529

Essays on the Chinese Language (1889)

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

IVIicrosoft
Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/essaysonchineselOOwattrich
Ming
period,
78
; those
numerous,
328
424;
grammatical
geographical
terms
the
Sanskrit,
p.
445
varying
forms
cannot
the
Chinese
language,
written
to
them
used
by
them,
embodied
a great
or very
seems
to
have
been
found
of
the
language
and
literature
of
scholars, has increased
merely
mechanical
reproductions
of
others,
it
have
begun
to
only
theories
with
little
the cold
/.e.,
spoken
by
other
been
the
primeval
tongue,
the
one of
the ante-
diluvian patriarchs,
can
justly
lay
world,
together
also
the
first
ly
stopt,
they
carried
meanings in
the
direct
route,
over
Cinna,
C.
6,
p,
43.
(Ed.
1643).
2
 China's
Place
of the
proves that
Eastern
Penin-
to
some
of
the
pre-Aryan
parent
of
all
the
may
say,
chiefly
on
the
material
constituents
little
reference
to
been
on
the
language
•'
having
always
languages
which
had
no
real
roots
he assigns
not
so
actually.
Then
the
concatenation
of
thought.
The
grammars
Isolating
Languages,
which
MuUer,
1
Bopp's
 Vergleich,
Gr.
in
this
language.
Chinese
the
in its
dilate
on
the
failings
of
philosophy,
all
science,
all
definitely
settled.
Chinese language
this with
Chinese
literature,
and
best, of
little interest
and
doubtful,
while
for
the
latter
part
return to
corded of the
noted that the
had
most
intercourse.
Hence
the
designation
various
neighbours.^
the early
time,
It gives
at
the
time
buildings, music,
But
of
producing
a
con-
siderable
 
It is
said that
that
the
use
of
engravings
had
been
mainly
pictorial
chief
office,
only
certain state occasion
after times to
Lin
(3|
Hsiung
the reply
to his
famous treatise,
From
his
been no
time
have
to
be
understood.
Many
of
editors
have
made
the
Shen
(ff
dates of
heaven
and
demons
meant
of
the
explanations
to
solve
all
the
difficulties
states,
to
and literature.
But it
among
part of
Mencius,
and
was
apparently
tao
Ji|),
for
the same
under
who
made
when
com-
pared
is
better
than
designation.
By
and it
there had been
represented
called tvmg
them
was an official
been hard
41
in this
technical sense
to Luh
Chi or
with
the
language.^
The
420
was
followed
by
that
South
half of
the fifth
This
treatise
did
not
survive
very
even,
Kang-hsi's
Dictionary.
as
the
language
of
China.^
differences
scarcely
admits
of
doubt,
notwithstanding
the
assertion
to
the
contrary
made
by
1
protests.
It
does
Wu
Ti.-
He
of Literature, that is, the finest ornaments of the best
writing.
This
origin
of
the
sub-
every subject
with
the
origin
and
development
of
however,
was
Ku
Ye-wang
(IB
ff
D
^^- Ku
Hsi-feng
(H
the
divided into
a style easy and
was
also
author
of
two
works
specially
some
extent
in
trans-
cribing
Sanskrit
sounds,
and
so
made
it
'^Ch*ie-yun
works of
to
of
the
Indian
Buddhists
also
became
Sun Mien
others, and thus made what he considered
improvements
to
the
*'Shuo-wen.''
the
venerated
classic.
It
was
owned,
and
long
been
difficult words
to
subsequent
editor.
and
in
the
in
which
China
first
began
to
have
vulgar
writing
soon
super-
seded
the
to
be
according
to
use
of
that
dictionary
presently-
His
great
partly
to
the
mistakes
of
Hsii
Ch'ie
 
request
of
the
elder
that
the
younger
compiled
his
receiving
new
commission
was
Hsing
Ping
(JflJ
;
 
studied the various
Kao Lien
edition
and
retained
all
the
commentary
dishonest.
fellow-workers was
about
26,400
characters.
the
classifiers,
 
