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Economy of the Soviet Union

Economy of the Soviet Union

DneproGES hydro-electric power plant, one of the symbols of Sovieteconomic power, was completed in 1932.

Currency Soviet ruble (SUR)[1]

Fiscal year 1 January – 31 December ( calendar year )[1]

Tradeorganisations

Comecon, ESCAP and other s[1]

Statistics

GDP $820 billion in 1977 (Nominal; 2nd)$1.212 trillion in 1980 (Nominal; 2nd)$1.57 trillion in 1982 (Nominal; 2nd)$2.2 trillion in 1985 (Nominal; 2nd)

$2.6595 trillion (1989 est.) (PPP; 2nd)[2]

GDP rank 3rd (Nominal) / 2nd (PPP) (1989 est.)[2] (economic and political collapse in 1991) [3]

GDP per capita $5,800 (1982 est.) (Nominal; 32nd)

$9,130 (1991 est.) (PPP; 33rd)[4]

GDP by sector agriculture: (1–2%, 1991), industry: (–2.4%, 1991)(1991 est.) [1]

Inflation (CPI) 14% (43rd) (1991)[5]

Gini coefficient Low

Labour force 152.3 million (3rd) (1989 est.) [6]

Labour forceby occupation

80% in industry and other non-agricultural sectors; 20% in agriculture; shortage of skilled

labor (1989 est.)[1]

Unemployment 1–2%[1]

Mainindustries

petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, heavy

industries, electronics, food processing, lumber , mining, and the defense (1989 est.)[1]

External

Exports $110.7 billion (9th) (1989 est.) [7]

Export goods petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a

wide variety of manufactured goods (1989 est.)[1]

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Main exportpartners

Eastern Bloc 49%, European Community 14%, Cuba 5%, US, Afghanistan (1988)[1]

Imports $114.7 billion (10th) (1989 est.) [8]

Import goods grain and other agricultural products, machinery and equipment, steel products (including

large-diameter pipe), consumer manufactures[1]

Main importpartners Eastern Bloc 54%, European Community 11%, Cuba, China, US (1988 est.)

[1]

Gross externaldebt

$55 billion (11th) (1989 est.)[9] $27.3 billion (1988 est.) [10]

Public finances

Revenues $422 billion (5th) (1990 est.) [11]

Expenses $510 billion (1989 est.)[1]

53 million (2nd, capital expenditures) (1991 est.)[12]

Economic aid $147.6 billion (1954–88) [1]

All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was based on a system of state ownership of the

means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning. The

economy was characterised by state control of investment, public ownership of industrial assets, macroeconomic

stability, negligible unemployment and high job security,[13] and during the last 13 years (1973–85) before the

implementation of Perestroika and Glasnost (1986–87) by economic stagnation. After Mikhail Gorbachev came to

power, he began a process of economic liberalisation that moved the economy towards a market-orientedsocialist economy. At its dissolution at the end of 1991, the Soviet Union begat a Russian Federation with a

growing pile of $66 billion in external debt, and with barely a few billion dollars in net gold and foreign exchange

reserves.[14]

Beginning in 1928, the entire course of the economy was guided by a series of Five-Year Plans. By the 1950s, th

Soviet Union had, during the preceding few decades, evolved from a mainly agrarian society into a major

industrial power. Its transformative capacity—what the US National Security Council described as a "proven abilit

to carry backward countries speedily through the crisis of modernization and industrialization"—meant

communism consistently appealed to the intellectuals of developing countries in Asia. [16] Impressive growth rates

during the first three Five-Year Plans (1928–40) are particularly notable given that this period is nearly congruentwith the Great Depression. Nevertheless, the impoverished base upon which the Five-Year Plans sought to build

meant that, at the commencement of Operation Barbarossa, the country was still poor. While legitimate strictly in

terms of growth and industrialisation, the death toll attributable to Stalinist economic development has been

estimated at 10 million, much of which comprises famine victims.

