +rontier mail will arrive in time.



• &he 8ay of 8engal is tsunami affected ocean.

• &he ndaman is a part of "ndia.

x. &o refer to 3oly boo!s.

E,am*+e$:

• &he 8haghavat Aita is the sacred boo! of "ndian.

• &he ,oran is a boo! of wisdom.

• &he 8ible is an age7old boo!

$&he% is not used when the author name of the boo! is used as follows.

E,am*+e$:

• Jalmi!iDs <amayana is one of the Epics of 3indus. ?9ot $Jalmi!iDs the <amayana@

xi. &o refer to a noun when it is preceded by an adjective.

E,am*+e$:

• &he immortal ,eats has created many boo!s of their own classes.

• &he great lexander followed 8uddhism.

xii. &o refer to the superlative degrees.

E,am*+e$:

• &he highest mountain is Mount Everest.

• &he tallest man in our class is Mr. (ats.

• Ms. Sharma is the most beautiful girl in this state.

xiii. &o refer to the people of a Country but not to their language.

E,am*+e$:

o &he +rench people are civiliLed people.

o &he English Men are sensitive to this issue.

xiv. 8efore an adjective when the =ualified noun is not mentioned.

E,am*+e$:



• &he strong should not oppress the wea!.

• 3e wor!s for the down7trodden.

xv. "n certain expression li!eI

E,am*+e$:

• &he more you wor!# the more you earn.

&he omission of articles:

&he uses of articles should be avoided in few sentences to ma!e the sentences meaningful.

". &o refer to proper noun.

E,am*+e$:

• 9ew Belhi is the capital of "ndia. ?9ot $&he 9ew Belhi%@

• 9ile is one of the longest rivers. ?9ot $&he 9ile%@

"". 8efore bstract nouns when they are used in a general sense.

E,am*+e$

o &ruth always triumphs. ?9ot $&he &ruth%@

o Suspicion should be based on evidence. ?9ot $&he Suspicion%@

o 3onesty is the best policy.

o 6isdom is the gift of heaven.

o Jirtue is its own reward

""". 8efore material nouns.

E,am*+e$:

o Silver is not as costly as Aold. ?9ot $&he Silver%@

o Cotton is grown in several parts of "ndia. ?9ot $&he Cotton%@

"J. 8efore languages:

E,am*+e$:



• 6e are learning English.

• 3e has planned to study +rench.

• &hey spea! 3indi at home.

J. 8efore plural countable nouns when they are used in general sense.

E,am*+e$:

o Children prefer playtimes.

o Computers offer various job7opportunities.

o Cars are sold li!e hot7ca!es.

J". 8efore names of relations:

E,am*+e$:

• +ather is the head a family.

• Son should shoulder the responsibility of the family.

• Baughter7in7law is nothing but a daughter.

Grammar : Partici*+e

Partici*+e is a word used to add extra meaning to the sentence.

E,am*+e$:

'. 3earing the noise# the boy wo!e up.

3ere# t!e b#% "#6e u* is a fact. 8ut why did he wa!e up

3e wo!e up because he heard the noise.

"n order to add extra meaning to the sentence# the phrase !earin/ t!e n#i$e has been

added.

&he word !earin/ is formed from the verb !ear and governs an object.

&he word !earin/ =ualifies the noun boy as an djective does.

&he word !earin/# therefore# parta!es of the nature of both a verb and an djective and is



called PARTICIPE.

"t may be called a Jerbal djective.

&he word# which parta!es of the nature of both a verb and an djective# is called

<&"C";E

). " saw an elephant carrying a pac! of Jegetables on its bac!.

"n this sentence# the word carryingD =ualifies the noun elephant. So carryingD is a

participle.

3ere as well as in the above sentence# the participles are in the continuous forms ?hearing H

carrying@ of their verbs ?hear H carry@.

&his type of participle is called PRESE?T PARTICIPE.

2. 8eing the eldest son# *ohn had to shoulder all the responsibilities of his familyafter

his father died.

"n this sentence# the word beingD =ualifies the pronoun *ohnD. &hat is a resent articiple.

4. Briven by hunger# 3e stole a piece of bread.

"n this sentence# the word drivenD =ualifies the noun heD. ou see that the word is not in the

resent articiple form.

&his type of participle is called PAST PARTICIPE.

5. Beceived by his friends# he lost all his properties.

"n this sentence also the word deceivedD is a ast articiple.

0. 3aving elected him resident# the people gave him the royal support.

"n this different sentence the phrase having electedD =ualifies the noun peopleD.

8ut this phrase is neither resent participle nor ast articiple.

&his phrase indicates an action which came to an end in the near past.

&his type of participle is called PER=ECT PARTICIPE.

>. 3aving come of age# *ohn entered into partnership with his father.

"n this sentence# the phrase having comeD is a erfect articiple.



So# there are t!ree t%*e$ # Partici*+e$.

. resent articiple8. ast articiple

C. erfect articiple

;et us see few more examples in each of these three participles.