Peng-nien
acknowledged
of
charac-
never stood
with the petty
 
title
begun
substituting
vulgar
and
incorrect
way
here in-
century
the
author
also
of
the
Chang
Yu,
whose
other
names
 
P'u-t'ien
from 1104
the
native
two
works,
and
the
characters on these to characters found on objects of the Ch'in
dynasty
those
mentioned
above
was
a
native
of
540
book.
in the
having
been
materials
as the
long title,
given at
mentioned
been
according to the
the perpetuation of
treatise itself
is largely
also
 
characters
in
classical
litera-
ture.
This
so
on,
in
the
work,
and
as
it
intention.
This
popularity
 
shops and
a help
China
distribution
as
authorities.
One of
still
occa-
authority.'^
dynasty
He
also
in
revised
edition
of
the
to
make
a
new
pronouncing
dictionary.
The
time of its appearance
as the
get
Emperor
of
relations
of
charac-
ters
under
their
phonetic
categories.
Its
compiler
capital,
compiled
the
the
oral
and
written
language.
 
literature
of the language
(j^
scholar
also
Yuan-
of
the
a thorough methodical
characters
have
from
age
the
language
and
a
students
and
it
improved. But it
ways
of
writing
characters
and
given
even
in
of the
original work
which they
be
regarded
as
characters
in
early
y
poetry.
the Yi-ching.''
old authorities.
merely because
later
authors,
and
hfe
has
been
rather
good
histori-
ending,
and
Yii
and
Yang
Shen,
rhyming
words.
but
Shao
made
the
 Kuang-yun
or
approbation.^
by
its
short
title
now,
with
those
so
used
dogmatic,
dictatorial
^^
of translation
learning and
first
that in the  Shi-ching
according
to
the
four
tones
ch
^ing.
After
these
work has
been revised
and reprinted,
but it
a
sort
to publish
In
some
parts
of
1852.
Its
title,
tones,
the
p'ing,
shang,
and/w.
These
ancient to modern
private
at
least
in
his
Yii-tsai,
are
printed
at
the
head
of
the
page
each
is
which is
they
have
their
own
phonetic
dictionaries,
(g
use. The
I-tsun.^
''inferior
science,**
and
gains
importance
only
understand-
ing
Philip
Sidney
says
of
peece of the Tower
as
to have
calls of
in
the
works
of
the faculty
which
forms
the
Chinese
would
repeat.
There
the
movements
of
the
tongue
the prattle of
definite
shape;
the
elemental
air,
of
a
lyre,
the
cricket's
chirr,
the
crow
of
water.
Metal
and
stone
is the same as
proceed from his mouth
singing
his usual
speech, however,
it is
from
age
>y
writers
be
by
man's
opened
mouth
there
however,
that
a
about
the
be known
distinc-
tions.
He,
it
that an
some
notable
deliverance
or
benefit,
ExcellensJ'
agree
to
it
however,
and
in
order
that
it
may
make
the
true,
without
having
this
talk,
and as
He
who
speaks
says
something,
speech
and
the
chirp
knowledged
by
the
Chinese.
Thus
we
the
to
Yii,
the
second
division
mind—
the
spiritual
principle
which
he
alone
which is
common property.
existed
the law
of predes-
founders of
and communicate
a fuller
(jg)
li
is right and becoming
diagrams, is
hlank,
in
numbers
from
one
to serve
afterwards.
The
seventh
century
B.C.
the
growing
society.
The
Chinese,
much
reproduce
as
merely
The
symbols
Tsang-chie,
or
who-
ever
those
known
as
original
and
writing
miscellaneous
items
language
sj)6ken
and
written,
but
specially
of
of
the
uncultivated
dialects
but
also
of
the
general
language.
For
the
1
Kanghsi's
Diet.,
Int.
j
an
to
an
importance
beyond
their
these rude cries and
important
elements
in
the
and,
moreover,
they
are
often
unnoticed
in
people at various places
this
exclamation
heading
the
or delight
or great
learned the
to
another
how
visitor listened
expressions
like
speaker, like
the ouai,
ai-chOf
the
compas-
sionate.
The
particle
is
not
the force of
the desolate are
mourn-
but
they
accompanied
by
facial
so
requires.
There
It is
often a
t^ssU.
When this
smiling manner
 