The complex demands of the modern economy and inflexible administration overwhelmed and constrained the

central planners. Corruption and data fiddling became common practice among the bureaucracy by reporting

fulfilled targets and quotas, thus entrenching the crisis. From the Stalin-era to the early Brezhnev-era, the Soviet

economy grew much slower than Japan and slightly faster than the U.S. GDP levels in 1950 (in billion 1990

dollars) were 510 (100%) in the USSR, 161 (100%) in Japan and 1456 (100%) in the US. By 1965 the

corresponding values were 1011 (198%), 587 (365%), and 2607 (179%).[20] The Soviet Union maintained itself as

the second largest economy in both nominal and purchasing power parity values for much of the Cold War until

1988, when Japan's economy exceeded $3 trillion in nominal value.[21]

The USSR's relatively small consumer sector accounted for just under 60% of the country's GDP in 1990, while

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the industrial and agricultural sectors contributed 22% and 20% respectively in 1991. Agriculture was the

predominant occupation in the USSR before the massive industrialization under Joseph Stalin. The service sector

was of low importance in the USSR, with the majority of the labor force employed in the industrial sector . The

labor force totaled 152.3 million people. Major industrial products included petroleum, steel, motor vehicles,

aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, lumber, mining, and defense industry.

Contents

[hide]

Planning[edit]

See also: Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning

Based on a system of state ownership, the Soviet economy was managed through Gosplan (the State Planning

Commission), Gosbank (the State Bank) and the Gossnab (State Commission for Materials and Equipment

Supply). Beginning in 1928, the economy was directed by a series of five-year plans, with a brief attempt at

seven-year planning. For every enterprise, planning ministries (also known as the "fund holders" or

fondoderzhateli ) defined the mix of economic inputs (e.g., labor and raw materials), a schedule for completion, all

wholesale prices and almost all retail prices. The planning process was based around material balances -

balancing economic inputs with planned output targets for the planning period.

Industry was long concentrated after 1928 on the production of capital goods through metallurgy, machine

manufacture, and chemical industry. In Soviet terminology, the capital goods were known as group A goods , or

means of production. This emphasis was based on the perceived necessity for a very fast industrialization and

modernization of the Soviet Union. After the death of Stalin in 1953, consumer goods (group B goods) received

somewhat more emphasis due to efforts of Malenkov. However when Khrushchev consolidated his power by

sacking Malenkov, one of the accusations against Malenkov was that he permitted "theoretically incorrect and

politically harmful opposition to the rate of development of heavy industry in favor of the rate of development of

light and food industry".[22] Therefore since 1955 the priorities again were given to capital goods, which wasexpressed in the decisions of the 20th Congress of the CPSU (1956).[23] For further details see consumer goods

in the Soviet Union.

Most information in the Soviet economy flowed from the top down. There were several mechanisms in place for

producers and consumers to provide input and information that would help in the drafting of economic plans (as

detailed below), but the political climate was such that few people ever provided negative input or criticism of the

plan.[citation needed ] Thus, Soviet planners had very little reliable feedback that they could use to determine the

success of their plans. This meant that economic planning was often done based on faulty or outdated

information, particularly in sectors with large numbers of consumers. As a result, some goods tended to be

underproduced, leading to shortages, while other goods were overproduced and accumulated in storage. Low-level managers often did not report such problems to their superiors, relying instead on each other for support.

Some factories developed a system of barter and either exchanged or shared raw materials and parts without the

knowledge of the authorities and outside the parameters of the economic plan.[citation needed ]

Heavy industry was always the focus of the Soviet economy, even in its later years. The fact that it received

special attention from the planners, combined with the fact that industrial production was relatively easy to plan

even without minute feedback, led to significant growth in that sector. The Soviet Union became one of the leadin

industrial nations of the world. Industrial production was disproportionately high in the Soviet Union compared to

Western economies. However, the production of consumer goods was disproportionately low. Economic planners

made little effort to determine the wishes of household consumers, resulting in severe shortages of many

consumer goods. Whenever these consumer goods would become available on the market, consumers routinely

had to stand in long lines (queues) to buy them.[citation needed ] A black market developed for goods that were

particularly sought after but constantly underproduced (such as cigarettes).