A.Pre$ent Partici*+e:

E,am*+e$:

• Aoing up the stairs# the boy fell down.

• 6or!ing all day# " was fatigued.• 9ot !nowing my way# " as!ed the oliceman.

• Mounting his horse# the bandit rode off.

• Seeing the Sunshine# " threw open the window.

B.Pa$t Partici*+e:

E,am*+e$:

• Encouraged by his wife# he persevered.

• Enchanted by the whole scene# " lingered on my voyage.

• 6e saw few trees laden with fruits.• 8linded by smog# we lost our way.

• Experienced for a decade# " prepared the manual in a minute.

C.Perect Partici*+e:

E,am*+e$:

• 3aving failed in the first attempt# he made no further attempts.

• 3aving lost my certificates# " applied for the duplicates.

• 3aving gained the truth# 3e remained calm.

Grammar : V#ice

&here are TO TPES of V#ice$ in English language.

&hey are:

'.ctive voice.



). assive voice.

6hen we express an idea giving importance to the doer# the sentence is written in the activeform.

&hat means that the doer of the actionD is active.

• 3e wrote a letter.

6hen we express an idea giving importance to the action rather than to the doer# thesentence is written in the passive form.

&hat means that the doer of the actionD is not active but passive.

• letter was written by him.

"n passive form# the verb will be in past participle form.

$6rite% is resent tense form of the verb.

$6rote% is past tense form of the verb

$6ritten% is past participle form of the verb

Since $a letter% was singular form# it is followed by singular7past tense verb $was%.

;et us see one by one:

1.Acti)e )#ice.

s we saw already# when we express an idea giving importance to the doer# the sentence iswritten in the active voice.

In acti)e )#ice t!e )erb i$ c#ntr#++ed b% t!e $ubject.

T!e #bject in t!e acti)e )#ice bec#me$ t!e $ubject in t!e *a$$i)e )#ice.

T!e $ubject in t!e acti)e )#ice bec#me$ t!e #bject # t!e *re*#$iti#n &b%' in t!e*a$$i)e )#ice.

Examples:

• 3e helped them in their studies.

• &hey invite me.

• &he boys pluc! flowers.

• " ta!e the responsibility.

• 83E; exports boilers.

• My mother prepares delicious foods.

• 6e expect you.



• &he rime Minister inaugurated the conference.

• &hey boycotted the function.

• &he C.8.". will investigate this crime.

-.Pa$$i)e )#ice.

6hen we express an idea giving importance to the action rather than to the doer# the

sentence is written in the passive voice.

In *a$$i)e )#ice t!e )erb i$ c#ntr#++ed b% t!e #bject.

T!e #bject in t!e acti)e )#ice bec#me$ t!e $ubject in t!e *a$$i)e )#ice.

T!e $ubject in t!e acti)e )#ice bec#me$ t!e #bject # t!e *re*#$iti#n &b%' in t!e*a$$i)e )#ice.

On+% t!e *a$t@*artici*+e # t!e main )erb i$ u$ed in t!e *a$$i)e )erb a+#n/ "it!t!e !e+*in/ )erb2.

Examples:

". &hey treat me very well. ?ctive voice@

"". 3e treats me very well. ?ctive voice@

"n the example7"# the subject is in plural form ?they@. So the verb ?treat@ is used inaccordance with that.

8ut in the example7""# the subject is in singular form ?he@. So the verb ?treats@ is used inaccordance with that.

;et us see the assive voices of these sentences.

Examples:

". " am treated very well by them.

"". " am treated very well by him.

"n both these sentences# the verbs are modified only by the singular ronoun $"%# not by the

subjects of the sentences.

• 3e damages the flowers. ?ctive voice@

• &he flowers are damaged by him. ?assive voice@



"n this example# in ctive voice the verb ?damages@ is controlled by the singular form of thesubject ?he@.

"n passive voice# the verb ?are damaged@ is controlled by the plural form of the object

?they@.

Examples:

• &hey tell the story. ?ctive voice@• &he story was told by them. ?assive voice@

• 3e helps us. ?ctive voice@• 6e are helped by him. ?assive voice@

• 6e ta!e him seriously. ?ctive voice@

• 3e was ta!en seriously by us. ?assive voice@

;et us see the passive voices of the sentences given under the active voicesection above.

• 3e helped them in their studies. ?ctive voice@• &hey were helped by him in their studies. ?assive voice@

• &hey invite me. ?ctive voice@• " am invited by them. ?assive voice@

• &he boys pluc! flowers. ?ctive voice@

• &he flowers were pluc!ed by the boys. ?assive voice@

• " ta!e the responsibility. ?ctive voice@• &he responsibility was ta!en by me. ?assive voice@

• 83E; exports boilers. ?ctive voice@• 8oilers are exported by 83E;. ?assive voice@

• My mother prepares delicious foods. ?ctive voice@

• Belicious foods were prepared by my mother. ?assive voice@

• 6e expect you. ?ctive voice@• ou are expected by us. ?assive voice@

• &he rime Minister inaugurated the conference. ?ctive voice@• &he conference was inaugurated by the rime Minister. ?assive voice@



• &hey boycotted the function. ?ctive voice@

• &he function was boycotted by them. ?assive voice@

• &he C.8.". will investigate this crime. ?ctive voice@

• &his crime will be investigated by the C.8.". ?assive voice@

Pa$$i)e )#ice i$ a+$# u$ed "!en t!e d#er # an acti#n i$ un6n#"n #r i$ )er%

#b)i#u$+% 6n#"n.