perhaps
only
a
corruption
of
wei
(Pf|)
with
a
similar
meaning.
This
so
noises made
the
tiles,
but
according
to
much
the
sound
drizzle is mSng-
the
fife
every
drake
has
his
duck,
that
they
his song
h'ah
used
as
said
truly,
it
came
to
to
laugh
is
hsiao
ya-jen-hsiao-yue,
to
i
(Jg
or
is
the
crying
of
an
infant,
this remarkable
negro
and
no-no
of
Other terms are hou
like
says
As though thou saidest ay, Sampsoun,
Sampsoun.
We
is called a ya-tztt who is not
dumb but only
much embarrassed in
and the tih^tih
are
still,
or
{chie-chieyiia-'pa.
These
terms
in
the
expression
tsui-li-
k'o-k'o-pa'pa
(j^
S
Jl
E
These
must
have
had,
ma,
feed
the
as
being
tap-tap-lap-lap,
that
terms, well supplied
investigation
of
dialects
as
commonly
used
alone
highway,
made to be
sometimes
and a
southwards.
A
ta-tao
and the
was,
however,
early
transferred
ingly
a
cluster
of
stars
in
Cassiopeia.
It
is
to
the
rut
the
name
of
a
pair
of
stars
which
Chinese
wu-fu-tao
rock,
term of similar meaning
or
journey.
The
ma^ journey
Cicero
tells
Atticus
of
writing
a
in an
To
go
is
chieri^
hsing
(g
fj).
(Jg),
and
the Chou
a lane
denote a lane,
of the
phrase in
and it is
corruption
by
land;
land
usually
called
the
Yellow
Wa)^,
hiiang
place;
and
the
spaces
ground.
The
liver,
which
is
the
source
of
the
of
tea,
but
 a
three-course
respect
to
a
guest.
So
also
a
or
ing lines on a
of
trees
were in the
which tHao
may point
as
such
in
the
phrase
i-tao-kuang
(3ij),
noticed
numerative,
or
classifier.
The
expression
liang-tao-chou-mei
(H
JE
S
1S)>
literally,
two
lines
broom
employed, it
denotes the
of small
shops all
over the
^
the
to add that
of
Proverbs.
set
Thus
the
equivalent
of
tao.
Thus,
for
example,
in
the
or
childhood,
both
first
of
a
family.
It
virtuous
woman
 looketh
well
might
direct
Our
knowledge.
All
education
this
learning
or
philosophy
he has
we denote
works of
the
sons
of
men.
great minister
whether
good
tao,
Chu
and
Mo
Ti
(the
These
in Chinese
(-^)
customs. The
(SK
told,
wei
the
gods.
who had in succession
civilisation
C, iii.,
is a
dutiful son
father does
that
is
to
sayn,
and walketh
is perhaps
are
inten-
tional.
Then
he
adds
that
government
of
the
feudal
chiefs
the
Chow
period,
yet
there
ivo
In
the
concomitant of all
alternation
is
existence
after
this.
Hence
tao
visible form is
be
contem-
plated
as
be
rendered
of
ten
used
as
a
other,
state
passed,
is
called
the Way (tao) ; as it is without any deflection, neither too
much
called
with
their
tan
(j^),
which
in
its
highest
taoj
this
used very
which
doth
assign
unto
each
thing
the
kind,
and Faber translate,
phrase Vien-tao expresses
heaven's
law
{tHen-tao).
This
regular
the words
its first
form
brings a good destiny.
in
which
shapes
another
in
man,
as
God
 embosoms
in
us
to
power.
The
0.
i.,
p
41;
 Lun,
originally
pure
it is in any
seen,
but
considered
as
that
natural
laws;
or
the
former
is
regarded
as
the
popular
mind
homogeneous
mind
as
appetitus
inhiantis
fit
amor
fruentis.
Again
only
as
denoting
that
within
man
discovers
and
judges
of
sensible
which accords
is
used
in
two
different
 
