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Exploration and Exploration and ColonizationColonization
Unit OneUnit One
The World: Pre-Columbus
I. Early ExplorationI. Early Exploration
• Late 1400s: European nations Late 1400s: European nations begin exploring and establishing begin exploring and establishing colonies in:colonies in:
1)1) AsiaAsia
2)2) AfricaAfrica
3)3) The AmericasThe Americas
• How were these nations in Europe How were these nations in Europe able to begin this “Age of able to begin this “Age of Exploration?”Exploration?”
1)1) National leaders had grown in National leaders had grown in power power and wealthand wealth and could afford to and could afford to finance voyages.finance voyages.
2)2)New technologyNew technology (compass, (compass, telescope, improved ships) allowed telescope, improved ships) allowed explorers to travel across vast oceans.explorers to travel across vast oceans.
Portuguese “Caravel”
• What convinced kings and What convinced kings and queens to pay for expeditions?queens to pay for expeditions?
1)1)““GodGod”…”…Expansion was seen as a Expansion was seen as a way to spread Christianity.way to spread Christianity.
2)2)““GoldGold”…”…Countries hoped to Countries hoped to discover lands that would make discover lands that would make them rich!them rich!
3)3)““GloryGlory”…”…Explorers and monarchs Explorers and monarchs would become heroes.would become heroes.
• PortugalPortugal was the first nation to was the first nation to impact the Age of Exploration.impact the Age of Exploration.
Sailed into and around Africa – Sailed into and around Africa – returned with resources and returned with resources and African slavesAfrican slaves
Eventually reached the Americas Eventually reached the Americas and est. settlements in what is and est. settlements in what is today today BrazilBrazil in South Am. in South Am.
Brought slaves to the New World Brought slaves to the New World and attempted to convert Native and attempted to convert Native Americans to ChristianityAmericans to Christianity
• SpainSpain was the next nation to explore was the next nation to explore the Americas.the Americas.
1492: 1492: Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus explored islands in the Caribbeanexplored islands in the Caribbean
1499: 1499: Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci wrote letters describing these wrote letters describing these new lands (“America”)new lands (“America”)
Spain considered these lands Spain considered these lands open to colonization, even open to colonization, even though many native peoples though many native peoples already lived therealready lived there
• Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange: : the the exchange of resources and goods exchange of resources and goods between Europe and the Americas between Europe and the Americas
-benefited Europeans, not Native -benefited Europeans, not Native Americans (slaves, death)Americans (slaves, death)
Early 1500s: Spanish Early 1500s: Spanish conquistadorsconquistadors began began conquering Mexico and South Am. (ex: conquering Mexico and South Am. (ex: Hernan Cortes overran the Aztecs in 1519)Hernan Cortes overran the Aztecs in 1519)
1519: 1519: Juan Ponce de LeonJuan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida claimed Florida for Spainfor Spain
1595: 1595: St. Augustine, FLSt. Augustine, FL became the first became the first permanent European settlement in North permanent European settlement in North Am.Am.
-oldest city in the US today-oldest city in the US today
Castillo de San Marcos
Spain established Spain established missionsmissions to teach to teach Native Am.’s the Catholic faith, the Native Am.’s the Catholic faith, the Spanish lang., and how to be loyal to Spanish lang., and how to be loyal to the Kingthe King
These missions also served the poor These missions also served the poor and set up schoolsand set up schools
Spain established colonies in present-Spain established colonies in present-day…day…
1) Mexico1) Mexico
2) Parts of South America2) Parts of South America
3) Southern and Southwest US3) Southern and Southwest US
The Spanish Empire
• European diseasesEuropean diseases killed millions killed millions of Native Americansof Native Americans
The natives had no immunity to The natives had no immunity to such diseases as small pox, such diseases as small pox, measles, the flu, etc.measles, the flu, etc.