Examples:

• &he local politician has been murdered.

• "t is not !nown who murdered the local politician.

• &he ship was wrec!ed.• "t is obvious that the ship can be wrec!ed only by wind or water.

On+% tran$iti)e )erb$ )erb$ "!ic! ta6e #bject$2 can be *ut in t!e *a$$i)e )#ice.

Examples:

• 3e laughed.

&his sentence does not have its passive voice form.

8ecause# the verb ?laugh@ is only an intransitive verb.

• Clanton !illed his friend.

&his sentence has its passive voice form. ?3is friend was !illed by Clanton@

8ecause the verb ?!ill@ is transitive a verb.

Examples:

&he sentences in BAC are in active voice

where as the sentences in GREE? are in passive voice.

'.3e pesters me a lot.

" am pestered a lot by him.

).&he opposition criticiLes the government for everything.&he government is criticiLed for everything by the opposition.

2.&he people expect the government to reduce the prices.&he government is expected by the people to reduce the prices.



4.My neighbor teaches me 3indi.

" am taught 3indi by my neighbor.

5.&he collector goes through every file carefully.

Ever file is gone through by the collector carefully.

0.(ur teacher gives a lot of home7wor!.

lot of home7wor! is given by the teacher.

>.Children li!e chocolate very much.

Chocolate is li!ed very much by the children.

N.&his factory produces consumer7goods.Consumer goods are produced by this factory.

/.&hey met me.

" was met by them.

'1." posted the letters.

&he letters were posted by me.

''.&he Chief Minister rejected the demand of the opposition.

&he demand of the opposition was rejected by the Chief Minister.

').3e helped me a lot in this matter.

" was helped a lot by him.

'2.+ew months ago# "ndia tested nuclear devices.

9uclear devices were tested by "ndia few months ago.

'4.;ost month " sent an application for a new phone connection.

n application for a new phone7connection was sent by me lost month.

'5.&hey will accept his plan.

3is plan will be accepted by them.

'0." will contact your boss directly.

our boss will be contacted by me directly.



'>.&he police will arrest the culprits within a wee!.&he culprits will be arrested by the police within a wee!.

'N.&he Aovernment will soon ta!e a decision in this matter.

decision in this matter will be ta!en by the government.

'/.&he wor!ers are loading the ;orries.&he ;orries are being loaded by the wor!ers.

)1." am writing a novel. novel is being written by me.

)'.&hey are considering me for the post." am being considered by them for the post.

)).&he secretary is preparing the annual report.

&he annual report is being prepared by the secretary.

)2.&hey were signing the documents.&he documents were being signed by them.

)4." was teaching English in the college.English was being taught by me in the college.

)5.&he wor!ers were demanding bonus.

8onus was being demanded by the wor!ers.

)0.&he doctor was examining the patient.&he patient was being examined by the doctor.

)>.&hey have consulted me." have been consulted by them.

)N.ou have made a mista!e.

mista!e has been made by you.

)/.&he company has made good profits.Aood profits have been made by the company.

21.&he ban! has sanctioned the loan.&he loan has been sanctioned by the ban!.



2'.6e have boo!ed all the rooms in the hotel.

ll the rooms have been boo!ed by us.

2).&he Chairman had denied him the right to vote.

3e had been denied his right to vote by the Chairman.

22.Somebody has disfigured the statue of the leader.

&he statue of the leader has been disfigured by somebody.

24." could have solved this problem easily.

&his problem could have been solved easily by me.

?OTE:

"t is not sufficient to !now how to change the voice form of the sentence fromactive voice to

passive voice.

&he ctive voice should be used when the doer of the actionD is to be made prominent.

&he assive voice should be used when the actionD or the person acted uponD is to be made

prominent.

Grammar : Pa$$i)e V#ice

&here will be two Pa$$i)e V#ice sentences for the sentences with two nouns.

&here are few verbs which ta!e two objects# a Birect object and an "ndirect object.

+or such sentences# there will be two forms in assive Joice sentences.

1. Verb$ "it! t"# #bject$:

E,am*+e$:

• " gave him five rupees. ?ctive voice@

• +ive rupees were given to him by me. ?assive Joice@

• 3e was given five rupees by me. ?assive Joice@

• She has told me the truth. ?ctive voice@

• " was told the truth by her. ?assive Joice@

• &he truth was told to me by her. ?assive Joice@

• &hey lent me their car. ?ctive voice@



• " was lent a car by them. ?assive Joice@

• car was lent to me by them. ?assive Joice@

• &he Aovernment has sent him a message. ?ctive voice@

• 3e was sent a message by the government. ?assive Joice@• message was sent to him by the government. ?assive Joice@

-. Im*erati)e $entence$ C#mmand$ and reFue$t$2

&here is special formula for changing the imperative sentence into passive voice.