springeth
from
reason,
sense,
induction,
argument,
according
perfection of the
also uses
tion
unites righteousness
light of
nature^in
or of
society. So
to
be
practise
filial
piety
given
by
litigants
in
a
mandarin's
yamen,
and
the
father
and
son,
husband
The former
be
subject
to
in
character
for
tao
rendered
by,
 duty
occasionally
to
±4;TiSiS's^Al&-t4)-
or
conscience,
the
sense
of
people and
give them
clause is amplified
requirement
ruin
(W
S
jE
native
or
sovereigns with
one subject.
The
by
a
life
of
well-doing,
that
tao
is
Zt,
the
latter
term
being
used
quoted
accurately
and
inaccur-
only the
without
rivals
outside,
not
bound
By obtaining
no conditions of space
all
ning,
or
ever
master who
of all
and wisdom,
has
never
been
perfectly
realized
in
 
the
used as the
said,
spoken
of
is
also
found,
as
when
it
hungry and drink
of nature, are
Nature
generally.
We
have
lights
the concrete
abstract or
of
shih
the
a
Sage
them. Under
related or
manner.
Thus
in
it is
of tao in
Sun.tzii,
chap.
xiii.
2
 Kuang.yun,
s.v.
the least known.
idea
but
demande
si
par
et
la
Misericorde,
la
Justice,
&c.
arretees
sur
autres
attributs
decoulent
necessairO'
ment,
revealed
and
written
by
God in
the dark
As
the
truth
before
ever, rendered by
or I am
the Greek logos,
that
First
Epistle
of
John
begins,
 ).
of a pure
As a
is
put
forward
with
tao of
if it
were not
already cumbered
consequently
the
number
of the
always
everywhere
in
bound
the
mind
of
the
reference
to
the
way
in
which
its
curled back.
of
some
request
or
known
among
the
people
who
generally
use
chu
chu-j'oUy
with the
Foochow
our
coresponding
word
market
at least
animal for
names,
some
of
which
of
very
common
occurrence
in
the
language
of
harvest
of Spring,
the salad
phonetic. This
the sense of
to
be
the
origin
of
the
present
term
in
twelve
(like
may
be
to
some
of
the
terms
which
it
has
to
denote
these, for
a
to
babes
and
bones
that
one
of
such
tender
to
years
a
man
one
in
old
age,
but
a
cruda
men
being
bent
with
old,
begrimed,
as
it
were,
with
one derived
the
philosopher,
'^Venerable
Sir
far to
in
regard
the
State
Examina-
tions.
The
death
of
a
accordingly,
proceed
the
common
stock
of
air
the
directly death and
also
called
ta-shih
[^
259
We
go
terms
which
we
point
to
a
he pleads
old age
peace
in
and tzu
the
Chinese.
One
Death's second self, that
Chinese
language
has
a
mentioning
is that he has become one
of
the
gods.^'
was
the
the
sovereign,
and
Confucius
of
chiin-hung
had
been
shi, die
denoted
from
starvation
he
is
carried
Han
Wen
Kung's
be
occasionally
employed
to
denote
a
death
which
is
regarded
ping-mu,
to
die
the
sense
to
die
is
to
go
a
journey
to
man's
fancies,
by
a
son
in
speaking
going into
or
be
dead.
This
sad
word
commonly
denotes
or
beloved
relative,
lives is
Let
us
now
take
note
of
a
few
of
these
the
common
While
a
to
enter
into
youth
her dead
(:§
only for
allowed
by
fate
to
raise
up
a
son
to
hsiung-tuan-cho
(Kl
find this phrase
to die before
yao,
written
and the
latter  to
wei-chia-erh-yao
the
term
for
the
death
of
away from her
in terms of
(iS
The char-
servant
who
chooses
duty
rather
than
death
into
the
other
world.
A
The expression
k^ang-k'ai
imperceptible
degrees.
or
otherwise.
there
of the comical or
one's throat,
whom
breath
has
departed
near
death
to
lift
him
from
of
of recovery.
Hence,
some
tell
us,
came
the
floating
corpses.
Then
there
is
to
be
pu-tsai
{/f,
sense of
seen, hita means
for
in
many
the
Emperor
who
here are explained as
be a synonym
the
man when
(j^)
occasionally
for
who
wronged
them
while
in
the
some,
 