This made it easier for Spain This made it easier for Spain and others to conquer Native and others to conquer Native Am. landsAm. lands
• FranceFrance established their first established their first permanent settlement in North Am. at permanent settlement in North Am. at QuebecQuebec in present-day Canada (1608). in present-day Canada (1608).
Some settled along the Ohio and Some settled along the Ohio and Miss. Rivers and the Gulf of MexicoMiss. Rivers and the Gulf of Mexico
Most came for economic reasonsMost came for economic reasons Est. a profitable fur trade with the Est. a profitable fur trade with the
Native Am’s.Native Am’s. Most French, unlike other nations, Most French, unlike other nations,
viewed their time in Am. as viewed their time in Am. as temporarytemporary
• The The NetherlandsNetherlands (Holland) (Holland) established New Amsterdam in 1626 established New Amsterdam in 1626 (now NYC)(now NYC)
II. The British ColoniesII. The British Colonies
• The British established colonies along The British established colonies along the eastern coast of North Americathe eastern coast of North America
Between the Atlantic and Between the Atlantic and Appalachian Mts.Appalachian Mts.
From Georgia to MaineFrom Georgia to Maine
• Roanoke, NCRoanoke, NC: : first major attempt first major attempt at British settlement in the New at British settlement in the New World – failed twiceWorld – failed twice
15851585: starving settlers returned : starving settlers returned back to Englandback to England
15871587: ended in a great mystery : ended in a great mystery – only empty buildings were – only empty buildings were foundfound
• Jamestown, VAJamestown, VA: : first successful first successful British settlement (1607)British settlement (1607)
Established by the Virginia Established by the Virginia Company who hoped to profit Company who hoped to profit from the raw materialsfrom the raw materials
Most of the early settlers died Most of the early settlers died (brutal winters, disease, (brutal winters, disease, starvation)starvation)
John RolfeJohn Rolfe saved Jamestown by saved Jamestown by bringing tobacco to the colonybringing tobacco to the colony
House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses: : first first example of self-government in the example of self-government in the colonies (two houses)colonies (two houses)
• THE FAMISHED JAMESTOWN COLONISTS BEGAN BY EATING THEIR HORSES.
• THE HORSES WERE FOLLOWED BY RATS, MICE, DOGS, CATS, SNAKES AND ... BOOTS.
• THEN THEY BEGAN EYEING EACH OTHER!!!!
• THEY WOULD LATER CALL IT THE "STARVING TIME," WINTER 1609-10.
“Starving Time”
• SOME COLONISTS DUG THEIR OWN GRAVES AND LAY DOWN IN THEM, RESIGNED TO DEATH.
• THEY BOILED THEIR FANCY COLLARS, OR RUFFS, FOR THE STARCH.
• THEY ATE THEIR DEAD.• GEORGE PERCY, ONE OF JAMESTOWN'S EARLY
LEADERS, IN ABOUT 1625 PROVIDED WHAT IS PROBABLY THE BEST-KNOWN AND MOST GRUESOME ACCOUNT.
HE DESCRIBED A "WORLDE OF MISERIES" THAT INCLUDED HUNGER-CRAZED COLONISTS DIGGING UP THE DEAD, AND ONE MAN WHO KILLED, "SALTED" AND CARVED UP HIS PREGNANT WIFE FOR FOOD.
• Plymouth, MAPlymouth, MA: : established by a group established by a group of Puritans, the of Puritans, the PilgrimsPilgrims, in 1620, in 1620
Came for religious freedom Came for religious freedom (persecuted by the Church of Eng.)(persecuted by the Church of Eng.)
Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact: first efforts at : first efforts at self-government in New Englandself-government in New England
-est. an elected legislature and said -est. an elected legislature and said the gov’t derived its power the gov’t derived its power
from the from the people people
• Over the next 150 years, England Over the next 150 years, England established 13 colonies in the New established 13 colonies in the New World:World:
1)1) MassachusettsMassachusetts 8) North Carolina8) North Carolina
2)2) ConnecticutConnecticut 9) South Carolina9) South Carolina
3)3) PennsylvaniaPennsylvania 10) Rhode Island10) Rhode Island
4)4) New YorkNew York 11) Maryland11) Maryland
5)5) VirginiaVirginia 12) New Hampshire12) New Hampshire
6)6) New JerseyNew Jersey 13) Georgia13) Georgia
7)7) DelawareDelaware
• Citizens living in these 13 colonies Citizens living in these 13 colonies were citizens of England as much as were citizens of England as much as if they had been living in London, if they had been living in London, England 3,000 miles away.England 3,000 miles away.