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Drafting the five-year plans[edit]

Under Stalin's tutelage, a complex system of planning arrangements had developed since the introduction of the

first five-year plan in 1928. Until the late-1980s and early-1990s, when economic reforms backed by Soviet leader

Mikhail Gorbachev introduced significant changes in the traditional system (see Perestroika), the allocation of

resources was directed by a planning apparatus rather than through the interplay of market forces.

Time frame[edit]

From the Joseph Stalin era through the late 1980s, the five-year plan integrated short-range planning into a

longer time frame. It delineated the chief thrust of the country's economic development and specified the way the

economy could meet the desired goals of the Communist Party. Although the five-year plan was enacted into law,

it contained a series of guidelines rather than a set of direct orders.

Periods covered by the five-year plans coincided with those covered by the gatherings of the CPSU Party

Congress. At each CPSU Congress, the party leadership presented the targets for the next five-year plan. Thus,

each plan had the approval of the most authoritative body of the country's leading political institution.

Guidelines for the plan[edit]

The Central Committee of the CPSU and, more specifically, its Politburo, set basic guidelines for planning. The

Politburo determined the general direction of the economy via control figures (preliminary plan targets), major

investment projects (capacity creation), and general economic policies. These guidelines were submitted as a

report of the Central Committee to the Congress of the CPSU to be approved there.

After the approval at the congress, the list of priorities for the five-year plan was processed by the Council of

Ministers, which constituted the government of the USSR. The Council of Ministers was composed of industrial

ministers, chairmen of various state committees, and chairmen of agencies with ministerial status. This committee

stood at the apex of the vast economic administration, including the state planning apparatus, the industrialministries, the trusts (the intermediate level between the ministries and the enterprises), and finally, the state

enterprises. The Council of Ministers elaborated on Politburo plan targets and sent them to Gosplan, which

gathered data on plan fulfillment.

Gosplan[edit]

Main article: Gosplan

Combining the broad goals laid out by the Council of Ministers with data supplied by lower administrative levels

regarding the current state of the economy, Gosplan worked out, through trial and error, a set of preliminary plantargets. Among more than twenty state committees, Gosplan headed the government's planning apparatus and

was by far the most important agency in the economic administration. The task of planners was to balance

resources and requirements to ensure that the necessary inputs were provided for the planned output. The

planning apparatus alone was a vast organizational arrangement consisting of councils, commissions,

governmental officials, specialists, etc. charged with executing and monitoring economic policy.

The state planning agency was subdivided into its own industrial departments, such as coal, iron, and machine

building. It also had summary departments such as finance, dealing with issues that crossed functional

boundaries. With the exception of a brief experiment with regional planning during the Khrushchev era in the

1950s, Soviet planning was done on a sectoral basis rather than on a regional basis. The departments of the

state planning agency aided the agency's development of a full set of plan targets along with input requirements,a process involving bargaining between the ministries and their superiors.

Planning ministries[edit]

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Economic ministries performed key roles in the Soviet organizational structure. When the planning goals had

been established by Gosplan, economic ministries drafted plans within their jurisdictions and disseminated

planning data to the subordinate enterprises. The planning data were sent downward through the planning

hierarchy for progressively more detailed elaboration. The ministry received its control targets, which were then

disaggregated by branches within the ministry, then by lower units, eventually until each enterprise received its

own control figures (production targets).

Enterprises[edit]

Enterprises were called upon to develop in the final period of state planning in the late-1980s and early-1990s

(even though such participation was mostly limited to a rubber-stamping of prepared statements during huge pre-

staged meetings). The enterprises' draft plans were then sent back up through the planning ministries for review.

This process entailed intensive bargaining, with all parties seeking the target levels and input figures that best

suited their interests.

Redrafting the plan[edit]

After this bargaining process, Gosplan received the revised estimates and re-aggregated them as it saw fit. Then,the redrafted plan was sent to the Council of Ministers and the Party's Politburo and Central Committee

Secretariat for approval. The Council of Ministers submitted the Plan to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union

and the Central Committee submitted the plan to the Party Congress, both for rubber stamp approval. By this time

the process had been completed and the plan became law.

Approval of the plan[edit]

The review, revision, and approval of the five-year plan were followed by another downward flow of information,

this time with the amended and final plans containing the specific targets for each sector of the economy.