and
as you
coffin said that
Lang,
in
used to
the
dark
north.
Hence
dead
deceased.
night
dead,
to
also
yin
There is
a crowd
representative
observance is
commonly called
shih-k^howj
were
they
mouth
of
an
individual
dead
and
the
departed
ghost
to
have
the
strike
his
parent or
late origin,
Thus a son,
a
living
creature,
but
this
over
a
of
coffining
is
old
times
the
dead
were
not
coffined
used
only
feng
(|g).
But
as
the
use
word, sid
relatives
phrase
is
called
coffin
which
an
old
man
provides
for
himself
or
friends
present
to
him.
The
proper
number
of
these
are
sent
from
the
place
of
death
to
their
homes
are
called
peck
(ft ^
S
were
called
chien,
which
were
kept
now
under
notice.-^
Coming
Burial. 303
to begin a
procession
advances.
In
popular
kept
up
the bier a
piece of white
and
one
during
his
perhaps
to rest. The words
grave. Because
spot in
lie in peace, and from which the spirit
well-pleased might
send blessings
applications.
The
use
speech it
The expression
a
grave.
It
means
there
are
before
lower-
ing
expressed
by
hsu
 
the
precept
tso-fen-
an-tsang
a
son's
while
really
burying
earth,
Another old
(or
ssii
J^),
which
often
leave
time uuburied. In
too
because
the
Feng-shui
professors
decide
of
burial
is
condemned
by
moral
on
the
dead-
house.
This
is
to
be
very
damp.
One
of
expressions
for
ceremony
which
supposes
(^
we
parts and adjuncts.
Of these terms,
common
use
are
taken
a
originally and
'^
which
over
the
meanings,
very
The
or
two
phrases
in
also
chie
marked
to
tombs
already
tenanted,
and
confine
them
is
also
called
ye-t'ai
{i^
J)
or
in
this
sense
correctly
applied
only
to
the
a
grave
world
above.
In
old
times
the
darkness.
such
liter-
ally
and
figuratively.
The
space
^),
of
stone.
had
become
a
of his
burial indicate
chung
may
cemetery
is
chiu-yuan
is
now
Chiang-chow
of
the
Chow
period
a
little
place
chiu^yuan
the end has
an
interesting
history.
We
wan-ho,
long before
dirges was
died
ever to
still
the
read
that
it
was
and
have
or
death, and generally
many
in
the
five-fold
women.
of
the
of a circlet
the
coarsest
(Jft
dry
grass,
are
borne
at
the
to
advantage.
Now
mourning; and
for a
used
only
of
the
dead
are
will be able
not
native
is
very
having grain
names of these,
merce was that
term
by
land
be
mentioned.
The
kingdom
of
is
still
used
or
are
not
always,
f^
Jj.
These
characters
were
of
barians
has been for many
specially English,
has been
the
phrase
thus
a syllable sun
to
dozen,
which
they
pronounce
ta-sun
and
write
)f^
g.
It
is
common
in
the
talk
and
dropt both
in talk
and writing
the
word
ball,
which
they
pronounce
po
ovp'o,
the
written
language
is
telephone.
these islands
understood.
Many
of
it
restricted
application.^
ma
for
baj-hu-yen
{ff
others
their
dialects
are
concerned.
Cambodian the
Borneo and
chiefly
for
its
medicinal
qualities
is
perhaps
applied
to
several
where it is
it is
(^
^),
of them and
among
names
the
Chinese
char-
acters
mi-jih
name
of
contain,
apparently,
so certain
great luminary,
days are
still called
yu-yil, that
meaning
and
these
have
have
Sultan
king,
as
found
as
ho-la-ki
(ppf
Jl] §),
a-lek
(PjJ
\\j})
and
in
transcriber.
Arabian and Persian
Chinese.^
In
not
which must be
Mongolian
and
other
dialects.^
been
in
common
use
wish to
chief
or
lord
the
Chinese
Mahom-
clergyman.^
Among
commodities
whether
the
Chinese
characters
actually
appears
in
several
languages.
According
according
to
Mr.
Shaw,
stone
like
occurs
frequently
Persian
origin.
It
chHu
to Peking.-^
a few
specimens of
(||
^
a different way
to
have
grown
wild
on
the
Yen-
chih'shan.
The
Queen
of
in use,
for example
Etruscan
We
here
which also means
the
old
corruption
in which most official
conquerors and
rulers, has
Manchu
words
and
phrases
which
have
its original
of
other as a-ko
was
perhaps
chosen
partly
because
mode of
also
said
to
denote
an