• lease open the door. ?ctive voice@

• ;et the door be opened by you. ?assive Joice@

3ere the sentence in active7voice has been changed into a sentence in passive7voice.

lease understand the formula which has been followed to change the active7voice to

passive7voice.

$;et% is used to convert the active voice sentence into a passive voice sentence.

E,am*+e$:

• Bo not mista!e me. ?ctive voice@

• ;et me not be mista!en. ?assive Joice@

• Cut your nails. ?ctive voice@

• ;et your nails be cut. ?assive Joice@

• Bo not ignore my suggestions. ?ctive voice@

• ;et not my suggestions be ignored. ?assive Joice@.

&hese sentences have been changed into passive voice sentences by adding KletK.

0. it! #da+ )erb$:

&he verbs can# could# may# might# and must are !nown modal verbs. s per the following

methods these sentences with these verbs are changed into passive voice.

E,am*+e$:

• ou can ta!e the boo!. ?ctive voice@



• &he boo! can be ta!en by you. ?assive Joice@.

• Everybody must obey the rules. ?ctive voice@

• &he rules must be obeyed by everybody. ?assive Joice@.

• &hey might have studied their lessons. ?ctive voice@

• &heir lessons might have been studied by them. ?assive Joice@.

• 3e may not accept this plan. ?ctive voice@

• &his lesson may not be accepted by him. ?assive Joice@

3. P!ra$a+ )erb$:

+ew verbs# with certain meanings are always used with prepositions.

"n such situations the prepositions should not be omitted in the sentences.

E,am*+e$:

• 6e are loo!ing at the game. ?ctive voice@

• &he game is being loo!ed at by us. ?assive Joice@.

• &he fire7brigade put out the fire. ?ctive voice@

• &he fire was put out by the fire7brigade. ?assive Joice@.

• &he Aovernment will set up a factory. ?ctive voice@

• factory will be set up by the government. ?assive Joice@.

4. it! IT :

"n few sentences# instead of a word or a phrase# a clause may be the object of a verb.

"n such cases there are two ways of changing the sentences into the passive voice.

A. B% ma6in/ t!e c+au$e it$e+ a$ t!e $ubject in t!e *a$$i)e )#ice.

E,am*+e$:

• " hope that he will realiLe his mista!e. ?ctive voice@

• &hat his mista!e will be realiLed is hoped by us. ?assive Joice@.

• " expected that they would ta!e up the matter. ?ctive voice@



• &hat the matter would be ta!en up by them was expected by me. ?assive Joice@.

B. B% $ub$titutin/ t!e c+au$e "it! *r#n#un it .

E,am*+e$:

• &he <omans expected that they would con=uer Carthage. ?ctive voice@

• "t was expected by the <omans that Carthage would be con=uered by them. ?assive

Joice@.

• 6e have learned that you have secured the first ran!. ?ctive voice@

• "t has been learned by us that the first ran! has been secured by you. ?assive Joice@.

E,erci$e$:

• &he grandmother was telling her grandchildren an interesting story. ?ctive voice@• n interesting story was being told by the grandmother to her grand children. ?assive

Joice@.

• 3er grand children were being told an interesting story by their grandmother. ?assive

Joice@.

• &he postman brought you a parcel. ?ctive voice@

• parcel was brought to you by a postman. ?assive Joice@.

• ou were brought a parcel by the postman. ?assive Joice@.

• " have taught the class the first lesson. ?ctive voice@

• &he first lesson was taught by me to the class. ?assive Joice@.

• &he class was taught the first lesson by me. ?assive Joice@.

• &he office has sent her a message. ?ctive voice@

• message has been sent to her by the office. ?assive Joice@.

• She has been sent a message by her office. ?assive Joice@.

• &he waiter brought us the menu card. ?ctive voice@• &he menu card was brought to us by the waiter. ?assive Joice@.

• 6e were brought the menu card by the waiter. ?assive Joice@.

• &hey are offering you another chance. ?ctive voice@

• ou are being offered another chance by them. ?assive Joice@.

• nother chance is being offered to you by them. ?assive Joice@.



• 3e had told me a lie. ?ctive voice@

• " had been told a lie by him. ?assive Joice@.

• lie had been told to me by him. ?assive Joice@.

• " gave her your message. ?ctive voice@

• She was given your message by me. ?assive Joice@.

• our message was given to her by me. ?assive Joice@.

• 6ho taught you Sans!rit ?ctive voice@

• Sans!rit was taught to you by whom ?assive Joice@.

• ou were taught Sans!rit by whom ?assive Joice@.

• Sign these documents. ?ctive voice@

• ;et these documents be signed. ?assive Joice@

De/ree$ # C#m*ari$#n are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.

&here are three Begrees of Comparison in English.

&hey are:

'. ositive degree.