Implementation began at this point, and was largely the responsibility of enterprise managers.

State budget[edit]

The national state budget was prepared by the Ministry of Finance of the USSR by negotiating with its all-Union

local organizations. If the state budget was accepted by the Soviet Union, to then get adopted.[24]

Agriculture[edit]

Main article: Agriculture in the Soviet Union

Agriculture was organized into a system of collective farms ( kolkhozes) and state farms (sovkhozes). Organized

on a large scale and highly mechanized, the Soviet Union was one of the world's leading producers of cereals,

although bad harvests (as in 1972 and 1975) necessitated imports and slowed the economy. The 1976-1980 five-

year plan shifted resources to agriculture, and 1978 saw a record harvest followed by another drop in overall

production in 1979 and 1980 back to levels attained in 1975. Cotton, sugar beets, potatoes, and flax were also

major crops.

However, despite immense land resources, extensive machinery and chemical industries, and a large rural work

force, Soviet agriculture was relatively unproductive,[original research?] hampered in many areas by the climate

(only 10 percent of the Soviet Union's land was arable), and poor worker productivity since the collectivization in

the 1930s.[citation needed ] Lack of transport infrastructure also caused much waste.

A view of poor performance of Soviet collective farms is provided by two historians, M. Heller and A. Nekich

("Utopia in Power, History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to Present," Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1986). The authors

report that in 1979, 28% of the Soviet agricultural production was from small plots of private citizens, which

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represented less than 1% of the cultivated land. So according to them, collective farms operated very inefficiently.

Foreign trade and currency[edit]

Main article: Foreign trade of the Soviet Union

Largely self-sufficient, the Soviet Union traded little in comparison to its economic strength. However, trade with

noncommunist countries increased in the 1970s as the government sought to compensate gaps in domestic

production with imports.

In general, fuels, metals, and timber were exported. Machinery, consumer goods, and sometimes grain were

imported. In the 1980s trade with the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) member states

accounted for about half the country's volume of trade. Although often associated with alcohol production, such as

that of vodka, none of these were leading Soviet exports.

The Soviet currency (ruble) was non-convertible after 1932 (when trade in gold-convertible " chervonets",

introduced by Lenin in NEP years, was suspended) until the late eighties. It was impossible (both for citizens and

state-owned businesses) to freely buy or sell foreign currency even though the "exchange rate" was set and

published regularly. Buying or selling foreign currency on a black market was a serious crime until the late

eighties. Individuals who were paid from abroad (for example writers whose books were published abroad)normally had to spend their currency in a foreign-currency-only chain of state-owned "Beryozka" ("Birch-tree")

stores. Once a free conversion of currency was allowed, the exchange rate plummeted from its official values by

almost a factor of 10.

Overall, the banking system was highly centralized and fully controlled by a single state-owned Gosbank,

responsive to the fulfillment of the government's economic plans. Soviet banks furnished short-term credit to

state-owned enterprises.

Forms of property[edit]

There were two basic forms of property in the Soviet Union: individual property and collective property. These

differed greatly in their content and legal status. According to communist theory, capital (means of production)

should not be individually owned, with certain negligible exceptions. In particular, after the end of a short period of

the New Economic Policy and with collectivization completed, all industrial property and virtually all land were

collective.

Land in rural areas was allotted for housing and some sustenance farming, and persons had certain rights to it,

but it was not their property in full. In particular, in kolkhozes and sovkhozes there was a practice to rotate

individual farming lots with collective lots. This resulted in situations where people would ameliorate, till and

cultivate their lots carefully, adapting them to small-scale farming, and in 5–7 years those lots would be swapped

for kolkhoz ones, typically with exhausted soil due to intensive, large-scale agriculture. There was an extremelysmall number of remaining individual farmsteads (khutors хутор), located in isolated rural areas in the Baltic

states, Ukraine, Siberia and cossack lands.

Individual property[edit]

To distinguish "capitalist" and "socialist" types of property ownership further, two different forms of individual

property were recognized: private property (частная собственность, chastnaya sobstvennost) and personal

property ( личная собственность, lichnaya sobstvennost). The former encompassed capital (means of

production), while the latter described everything else in a person's possession. This distinction has been a

source of confusion when interpreting phrases such as "socialism (communism) abolished private property" ; one

might conclude that all individual property was abolished, when this was in fact not the case.