officer.
The
title
ataha
hafan
North-west
and
The
the
also
Amyot's Dictionary it is
gout du
pki-ases in Chinese
they
are
Chinese.
MONGOLIAN.
others
have
this
shan
Lama
titles
in
use
among
the
Mongols
Taischi).
This
ed
a
compound
is
called
by
the
Mongols
Tsala,
and
the
term
is
frontier
posts,
for
example
k'a-licn
for
wor-
ship
or
the
equivalent
meaning
wu-shang
monastery.
The
Chinese
generally
even in a
officer is
called in
this
word
into
it
tai-pen
the
Tibetans,
and
denotes
stuff,
which
in
Chinese
has
hecome
p'u-lu
other
purposes.
The
this
Chinese
word
is
nearer
to
the
Malay
term
for
which
denotes
pure state
to
be
the
purpose
as
Chang-an
words
wherever
it
became
but
afterwards
books on its grammar
1151
the
well-known
Fan-i-ming-i-chi
(S
p?
2
of the
before
the
time
of
Panini
who
described
as
natives
and specially
thus
frequently
corrupted.
Another
circumstance,
or
rather
such
changes
we
shall
find
that
many
Indian
terms
Language.
words
in
mind
that
retained
words
in-
Next
most
So
we
give
these
the
worship
or
reverence.
Among
these
beings
the
is
Buddha.
The
Chinese
i^).
part of
Gautama,
but
this
term
ni,
and
in
the
old
books
it
and
or
painted.
And
the
utterance
of
the
to
be
given
also
to
different
objects
recognised is P'u-Vi-sa^to
think, applied
by
canonical
right
is
chief disciples
the
saving
knowledge
of
use what he learned
Maudgalyayana
which
in
Chinese
becomes
on each side
the left
A-nan
(pl
g).
He
others
familiar
to
the
will, crossed
the swollen
torrent of
tea-cup
and
tea-pot.
It
 We find
been something
Buddha.
Indra
(g
jjg).
The
second
syllable,
however,
by several other
the
epithet
of
Yama,
the
host of
moral principles,
is
tombs and ceme-
by
explanations
of
the
name,
visible by
day, but
the
keep
of Buddha,
conqueror
and
of
the
these
the
old
Chinese
transcription,
which
A
Shi-tzu
be by
command of
the Master
Chinese
to
denote
as
and
the
countries
about.
Partly
from
the
mouth
of
Brahma
(^ ^ 5c
P
P^o-lo-ho-mo-na
at
to define
Toba
a
wood
or
forest.
By
the
Buddhists
this
word
here
as
sense
it
has
so
(JS/f),
a reddish
yellow dye,
a muddy
red or
the Ka-sa.^
and
Mr.
Bunyio
Nanjio
says
truly
the
term
but
No
16.^
Dana-pati, alms-master
meaning
of
only
authority
quoted.
among the
himself
as
of
Buddhism.
these may
relics are
called She-li
or
worship.^
The
cairn
of
stones
the
last
syllable
explained
as
which brings
Fo-fnu, Buddha-mother,
bears
a
popularity
even
outside
of
Buddhism.
The
next
term
sacred formulae or
(S)-
San-mei ii
it could
give
absolution
to
first used
15th of
the moon.
by
the
historical
Mu-lien
went
back
has
means
^*in
miserable
The
phrase
tao-hsiiayi
is
'^
lower
to
a
higher
condition.
It
very
common.
Buddhist
monks
drive away
of
the
Chinese word
chie, that
designate
the
heavenly
strains,
music
been
already
stated,
Hence
we
find
some
in the
writing
Sanskrit
practised
in
Nepaul
in
the
perhaps
originally
the letters of the
their
simplest
combinations.^
a
old
great
mountain
(Eugenia Jarabos),
which with
Some
Chinese
authors
have
identified
tbe
Sumeru
often
shortened
to
of
the
Sanskrit
word
defined as
the
expression
I-cha-
na-chih-'pien
Chie
fKieh)-po
Hj]
is
symbol of
to
favour
the
connection
they
can
length
this
is
Sa-
glass rather
than crystal.
precious
names
Pippala.
This
tree
also
is
will
Panasa
(Phanas
in
Bombay),
and
this
hempen
products.^
The
next
of its
the
To-lo-mti
some to
(jjg Jg^
used
in
given
as
and
used
Thus in
as it
sings to
some which
 the
a
large
extent
continued
later
represent
Bhagavat,
Tathii-
gata,
Purushottama,
meaning
a
Thus
he
is
known
as
P'u-men
disciples.
But
superior
Sravaka, Hearer. This
the
immediate
disciples
Buddhist
Brethren
were
called
Sthaviras,
history of Buddhism
by
ChH-
sho-chueh
supposed
resemblance
there
are
also
other
appear. Further,
monk
who
lives
monastery is
and
Taoist
monks.
 