). Comparative degree.

2. Superlative degree.

;et us see all of them one by one.

'.ositive degree.

6hen we spea! about only one person or thing# 6e use the ositive degree.

E,am*+e$:

• &his house is big.

"n this sentence only one noun $&he house% is tal!ed about.

• 3e is a tall student.

• &his flower is beautiful.





6hen we compare more than two persons or things with one another#

6e use all the three ositive# Comparative and Superlative degrees.

E,am*+e$:

a. &his is the biggest house in this street. ?Superlative@

&his house is bigger than any other house in this street. ?Comparative@

9o other house in this street is as big as this one. ?ositive@

&he term $biggest% is the superlative version of the term $big%.

ll the three sentences mean the same meaning.

b. &his flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. ?Superlative@

&his flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. ?Comparative@

9o other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. ?Comparative@

&he term $most beautiful% is the superlative version of the term $beautiful%.

ll the three sentences mean the same meaning.

c. 3e is the most intelligent in this class. ?Superlative@

3e is more intelligent than other boys in the class. ?Comparative@

9o other boy is as intelligent as this boy. ?ositive@

&he term $most intelligent% is superlative version of the term $intelligent%.

8oth these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. 3e is the tallest student in this class. ?Superlative@

3e is taller than other students in this class. ?Comparative@

9o other student is as tall as this student. ?ositive@

&he term $tallest% is superlative version of the term $tall%.

8oth these sentences convey the same meaning.

?#un$ and )erb$ d# n#t !a)e de/ree$ # c#m*ari$#n$



3e is the tallest student in the class.

&he term $tallest% is an adjective.

mong the members of the group# Mr. Clinton spea!s most effectively.

&he term $effectively% is an adverb.

ll the terms used in the above7examples are either adjectives or adverbs.

6e have seen all the three Begrees of Comparison.

;et us see their models.

Model 7': $&he best%:

E,am*+e$:

i. &his is the best hotel in this area.

9o other hotel is as better as this on in this area.

9o other hotel is as good as this one in this area.

ii. -nemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.

-nemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.

9o other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.

Model7): $(ne of the best%:

E,am*+e$:

i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in "ndia.

Calcutta is large than most other cities in "ndia.

Jery few cities in "ndia are as large as Calcutta.

ii. Satin &endul!ar is one of the best batsmen in the world.

Satin &endul!ar is better than most other batsmen in the world.

9o other batman in the world is as good as Satin &endul!ar.

Model72: $9ot the best%:

E,am*+e$:

i. &his is not the best solution to the problem.



ii. &his is not better than few other solutions to this problem.

iii. (ther solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.

ii. 9ew or! is not the largest city in merica.

9ew or! is not bigger than many other cities in merica.

+ew other cities in merica are at least as large as 9ew or!.

+ew adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting $more% before

them.

nd their superlative terms# by getting $most% before them.

E,am*+e$:

8eautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful

EffectiveIII.more effectiveIIImost effective

EffectivelyIIImore effectivelyIII.most effectively

EnjoyableIIII.more enjoyableIII.most enjoyable

-sefulIIIIII.more usefulIII..most useful

BifferentIII..more differentIIIImost different

3onestIII..more honestIIII..most honest

OualifiedIIIImore =ualifiedIIIImost =ualified

+ew adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting $er% after them

and their superlative terms# by getting $est% after them.

E,am*+e$:

3ardIIIII..harderIIIII..hardest

8igIIIIII.biggerIIIII.biggest

&allIIIII..tallerIIIIItallest

;ongIIIIIIlongerIIIIIIlongest

ShortIIIII..shorterIIIIII.shortest

CostlyIIIIIIIcostlierIIIIIcostliest



SimpleIIIIIII.simplerIIII.simplest

Begrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.

Grammar : ##d

OOD is the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented.

6e usually use a verb to ma!e a statement of fact or as! a =uestion.

E,am*+e$:

• " write a letter to my parents every month.

• May " !now your name# please

8ut a verb can be used to express a command.

E,am*+e$:

• Stand up.

• Come here.

• ay your fees.

t the same time# a verb can be used to express a supposition.

E,am*+e$:

• "f " were the rime Minister of this country# " would reduce the income7tax ceiling.

• "f you were "# you would do the same thing.

&hese different modes or manners in which a verb can be used to express an action are

called M((BS.&his word comes from the ;atin word m#du$D which means manner.

&here are t!ree m##d$ in English.

'. "ndicative mood.

). "mperative mood.

2. Subjunctive mood.

1. Indicati)e m##d:

&his type is used just to indicate the fact or to raise a =uestion as follows.

i. &o ma!e a statement of fact.



E,am*+e$:

• 6e purchase the news7paper daily.

• My daughter goes to school by train.

• &his university has more than )1#111 students.• our letter was posted yesterday.

• ou are great.

• 3e is an intelligent student.

• Mr. Clinton is the Chairman of this company.

• &his road has been bloc!ed due to repairing wor!s.

• (ur tour program stands cancelled.