• Why did thousands make the Why did thousands make the trip to the British Colonies?trip to the British Colonies?
1)1) Religious Freedom Religious Freedom
2)2) Political FreedomPolitical Freedom
3)3) Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity
• The British Colonies can be divided The British Colonies can be divided into 3 geographic regions, each with into 3 geographic regions, each with its own economy and way of life:its own economy and way of life:
1)1)New England ColoniesNew England Colonies Founded on religion and strongly Founded on religion and strongly
influenced by the Puritan faithinfluenced by the Puritan faith After the Pilgrims landed, other After the Pilgrims landed, other
Puritans settled farther north Puritans settled farther north and est. the and est. the Massachusetts Massachusetts Bay ColonyBay Colony
Some left Mass. and est. colonies Some left Mass. and est. colonies elsewhere (RI, CT, NH) – often left elsewhere (RI, CT, NH) – often left because of disagreements with the because of disagreements with the churchchurch
Fundamentals Order of Fundamentals Order of ConnecticutConnecticut: stated that the govt’s : stated that the govt’s power came only from the “free power came only from the “free consent of the people”consent of the people”
Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing were Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing were important industries – farms were important industries – farms were very smallvery small
Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials (1692): (1692): Accused of being witches, several Accused of being witches, several girls in Salem, Mass. were sentenced girls in Salem, Mass. were sentenced to deathto death
Puritans were the first to promote Puritans were the first to promote public education (everyone should be public education (everyone should be able to read the Bible)able to read the Bible)
Generally, only boys attended school Generally, only boys attended school while girls trained for “womanly while girls trained for “womanly duties” at homeduties” at home
The Salem Witch Trials were a fearful and disastrous time in American history. As regular children and adults were accused of being witches, families were torn apart. The once friendly communities were now full of rumors and distrust, suspicion, and dislike. Anyone could be declared a witch, even innocent widows or young girls who were different in one simple way or disliked by one Puritan person. The punishments for witches were often horrifying and included hanging, water drowning, burning, and pressing the "witches."
2)2)Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies Religious tolerance attracted many Religious tolerance attracted many
to the region (Quakers, Lutherans, to the region (Quakers, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Mennonites)Presbyterians, Mennonites)
This was the most culturally This was the most culturally diverse of the 3 regionsdiverse of the 3 regions
Eng. conquered New Amsterdam Eng. conquered New Amsterdam and renamed it New Yorkand renamed it New York
Pennsylvania became a homeland Pennsylvania became a homeland for for QuakersQuakers
New York, Baltimore, and New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia were important shipping Philadelphia were important shipping ports for tradeports for trade
Had a mixed economy of farming Had a mixed economy of farming and commerce (business)and commerce (business)
Wheat, barley, and rye were Wheat, barley, and rye were staple staple cropscrops (sold for profit) (sold for profit)
3)3)Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies Est. primarily for economic Est. primarily for economic
reasons, unlike New Englandreasons, unlike New England Relied on staple crops such as Relied on staple crops such as
rice, tobacco, and cotton which rice, tobacco, and cotton which needed a large labor forceneeded a large labor force
PlantationsPlantations, huge farms owned , huge farms owned by wealthy landowners, emerged by wealthy landowners, emerged in the Southin the South
Farmers first used Farmers first used indentured indentured servantsservants – people who agreed to – people who agreed to work for up to 7 years in exchange for work for up to 7 years in exchange for the landowner paying for their the landowner paying for their passage to Am.passage to Am.