Collective property[edit]

There were several forms of collective ownership, the most significant being state property , kolkhoz property , and

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Manipulated[27] photo intended to show

the two major economic policy makers of

the USSR together, Lenin (left) who

created the NEP and Stalin (right) who

created the planned economy.

cooperative property . The most common forms of cooperative property were housing cooperatives (жилищные

кооперативы) in urban areas, consumer cooperatives (потребительская кооперация, потребкооперация), and

rural consumer societies (сельские потребительские общества, сельпо).

History[edit]

Early development[edit]

Both the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later, the Soviet Union, were countries in the processof industrialization. For both, this development occurred slowly and from a low initial starting point. Because of

World War I , the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War industrial production had only managed t

barely recover its 1913 level by 1926.[25] By this time about 18% of the population lived in non-rural areas,

although only about 7.5% were employed in the non-agricultural sector. The remainder were stuck in the low

productivity agriculture.[26]

According to David A. Dyker , the Soviet Union of the 1930s can be regarded as a typical developing country,

characterized by low capital investment and most of its population resident in the countryside. Part of the reason

for low investment rates lay in the inability to acquire capital from abroad. This in turn, was the result of the

repudiation of the debts of the Russian Empire by the Bolsheviks, as well as the world wide financial troubles.Consequently, any kind of economic growth had to be financed by domestic savings.[26]

The economic problems in agriculture were further exacerbated by natural conditions, such as long cold winters

across the country, droughts in the south and acidic soils in the north. However, according to Dyker, the Soviet

economy did have "extremely good" potential in the area of raw materials and mineral extraction, for example in

the oil fields in Transcaucasia, and this, along with a small but growing manufacturing base, helped the USSR

avoid any kind of balance of payments problems.[26]

New Economic Policy (1921–9)[edit]

Main article: New Economic Policy

By early 1921 it became apparent to the Bolsheviks that forced requisitioning

of grain had resulted in low agricultural production and widespread

opposition. As a result, the decision was made by Lenin and the Politburo to

try an alternative approach. The so-called New Economic Policy (NEP) was

approved at the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party

(Bolsheviks)[29]

Everything except "the commanding heights", as Lenin put it, of the economy

would be privatized. "The commanding heights" included foreign trade,heavy industry, communication and transport among others. In practice this

limited the private sector to artisan and agricultural production/trade.[30] The

NEP encountered strong resistance within the Bolshevik party. Lenin had to

persuade communist skeptics that "state capitalism" was a necessary step in

achieving communism, while he himself harbored suspicions that the policy

could be abused by private businessmen ("NEPmen").

As novelist Andrei Platonov, among others, noted, the improvements were

immediate. Rationing cards and queues, which had become hallmarks of war communism, had disappeared.

However, due to prolonged war, low harvests, and several natural disasters the Soviet economy was still introuble, particularly its agricultural sector. In 1921 widespread famine broke out in the Volga-Ural region. The

Soviet government changed its previous course and allowed international relief to come in from abroad, and

established a special committee chaired by prominent communists and non-communists alike. Despite this, an

estimated five million people died in the famine.[32]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga-Ural_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Platonovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEPmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Economic_Policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repudiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_A._Dyker&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_product_of_laborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16


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The State Quality

Mark of the USSR,

introduced in 1967,

was used to certify

that goods met quality

standards, and to

improve the efficiencyof production

Stalinism[edit]

Starting in 1928, the five-year plans began building a heavy industrial base at once in an underdeveloped

economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry, and without

reliance on external financing. The country now became industrialized at a hitherto unprecedented pace,

surpassing Germany's pace of industrialization in the 19th century and Japan's earlier in the 20th century.

After the reconstruction of the economy (in the wake of the destruction caused by the Russian Civil War ) was

completed, and after the initial plans of further industrialisation were fulfilled, the explosive growth slowed downuntil the period of Brezhnev stagnation in the 1970s and 1980s.