• " could not move out of my office today due to heavy wor!.

• ll are welcome.

ii. &o as! a =uestion.

E,am*+e$:

• 6here do you purchase your news7paper

• 3ow are you

• 6here is your brother

• 6hat did happen to your car

• 6ho is your music master

• 6hy can not you come with us now

• "s this your pen

iii. &o express a supposition that is assumed as a fact.

E,am*+e$:

• "f he is the leader of this group# he deserves to be rewarded. ?ssuming as a fact that he

is the leader@

• "f my brother goes to *apan# he will get me this <(8(&. ?ssuming as a fact that my

brother goes to *apan@

• "f you come to this university for your higher education# you will reach the top level.

?ssuming as a fact that you come to this -niversity@.

verb which ma!es a statement of fact or as!s a =uestion or expresses a supposition which

is assumed as fact is in the indicative mood.

-. Im*erati)e m##d:

&his type is used to express



i. command:

E,am*+e$:

• Aet up.• Ao out.

• Come here.

• 6ait for your boss.

• Close the doors.

• ,neel down.

• +ollow him.

• <ead =uic!ly.

ii. n exhortation.

E,am*+e$:

• &a!e care of your health.

• 8e aware of pic!7poc!ets.

• &ry your level best to score the maximum mar!s.

• &a!e this test once.

iii. n entreaty or prayer.

E,am*+e$:

• 8less us.• 3ave mercy upon us.

• +orgive me.

verb which expresses a command# an exhortation# an entreaty or prayer is in the

"mperative Mood.

0.Subjuncti)e m##d:

&his occurs in two occassions.

a.resent Subjunctive Mood.

b.ast Subjunctive Mood.

a. T!e Pre$ent Subjuncti)e ##d occurs

i. "n few traditional phrases where it expresses a wish or a hope.

E,am*+e$:



• Aod blesses you.

• Aod saves the !ing.

• 3eaven helps us.

ii. &o express a desire# an intention or a resolution.

E,am*+e$:

• " move that Mr. Clinton be appointed the next president of the organiLation.

• "t is suggested that the Mount road be closed for a wee! for the maintenance wor!.

• &hey preferred that the annual subscription be increased to P)51.11.

b. T!e Pa$t Subjuncti)e ##d occurs

i. fter the verb wish to indicate a situation which is unreal or contrary to fact.

E,am*+e$:

• " wish " were a millionaire. ?&he fact is " am not a millionaire@

• " wish this car belonged to me. ?&he fact is this car does not belong to me@.

ii. fter if# to express improbability or unreality in the present.

E,am*+e$:

• "f " were you# " would have got admission into this university. ?&he fact is " amnot you@

• "f we started now# we could reach the town by ''pm. ?8ut the fact is we could not start

now@

iii. fter as ifQas though# to express improbability or unreality in the present.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e orders me about as if " were his wife ?8ut " am not@

• 3e wal!s around as though he were drun!. ?8ut he is not@

Grammar :

Sentence

Sentence is a group of clauses or words# conveying a complete meaning.

E,am*+e$:



'. &oday is not a holiday.

). 6hat a beauty she isR

2. Sun is only a star.

4. ou have to master the language E9A;"S3 to do e7commerce.

5. 6e can assemble after Npm.

&hese are sentences which convey complete meanings.

&here are #ur 6ind$ # Sentence$.

&hey are:

'. Beclarative or ssertive Sentences

). "nterrogative Sentences

2. "mperative Sentences

4. Exclamatory Sentences

;et us see one by one.

1.Dec+arati)e Sentence$:

&hese sentences simply ma!e statements or assertions.

E,am*+e$:

• &hey are my friends.

• &his is not my ball.

• &ell your friends that you will join them after 0pm.• 3e is not in town now.

• 3er mother is ill.

• child is crying in the bac!yard.

• 6e are members of this organiLation.

• "t belongs to him.

-.Interr#/ati)e Sentence$:

&hese sentences are used to as! =uestions.

E,am*+e$:

• 3ow are you

• 6here are you

• 6hat do you do

• 6here is your brother

• 6hat did happen to your car

• 6hy can not you become a member of this organiLation



• 6here do you live

0.Im*erati)e Sentence$:

&hese Sentences are used to express commands or re=uest or entreaties.

E,am*+e$:

• Aet up.

• Ao out.

• Come here.

• 6ait for your boss.

• Close the doors.

• ,neel down.

• +ollow him.

• <ead =uic!ly.• 8e aware of pic!7poc!ets.

• &ry your level best to score the maximum mar!s.

• &a!e this test once again.

• 8less us.

• 3ave mercy upon us.

• +orgive them.

• &a!e care of your health.

3.E,c+amat#r% Sentence$:

&hese Sentences are used to express strong feelings.

E,am*+e$:

• 3ow cold the night isR

• 6hat a shameR

• lasR 3e is dead.

• 3urrahR ou have come early.

&hese are the only four types of sentences that we come across in our daily lives.

Grammar :

Ten$e

&he tense of a verb indicates the time of an action or event.