SlaverySlavery took hold by the mid-1600s took hold by the mid-1600sThe South did not develop major port The South did not develop major port
cities because of the numerous cities because of the numerous waterways leading to the Atlanticwaterways leading to the Atlantic
Education was not emphasized, Education was not emphasized, except for the wealthyexcept for the wealthy
• Colonial WomenColonial Women for the most part were for the most part were considered 2considered 2ndnd-class citizens-class citizens
They tended to enjoy far more freedom They tended to enjoy far more freedom than women in Eng. but still could not than women in Eng. but still could not vote nor usually attend schoolvote nor usually attend school
Their main responsibilities were raising Their main responsibilities were raising children and taking care of the homechildren and taking care of the home
Sometimes allowed to own property if Sometimes allowed to own property if their husband or father was unavailabletheir husband or father was unavailable
Sometimes took on the traditional jobs of Sometimes took on the traditional jobs of men due to labor shortagesmen due to labor shortages
III. Colonial III. Colonial GovernmentsGovernments
• Government StructureGovernment Structure for each of the for each of the 13 colonies (greatly influenced by 13 colonies (greatly influenced by England’s model):England’s model):
1)1) The King of Eng. appointed an official to The King of Eng. appointed an official to rule or govern each colony – rule or govern each colony – GovernorGovernor
2)2) The Governor appointed a group of The Governor appointed a group of advisors to help him rule - advisors to help him rule - CouncilCouncil
Played two important roles in the Played two important roles in the government:government:
a.a.Served as the highest court of each Served as the highest court of each colonycolony
b.b.Served as one house of each Served as one house of each colony’s lawmaking bodycolony’s lawmaking body
Note:Note: The other house in each The other house in each colony’s lawmaking body was called colony’s lawmaking body was called a a legislative assemblylegislative assembly which the which the people of that colony electedpeople of that colony elected
• Those that settled in the New World Those that settled in the New World often brought their ideas about the often brought their ideas about the role and function of govt with them, role and function of govt with them, including the Britishincluding the British
• 4 Major Principles About 4 Major Principles About Government Transplanted From Government Transplanted From England to the Colonies:England to the Colonies:
1)1)Limited Government:Limited Government: The idea that The idea that rulers should not have total control over rulers should not have total control over their people – rulers do not have their people – rulers do not have “absolute power”“absolute power”
2)2)Representative Government:Representative Government: Citizens Citizens have the right to pick (elect) their own have the right to pick (elect) their own leadersleaders
3)3)Rule of LawRule of Law: All people, including the : All people, including the govt, must obey a set of written rules, or govt, must obey a set of written rules, or lawslaws
4)4) Individual Liberty:Individual Liberty: Each person has Each person has “rights”“rights”
• The colonists believed that they were The colonists believed that they were entitled to the same rights as English entitled to the same rights as English citizens.citizens. Many of these rights were contained Many of these rights were contained
in 2 important documents:in 2 important documents:
1)1) Magna CartaMagna Carta: signed by King John in : signed by King John in 1215 – limited the power of the King, 1215 – limited the power of the King, protected the right of people to own protected the right of people to own property, and guaranteed trial by juryproperty, and guaranteed trial by jury
2)2) English Bill of Rights:English Bill of Rights: a list of a list of freedoms that the govt promised to freedoms that the govt promised to protect, required Parliament to meet protect, required Parliament to meet regularly, and said the King couldn’t regularly, and said the King couldn’t raise taxes without Parliament’s raise taxes without Parliament’s consentconsent
• For the most part, Eng. allowed the For the most part, Eng. allowed the colonists to rule themselves up until colonists to rule themselves up until the mid-1700s.the mid-1700s.
Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect: colonists : colonists were left alone as long as they…were left alone as long as they…
1)1) Sent raw materials back to Sent raw materials back to Eng.Eng.
2)2) Bought British goodsBought British goods
3)3) Remained loyal to Eng.Remained loyal to Eng.