Led by the creation of NAMI, and by the GAZ copy of the Ford Model A in 1929,[33][34] industrialization came with

the extension of medical services, which improved labor productivity. Campaigns were carried out against typhus,

cholera, and malaria; the number of physicians increased as rapidly as facilities and training would permit; and

death and infant mortality rates steadily decreased.

1930–1970[edit]

As weighed growth rates, economic planning performed very well during the early and

mid-1930s, World War II -era mobilization, and for the first two decades of the postwar era.

The Soviet Union became the world's leading producer of oil, coal, iron ore, and cement;

manganese, gold, natural gas and other minerals were also of major importance.

However, information about the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 was suppressed by the

Soviet authorities until perestroika. In 1933 workers' real earnings sank to about one-tenth

of the 1926 level.[35] Common and political prisoners in labor camps were forced to do

unpaid labor, and communists and Komsomol members were frequently "mobilized" for

various construction projects.

The German invasion of World War II inflicted punishing blows to the economy of the

Soviet Union, with Soviet GDP falling 34% between 1940 and 1942. Industrial output didnot recover to its 1940 level for almost a decade.

In 1961, a new redenominated Soviet ruble was issued. It maintained exchange parity with the Pound Sterling

until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. After a new leadership, headed by Leonid Brezhnev, had come to

power, attempts were made to revitalize the economy through economic reform. Starting in 1965, enterprises and

organizations were made to rely on economic methods of profitable production, rather than follow orders from the

state administration. By 1970, the Soviet economy had reached its zenith and was estimated at about 60 percent

of the size of the USA[37] in terms of the estimated commodities (like steel and coal). In 1989, the official GDP of

the Soviet Union was $2,500 Billion[38] while the GDP of the United States was $4,862 Billion[39] with per capita

income figures as $8,700 and $19,800 respectively.

This article's factual accuracy is disputed. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliablysourced. See the relevant discussion on the talk page. (June 2011)

1970–1990[edit]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union#Disputedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnevhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_Sterlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_rublehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komsomolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroikahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%931933http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Quality_Mark_of_the_USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%931931)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NAMI_(car_company)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhnev_stagnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927-1953)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19


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Soviet National Income 1928-1987 growth in %. Estimates of the official

statistical agency of the SU (TsSU), the CIA and revised estimates by G. I.

Khanin.

Comparison between USSR and US economies (1989)

according to 1990 CIA The World Factbook[10]

USSR US

GDP(PPP)(1989 - millions $) 2,659,500 5,233,300

Population (July 1990) 290,938,469 250,410,000

GDP Per Capita(PPP)($) 9,211 21,082

Labor force (1989) 152,300,000 125,557,000

The Era of Stagnation in the mid-1970s was

triggered by the Nixon Shock and aggravated by

the war in Afghanistan in 1979 and led to a period

of economic standstill between 1979 and 1985.

Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic

development kept the USSR's GDP at the same

level during the first half of the 1980s.[citation

needed ] The Soviet planned economy was not

structured to respond adequately to the demands

of the complex modern economy it had helped to

forge. The massive quantities of goods produced

often did not meet the needs or tastes of

consumers.[40] The volume of decisions facing

planners in Moscow became overwhelming. The

cumbersome procedures for bureaucratic

administration foreclosed the free communication

and flexible response required at the enterprise

level for dealing with worker alienation, innovation, customers, and suppliers. During 1975–85, corruption and

data fiddling became common practice among bureaucracy to report satisfied targets and quotas thus

entrenching the crisis.

Awareness of the growing crisis arose initially within the KGB which with its extensive network of informants in

every region and institution had its finger on the pulse of the nation. Yuri Andropov, director of the KGB, created a

secret department during the 1970s within the KGB devoted to economic analysis, and when he succeeded

Brezhnev in 1982 sounded the alarm forcefully to the Soviet leadership. Andropov's remedy of increased

discipline, however, proved ineffective. It was only when Andropov's protege Gorbachev assumed power that a

determined, but ultimately unsuccessful, assault on the economic crisis was undertaken.[41]

According to CIA estimates by 1989 the size of theSoviet economy was roughly half that in the United