&he word $tense% comes from ;atin word tempus which means time.

<ead the following sentences.



'." write the letter now.

)." wrote the letter yesterday.

2." shall write the letter tomorrow.

&he first sentence says that " write the letter at this moment.

&hat means that the time of the action of writing the letter is now.&his sentence is in present tense.

&he tense which refers to the present time is said to be in present tense.

&he second sentence says that " wrote the letter yesterday.

&hat means that the time of the action of writing the letter is yesterday.&his sentence is in past tense.

&he tense which refers to the past time is said to be in past tense.

&he third sentence says that " shall write the letter tomorrow.&hat means that the time of the action of writing the letter is tomorrow.&his sentence is in future tense.

&he tense which refers to the future time is said to be in future tense.

&here are four forms of tenses in each one of the three tenses.

&he four forms of present tense are:

'. Simple resent tense. ?6e write a letter now@

). resent continuous tense. ?6e are writing a letter@

2. resent perfect tense. ?6e have written a letter@4. resent perfect continuous tense. ?6e have been writing a letter@

&he four forms of past tense are:

'. Simple past tense. ?6e wrote letter@). ast continuous tense.?6e were writing a letter@

2. ast perfect tense. ?6e had written a letter@4. ast perfect continuous tense. ?6e had been writing a letter@

&he four forms of future tense are:

'. Simple future tense. ?6e will write a letter@

). +uture continuous tense. ?6e will be writing a letter@2. +uture perfect tense. ?6e will have written a letter@

4. +uture perfect continuous tense. ?6e will have been writing a letter@

&hat means that there are twelve tenses in total.&hey are:

'. Simple present tense.



). Simple past tense.

2. Simple future tense.

4. resent continuous tense.

5. ast continuous tense.

0. +uture continuous tense.

>. resent perfect tense.

N. ast perfect tense.

/. +uture perfect tense.

'1. resent continuous tense.

''. ast prefect continuous tense.

'). +uture perfect continuous tense.

-sing the verb $write% and the pronoun $we%# let us form all these twelve tenses.

&he following sentences can be related one by one as per the order mentioned in the above7

stated sentences.

'. 6e write a letter now.

). 6e wrote a letter yesterday.

2. 6e will write a letter tomorrow.

4. 6e are writing a letter now.

5. 6e were writing a letter yesterday.

0. 6e will be writing a letter tomorrow.

>. 6e have written a letter now.

N. 6e had written a letter yesterday.

/. 6e will have written a letter tomorrow.

'1. 6e have been writing a letter.

''. 6e had been writing a letter yesterday.

'). 6e will have been writing a letter tomorrow



Grammar :

1- Ten$e$

&here are ') &enses. 3ere are those tenses.

1.Sim*+e Pre$ent Ten$e :

I eat an apple.

He eats an apple.

-. Sim*+e Pa$t Ten$e :

I ate an apple.

He ate an apple.

0. Sim*+e =uture Ten$e :

I shall eat an apple.

He will eat an apple.

3. Pre$ent C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e :

I am eating an apple.

We are eating apple.

He was eating an apple.

4. Pa$t C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e :

I was eating an apple.

We were eating apple.

He was eating an apple.

7. =uture C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e :

I shall be eating an apple.

He will be eating an apple.

8. Pre$ent *erect ten$e :

I have eaten an apple.

He has eaten an apple.

9. Pa$t *erect ten$e :



I had eaten an apple.

He had eaten an apple.

<. =uture *erect ten$e :

I shall have eaten an apple.

He will have eaten an apple.

1>. Pre$ent Perect C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e :

I have been eating an apple.

11. Pa$t Perect C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e :

I had been eating an apple.

1-. =uture Perect C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e :

I shall have been eating an apple.

Grammar : Pre$ent Ten$e

s we have seen already# the Pre$ent Ten$e is used when the verb refers to

thepresent time.

&here are #ur #rm$ in t!e Pre$ent Ten$e.

&hey are:

'. Simple resent &ense.

). resent Continuous &ense.

2. resent erfect &ense.

4. resent erfect Continuous &ense.


1.Sim*+e Pre$ent Ten$e:

&he Simple resent &ense is used

i. &o indicate a habitual action.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e drin!s tea every morning.

• My father gets up at 0am everyday.

• " go to college regularly.

• &he College celebrates its founderDs day on >th *une every year.



ii. &o express general truth.

E,am*+e$:

• &he Sun rises in the east.

• &wo twos give four.• 3oney is sweet.

iii. &o express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable.

E,am*+e$:

• &he match starts at '1am.

• 6hen does this shop reopen

• &he next train arrives at >.45am.

iv. &o introduce a =uotation.

E,am*+e$:

• ,eats says# thing of beauty is joy for everD.

• 8ible says# &o forgive is divineD.

-.Pre$ent C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e:

&he resent Continuous &ense is used

i. +or an action going on at the time of spea!ing.

E,am*+e$:

• She is writing a letter.

• 3e is wal!ing along the road.

• &hey are discussing this problem.

