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EUROPEAN ASSISTANCE TO AGRICULTURE IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA
Bruce HearnDepartment of Management, University of Leicester
Veli KocCentre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London
Jenifer PiesseDepartment of Management, King’s College London
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Stellenbosch
Colin Thirtle Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Stellenbosch
Outline and background• Follows OECD 2009 - database – http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx See
Development/Aid Activities/Creditor Reporting System
• They cover all agricultural aid from OECD DAC countries
• We look specifically at EU countries aid to SSA only – overview
• Historical background – theoretical framework - regional distribution – amounts and shares by donor country – aid effort – disbursements versus commitments – decomposition by purpose – broad sector aid including food aid and emergency assistance.
• Top recipients – aid by purpose for Mozambique, Ghana and Uganda
Key points• Bilateral aid to agriculture has halved since the mid 1980s
• DAC aid to agriculture was 17% of total aid in the late 1980s – now only 6%
Official Development Assistance (ODA): Net Disbursements
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
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90
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92
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19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
Years
2007
$ U
S m
illi
on
s
All ODA to all recipients All ODA to Africa DAC ODA to agriculture
Development Assistance Committee (DAC) EU Members ODA
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
19
67
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
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95
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97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
Years
2007
$ U
S,
mil
lio
ns
DAC EU members to Africa DAC EU members to agriculture DAC EU to SSA agriculture
A Theoretical Framework
• The basic concept is not difficult. We have a matrix with a column for each donor county i, where i =1….m, and a row for each recipient country j, where j = 1…n. The EU countries are all bilateral donors and if in addition we knew their contributions to multilateral agencies, summing the columns would give the country totals in terms of either commitments or disbursements. Similarly, most of the countries of SSA are recipients and summing the rows would give the total aid allocated to each country.
Regional distribution
ODA Disbursements by DAC Countries to SSA Agriculture - 2007 (2007 m US$)
Donor country
Total aid to agriculture
As %GDP Aid to agriculture as share of total aid %
As share of total DAC* aid %
Denmark 47.7 0.0240 7.5 5.8
Norway 38.6 0.0152 4.8 4.7
France 308.9 0.0149 11.7 37.6
Ireland 24.5 0.0127 5.2 3
Belgium 33.2 0.0090 5.5 4.1
Sweden 26.7 0.0083 3.3 3.3
Switzerland 12.7 0.0040 4.6 1.5
Netherlands 24.7 0.0038 1.6 3
Germany 47.8 0.0017 2.5 5.8
Spain 21.5 0.0015 4.6 2.6
Finland 2.6 0.0014 1.3 0.3
UK 22.9 0.0011 0.9 2.8
Italy 11.9 0.0006 4 1.4
US 71.13 0.0005 1.77 8.67
EC** 86.79 2.17 10.58
Total DAC 820.7 4 100
Aid to Agriculture as Share of Total DAC Agricultural Aid % by Donor Country
6%
0%
37%
6%3%1%3%5%
3%3%
2%3%
9%
11%
8%
Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland
Italy The Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden
Switzerland United Kingdom United States EC Other DAC
Aid Effort: DAC Members' Total Aid to Agriculture - 2007 (millions $)
Donor Bilateral Disbursements
Bilateral Commitments
Multilateral Commitments
Total Commitments
Australia 92 82 24 106
Austria 9 12 27 39
Belgium 66 91 33 124
Canada 122 114 38 152
Denmark 79 83 23 106
Finland 23 34 15 49
France 399 451 158 608
Germany 238 317 210 527
Greece 5 5 11 15
Ireland 32 33 14 47
Italy 42 45 88 132
Japan 687 821 209 1030
Luxembourg 9 9 4 13
Netherlands 116 121 51 172
New Zealand 6 11 2 13
Norway 100 117 18 135
Portugal 2 2 11 12
Spain 111 163 76 230
Sweden 117 144 50 193
Switzerland 64 69 27 96
United Kingdom 153 113 205 319
United States 472 932 149 1081
EU Institutions 359 444 17 462
Total DAC 3302 4213 1458 5670
Commitments versus DisbursementsUK
16.58 14.1322.37
17.9812.02
22.90
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
US
D M
illi
on
Commitments Disbursements
France
114.0782.99 89.99 83.68
104.01
317.45
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
US
D M
illi
on
Commitments Disbursements
USA
10.92 27.69 40.1175.67 65.81 71.74
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
US
D M
illi
on
Commitments Disbursements
European Commission
37.04 39.39
69.4952.82
98.96 95.86
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
US
D M
illi
on
Commitments Disbursements
Distribution of Aid Between Agriculture-Related Sub-Sectors
UK FRANCE US EC
Agriculture/Fishing/Forestry 32.09 326.41 74.90 126.09
Agriculture 22.90 317.45 71.74 95.86
Fishing 0.06 4.18 0.10 13.82
Forestry 9.13 4.79 3.05 16.41
Rural development 3.14 22.90 0.00 81.10
Food aid 82.85 30.10 285.99 169.82
Emergency food aid 33.09 0.35 961.90 311.57
Total 151.17 379.76 1,322.79 688.58
Agricultural Aid by PurposeAgricultural Aid Sub-Divided by Purpose for FranceAgricultural Aid Sub-Divided by Purpose for Germany
Agricultural Aid Sub-Divided by Purpose for the UK Agricultural Aid Sub-Divided by Purpose for the US
Top Recipients of Aid to Agriculture only from all DAC countries (US$ mil)
Country DAC aid to agriculture
Madagascar 68.45310949
Mali 56.22215552
Burkina Faso 54.92056853
Kenya 50.11661781
Ghana 50.03826509
Mozambique 47.09733563
Ethiopia 45.62768451
Uganda 44.29296511
Cameroon 44.10523707
Malawi 41.39384274
Senegal 40.10907136
Zambia 37.12482499
Tanzania 26.51654954
South Africa 22.25277538
Top Recipients by Donor
• Belgium – DRC 6.45, Benin 3.15, Rwanda 2.93
• France – Madagascar 56.07, Cameroon 41.98, Burkina Faso 27.84
• UK – Malawi 6.93, Ghana 4.89, Rwanda 3.82
• US – Uganda 16.29, Mozambique 2.79, Kenya 10.25, Zambia 9.46, Malawi 5.45
Aid by Purpose to 3 CountriesMozambique
45%
4%2%1%0%0%0%1%
14%
20%
13%
Agricultural Policy Agricultural Production Agricultural Land & Water Agricultural Inputs
Education Research Services Forestry
Fisheries Environment Miscellaneous
Ghana
48%
2%
1%
5%2%
14%
0%
14%
1%
8%
5%
Agricultural Policy Agricultural Production Agricultural Land & Water Agricultural Inputs
Education Research Services Forestry
Fisheries Environment Miscellaneous
Uganda
32%
4%
0%
1%
1%14%
23%
4%
0%
5%
16%
Agricultural Policy Agricultural Production Agricultural Land & Water Agricultural Inputs
Education Research Services Forestry
Fisheries Environment Miscellaneous
Shares of Official Development Assistance to SSA Agriculture by Donor (%)
DAC EU UK France US EC
Donor ODA to SSA agriculture/
Donor ODA to SSA 4.09 0.88 11.97 1.79 2.4
Donor ODA to SSA agriculture/
DAC EU ODA to SSA agriculture 100 2.73 37.87 8.56 11.4