States of America.[10] According to the European

Comparison Program, administered by the U.N, the

size of the Soviet Economy was 36% of that in the

United States in 1990.[42]

Sector (Distribution of Soviet workforce) 1940 1965 1970 1979 1984

Primary (agriculture and forestry) 54% 31% 25% 21% 20%

Secondary (including construction, transport and communication) 28% 44% 46% 48% 47%

Tertiary (including trade, finance, health, education, science andadministration

18% 25% 29% 31% 33%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

[43]

See also[edit]

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Andropovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_Shockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation


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General

Organisations

Post-Soviet era

Economy of post-Soviet Russia

History of post-Soviet Russia

Classifications of Soviet economy

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Soviet Union Economy 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12,

2010.

2. ^ Jump up to: a b GDP – Million 1990 . CIA Factbook. 1991. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

3. Jump up ^ GDP – Million 1991 . KayLee: CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

4. Jump up ^ GDP Per Capita 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.5. Jump up ^ Inflation Rate % 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

6. Jump up ^ Labor Force 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

7. Jump up ^ Exports Million 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

8. Jump up ^ Imports Million 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

9. Jump up ^ "Budget External Debt Million 1991". CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

10. ^ Jump up to: a b c "1990 CIA World Factbook" . Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 23 July 2010.

11. Jump up ^ Budget Revenues Million Million 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

12. Jump up ^ Budget Expenditures Million 1991. CIA Factbook. 1992. Retrieved June 12, 2010.

13. Jump up ^ Hanson, Philip (2003). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy. Routledge. pp. 1–8.

14. Jump up ^ Boughton 2012, p. 288.

15. Jump up ^ Peck 2006, p. 47.

One notable person in this regard was Nehru, "who visited the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and was

deeply impressed by Soviet industrial progress." See Bradley 2010, pp. 475–6.

16. Jump up ^ Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (2001) pp 274, 275, 298

17. Jump up ^ Japan's IMF nominal GDP Data 1987 to 1989 (October 2014)

18. Jump up ^ "Георгий Маленков. 50 лет со дня отставки", Radio Liberty

19. Jump up ^ Пыжиков А. В. Хрущевская "Оттепель" : 1953—1964, Olma-Press, 2002 ISBN 5-224-

033356-Х

20. Jump up ^ the IMF (1991). A Study of the Soviet economy 1. International Monetary Fund (IMF). p. 287.

ISBN 92-64-13468-9.

21. Jump up ^ Dyker 1992, p. 2.

22. ^ Jump up to: a b c Dyker 1992, p. 3.

23. Jump up ^ Gilbert, Felix; Large, David Clay (2008). The End of the European Era: 1890 to the Present (6th

ed.). New York City: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 213. ISBN 978-0393930405.

24. Jump up ^ Hosking 1993, p. 119.

25. Jump up ^ Carr, E.H. and Davies, R.W, (1988), Foundations of a Planned Economy, Vol. 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393930405http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Gilberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-64-13468-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fundhttp://books.google.com/books?id=xJpygdfiyHUC&dqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5224033356http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Libertyhttp://archive.svoboda.org/programs/hd/2005/hd.020505.asphttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=11&sy=1987&ey=1989&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=158%2C111&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AA-jbmyfl54C&pg=PA47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/budget_expenditures_million_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/budget_revenues_million_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttp://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/budget_expenditures_million_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/imports_million_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/exports_million_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/labor_force_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/inflation_rate_pct_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/gdp_per_capita_0.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/gdp_million_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA_Factbookhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/soviet_union/soviet_union_economy.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia


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26. Jump up ^ Hosking 1993, p. 120.