• 6e are playing foot7ball.

0.Pre$ent Perect Ten$e:

&he resent erfect &ense is used

i. &o indicate activities that completed in the near past.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e has just gone out.



• &hey have earned goodwill.

• 6e have deposited the mount with a local ban!.

• &he child has gone to bed.

3. Pre$ent Perect C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e:

&his resent erfect Continuous &ense is used for an action which began at some time in the

past and is still continuing.

E,am*+e$:

• &hey have been building this bridge for the last seven months.

• 3e has been wor!ing in this company for a long time.

• &hey have been playing cric!et since 5pm.

• " have been writing a novel for the last one year.

&hese are the four forms of resent &ense.

Grammar : Pa$t Ten$e

s we have seen already# the Pa$t Ten$e is used when the verb refers to the past time.

&here are #ur #rm$ in the ast &ense.

&hey are:

'. Simple ast &ense.

). ast Continuous &ense.

2. ast erfect &ense.

4. ast erfect Continuous &ense.


1.Sim*+e Pa$t Ten$e:

&his Simple ast &ense is used

i. &o indicate an action completed in the past. "t often occurs with adverbs oradverb phrases

of past time.

esterday# last year# ten7years bac!# few days ago# a wee! ago etcI

areadverbs or adverb phrases of past time.

E,am*+e$:

• &he College reopened yesterday.



• My friends left few minutes bac!.

• " posted the letter last wee!.

• 3e came to power seven years ago.

ii. &o indicate an action completed in the past. ?6ithout the adverb of past time@

E,am*+e$:

• " went to the post office.

• &hey gave me this cloc!.

• &he train left the station.

• 3e defeated her in the Chess competition.

iii. &o indicate the past habits.

E,am*+e$:

• 6hen " was a student# " carried a bag with me.

• 3e was a fan of this musician.

• 3e had always two cars with him.

-.Pa$t C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e:

&his ast Continuous &ense is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past.

E,am*+e$:

• 6hen " reached the city# it was getting dar!er.• &he light went out when " was reading.

• 3e was playing chess when " saw him.

0.Pa$t Perect Ten$e:

i. &his ast erfect &ense is used to describe an action completed before a certain moment

in the past.

E,am*+e$:

• 3e met me in &o!yo in '/N/. 6e had !nown each other last ten years before.• " had played &ennis for ten years before '///.

ii. 6hen two actions happened in the past# ast erfect &ense should be used to indicate the

action which happened earlier.

E,am*+e$:



• 6hen " reached the station# the train had left.

• 6hen " prepared all the materials for the application# the deadline had gone.

3.Pa$t Perect C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e:

&his ast erfect Continuous &ense is used to indicate an action that began before a certainpoint in the past and continued up to that time.

E,am*+e$:

• " met him on >th *une '//N. t that time he had been writing a novel.

• 6e prepared this project in )115. t that time we had been wor!ing on another project.

=uture Ten$e

s we have seen already# the =uture Ten$e is used when the verb refers to the +uturetime.

&here are #ur #rm$ in t!i$ Ten$e.

&hey are:

'. Simple +uture &ense.

). +uture Continuous &ense.

2. +uture erfect &ense.

4. +uture erfect Continuous &ense.


1.Sim*+e =uture Ten$e

i. &his Simple +uture &ense is used to tal! about things which we can not control.

E,am*+e$

• 3e will be sixty this Becember.

• "t will be Christmas in a wee!.

• ou may !now your exam7results in month.

• &he ost man will come by ''am.

• &hey will post you at 9ew or!.

ii. &his Simple +uture &ense can be used to tal! about what we believe will happen in the

future.

E,am*+e$



• " thin! "ndia will win the match.

• 6e believe that he will score the highest mar!s.

• robably# the train will arrive in time.

• "t is expected that they will get married.

iii. &his &ense can be used to indicate what we have planned to do in the future.

E,am*+e$

• " will go to -S for my higher education.

• She will stay bac! at her home.

• Since it is raining# " will ta!e an umbrella.

• Since the Manager is busy# " will wait for him.

-.=uture C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e

&his +uture Continuous &ense is used to tal! about action which will be in progress at a time

in the future.

E,am*+e$

• 6hen " get home# my dog will be waiting for me at gate.

• &his day next year# " will be writing my annual examinations.

• 6hen you come here tomorrow# your parents will be waiting for you.

0.=uture Perect Ten$e

&his &ense is used to indicate an action which might have completed by a certain time in the

future.

E,am*+e$

• " might have completed my studies by )1'1.

• &he train might have reached Chicago by ''pm.

• 8y the end of this year# " will have wor!ed in this company for twenty long years.

• &his month next year# we will have inaugurated our own office in 6ashington.

3.=uture Perect C#ntinu#u$ Ten$e

&his &ense is used to indicate action which will be in progress over a period of future time

and will end in the future.

E,am*+e$

• 8y this (ctober# " will have been living in this house for twenty7five years.



&his &ense is very rarely used.

Documents

ENGLISH Subject Object Predicate