of to
die the
idea of
probably
phrases are
iu
mind
as
indifference
calling
another
term
be
Buddhist
monks
and
nuns.
Hence
in
world
really
He serves as such sometimes for life,
but
as
it
lantern.
Buddhism
is
were
generally
devoted
patrons
from
The visible
sign of
go abroad
creatures
are
to
the
incantations
for
many
ages
Buddhism
has
numerous
metaphors.
One
of
 
often find
that is a
knob of
as in
Imperial Decree also
the
name
Fo-t'oii
(BM)
to
the
hills.
This
Fo-tzu
(-J)
used
in
the
sense
lotus,
and
chiao
is
the
plantain.
Then
we
have
also
Kuan-yin-ton
and
Kuan-yin-ts'ai
as
names
It
is
monks
with
hsin
and
from
that a
 
ffa).
present in
course
though
the
more
a
part,
sometimes
with
the
original
meaning
and
of suffering,''
the last
but
specially
mortals
man must
sense. But
the religious
the
poor
and
destitute
ed
the
notion
of
this
life
 
so used
phrase Ch'ang-yeh
But
in
the
and
dissipation
Buddhists
and
in
Ye
(H)
Buddhists.
They
employ
it
to
translate
life
before
so its
actions
bring
to
their
doer.
It
may
to
those
vagabond.
of
the names
from
the sense of
 
the monk being given
In the
a
very
his title
Buddhist religion
and its
fang-pien
the
(§|
^
^
offerings
to
Pagodas,
phrase
have
also
its
sense
when
man's
life
is
shortened,
to
destruction.
The
of the
Chinese by
borough,
Perny,
Smith
one
the rich
where
to
stick
an
awl
are
his
magnificent
court
omitted
as
superfluous,
the
latter
We
have
the reader