27. Jump up ^ G.N. Georgano Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930 . (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)

28. Jump up ^ Wikipedia, GAZ

29. Jump up ^ The decline and demise of the Comintern , The Australian National University

30. Jump up ^ "A Comparison of the US and Soviet Economies: Evaluating the Performance of the Soviet

System" (PDF). foia.cia.gov . October 1985. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

31. Jump up ^ [1]

32. Jump up ^ [2]

33. Jump up ^ Shane, Scott (1994). "What Price Socialism? An Economy Without Information". Dismantling

Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 75 to 98. ISBN 1-56663-048-

7. "It was not the gas pedal but the steering wheel that was failing"

34. Jump up ^ Shane, Scott (1994). "The KGB, Father of Perestroika". Dismantling Utopia: How Information

Ended the Soviet Union. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 59, 60, 99 to 120. ISBN 1-56663-048-7. "When he

spoke to the leadership circle he said the country was faced with a question of survival"

35. Jump up ^ http://www.allbusiness.com/government/630097-1.html

36. Jump up ^ Churchwood, L. G. (1987). Soviet Socialism: Social and Political Essays. London: Routledge.

p. 30.

Further reading[edit]

Allen, Robert C. (2003). Farm to Factory: A Reinterpretation of the Soviet Industrial Revolution . Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press.

Boughton, James M. (2012). Tearing Down Walls: The International Monetary Fund, 1990–1999.

Washington, DC: IMF. ISBN 978-1-616-35084-0.

Bradley, Mark Philip (2010). "Decolonization, the global South, and the Cold War, 1919–1962". In Melvyn P.Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 1: Origins (pp. 464–

485). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83719-4.

Daniels, Robert Vince (1993). The End of the Communist Revolution. London: Routledge.

Davies, R.W. (1998). Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev . Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Davies, R. W. ed. From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy: Continuity and Change in the Economy of

the USSR (London, 1990)

Davies, R. W. ed. The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 (Cambridge, 1994)

Goldman, Marshall (1991). What Went Wrong With Perestroika . New York: W. W. Norton.

Goldman, Marshall (1994). Lost Opportunity: Why Economic Reforms in Russia Have Not Worked . New

York: W. W. Norton.

Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2001). Soviet and Post Soviet Economic Structure and Performance (7th

ed.). Boston: Addison Wesley.

Harrison, Mark (1996). Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defense Burden,

1940–1945 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Harrison, Mark. "The Soviet Union after 1945: Economic Recovery and Political Repression," Past &

Present (2011 Supplement 6) Vol. 210 Issue suppl_6, p103-120.

Moss, Walter Gerald (2004). A History Of Russia, Volume 2: Since 1855 (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press.

Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1987).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Goldmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_William_Davieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_P._Lefflerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-616-35084-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/history/2012/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_C._Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=24http://www.allbusiness.com/government/630097-1.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-048-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-048-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb1989/united_states/united_states_economy.htmlhttp://www.theodora.com/wfb1989/soviet_union/soviet_union_economy.htmlhttp://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000497165.pdfhttp://epress.anu.edu.au/oul/mobile_devices/ar01s04.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAZhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.N._Georgano


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Peck, James (2006). Washington's China: The National Security World, the Cold War, and the Origins of

Globalism. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.

Pravda, Alex (2010). "The collapse of the Soviet Union, 1990–1991". In Leffler, Melvyn P.; Westad, Odd

Arne. The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume 3: Findings . Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press. pp. 356–377.

Rutland, Robert (1985). The Myth of the Plan: Lessons of Soviet Planning Experience. London:

Hutchinson.

in Russian[edit]

Kara-Murza, Sergey (2004). Soviet Civilization: From 1917 to the Great Victory (in Russian) = Сергей

Кара-Мурза. Советская цивилизация. От начала до Великой Победы . ISBN 5-699-07590-9.

Kara-Murza, Sergey (2004). Soviet Civilization: From the Great Victory Till Our Time (in Russian) = Сергей

Кара-Мурза. Советская цивилизация. От Великой Победы до наших дней . ISBN 5-699-07591-7.

External links[edit]

Andre Gunder Frank, "What Went Wrong in the 'Socialist' East?"Douglas B. Reynolds, "Soviet Economic Decline: Did an Oil Crisis Cause the Transition in the Soviet

Union?"

Paul Craig Roberts, "My Time With Soviet Economics."
http://www.vdare.com/roberts/soviet_economy.htmhttp://www.hubbertpeak.com/reynolds/SovietDecline.htmhttp://rrojasdatabank.info/agfrank/what_went_wrong.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5699075917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5699075909http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Kara-Murzahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn_P._Lefflerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press

Documents

En.wikipedia.org-Economy of the Soviet Union