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Electric VehiclesThe Need for Recycling

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Early 1900's

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Battery

Mitsubishi i-MiEV: Lithium-ion

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Battery

Nissan LEAF: Lithium-ion

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Battery

Tesla Roadster: Lithium-ion

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Battery

Tesla Model S: Lithium-ion

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Lithium-ion Battery Pack

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Lithium-ion

- Tesla Model S contains 7,000 Lithium-ion cells.

- Most popular battery in modern electric cars.

- Same battery that is in most laptop computers.

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Lithium-ion Battery Components

-Lithium cobaltoxide anode

("Lithium-ion")

-Carbon cathode-Plastic insulators

-Copper contacts

-Steel outer canC

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Why recycle?

Environment

-Alleviate scarcity

-Reduce production

impacts

-Minimise unnecessary waste

Social

- Global south,

politically unstable countries.

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Why recycle?

Economic

- Lithium demand

increasing by 6%

each year.

-Demand will

outpace production

in the next 10

years.

-Current net negative

value for recycling.

-Incentivise: subsidies ortaxes

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Major Impediments to Recycling No standardization of lithium batteries

o Different compositions

o Constant changes in battery structure and models

Currently little need to recycle lithium ion

batterieso lithium relatively cheap to manufacture compared

to other metals

Cobalt

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Adaptive Management of Current Li-

ion Battery Recycling:

Pyro- and hydrometallurgical

Production-based recycling processes

Incentives

Education/Awareness

Grants and government fundingo Toxco grant (2009)

Analysis of environmental impacts and

energy consumption associated with the

production of Li-ion batteries

Analysis of process success

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Conclusion: Adaptively Managed Li-ion

Battery Life Cycle and Recycling

Increased Li extractionfrom improved recycling

processes

Reduced dependency onLi mining

Reduced negative environmental, economic,

and social impacts

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References

Egbue, O. and Long, S. 2012. Critical Issues in the Supply Chain of Lithium for

Electric Vehicle Batteries. Engineering Management Journal. 24.3: 52-62.

McManus, M.C. 2011. Environmental consequences of the use of batteries in

low carbon systems: The impact of battery production. Applied Energy.

93: 288-295.

Vayrynen, A. and Salminen, J. 2011. Lithium ion battery production. J. Chem.

Thermodynamics. 46: 80-85.

Panasonic. 2007. Overview of Lithium-ion Batteries.

http://www.panasonic.com/industrial/includes/pdf/Panasonic_LiIon_Overvie

w.pdf

Kumar, Aswin. "The Lithium Battery Recycling Challenge." Waste ManagementWorld. N.p., n.d. Web. Mar. 2013.

Georgi-Maschler, T., B. Friedrich, R. Weyhe, H. Heegn, and M. Rutz.

"Development of a Recycling Process for Li-ion Batteries."Journal of Power

Sources 207 (2012): 173-82. Web.

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"You will not berecycling me!"