Exploration Colonization Trade

8/9/2019 Exploration Colonization Trade

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Exploration and Expansion Section 1


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Focus

What were the foundations upon which the Age of Exploration

was built?

What discoveries were made by explorers from Portugal and

Spain?

What drove explorers from the rest of Europe?

Main Idea

During the 1400s and 1500s European explorersinspired by

greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new

technologiessailed to many previously unknown lands.

Voyages of Discovery


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Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery

Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration

Search for wealth Europeans desired

expensive luxury

goods, did not want

to deal with Muslim

middlemen

Flow of goodscontrolled by Italian

merchants

Charged high prices

for these rare goods

Gold

Hoped to find new,faster routes to Asia

to gain trade foothold

Wealth not only goal

Some set out to find

fame, glory

Hoped making great

discoveries would

bring honor to their

names

Glory

Other explorershoped to spread their

faith into new lands

Another motive

simple curiosity

Writings like Marco

Polos very popular inEurope, intrigued

many with tales of

exotic lands, peoples

God

Foundations of Exploration


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Navigation

Compass brought to Europe from China, let know sailors know which

direction was north at any time

Europeans learned to use astrolabe from Muslims (mechanical star

chart), Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation

to horizon

Advances in Technology

Some advances made in Europe during Renaissance

Others borrowed from people with whom Europeans had contact,

especially Chinese, Muslims

Europeans learned to build ships that rode lower in water than earlier ships


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As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal andSpain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration.

Portugal was first country to

launch large-scale voyages of

exploration

Begun largely due to efforts of

Prince Henry, son of King John I

of Portugal

Often called Henry the

Navigator, not himself explorer

Patron, supporter of those who

wished to explore

The Portuguese

Early 1400s, Henry established

court to which he brought

sailors, mapmakers,astronomers, others

Expeditions sent west to islands

in Atlantic, south to explore

western coast of Africa

Portuguese settled Azores,Madeira Islands, learned more

about Africas coast

Navigation Court

Explorers from Portugal and Spain


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Water Route to India Prince Henrys ultimate goalfind water route around Africa to India

Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned

1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa

Lucrative Trade

da Gamas trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral

Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil

Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation

da Gama

1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports

Learned Muslim merchants actively involved in trade

Journey took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in India

Exploration Attempts


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Columbus reached island in

Caribbean after about two

months at sea

Thought he had reached Asian

islands known as Indies; calledpeople living there Indians

1493, returned to Spain with

exotic items, including parrots,

jewels, gold, plants unknown in

Europe Spanish believed Columbus

found new route to Asia, hailed

him as hero

Columbus First Voyage

Spain also eager to seek out

new routes to riches of East

1492, Spanish rulers agreed to

pay for voyage by Italian sailor

Christopher Columbus

Columbus believed he could

sail west from Spain, reach

China

Correct in theory, but figures he

presented about earths sizewrong

Also had no idea the Americas

lay across Atlantic

Italian Sailor

The Spanish


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Explorers and their Routes

Chapter 16, section 1, pages 472-473


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Main IdeaThe countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they

had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently

conquering the native people who lived there.

Conquest and Colonies


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Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas

Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas

First areas settled

by Spanish,

Caribbean islands,

Hispaniola, Cuba

Columbus hoped to

find gold, did not

Spanish introduced

encomienda

system there

Spain in Caribbean

Colonist given land

and Native

Americans to work

the land

Required to teach

native workers

about Christianity

Encomienda

Disastrous system

for Native Americans

Mistreatment,

overwork took toll on

population

Europeans spreadnew diseases

Millions Died

Spain Builds an Empire


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Conquistador Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies

Hernn Corts led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs

Corts a conquistador, military leader who fought against Native Americans

Other Advantages

In addition to Native American allies, Corts had metal weapons, heavy

armor, guns, horsesanimals never seen before in Americas

Disease also swept through Aztec Empire, killing thousands of people

Cortes Marches on Capital

Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico

Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with those they conquered

Corts joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs

The Conquest of Mexico


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Beginnings of Slavery

Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population

Some appalled at treatment

One reformer, Bartolom de Las Casas recommended replacing

Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves

Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas

Life in the Spanish Empire

With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas

Spanish king chose officials, viceroys, to govern American holdings

Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming

Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms


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Portuguese built an empire in the AmericasBecause of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one

1494, Treaty of Tordesillas

drew imaginary line through

Atlantic Ocean

Everything west, including

most of then-undiscovered

Americas, would belong to

Spain

Everything to east would bePortuguese

Only Brazil remained as

Portuguese colony

Treaty

Heavy Brazilian jungles made

mining, farming difficult

Portuguese in no hurry to settle

1530s, colonists slowly moved

in, mostly along Atlantic coast

Established huge farming

estates, as in Spanish lands

First used Native American,then African slave, labor to

work on farms

Colonization

The Portuguese in Brazil


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Explain

Why did few colonists originally move to

Brazil?

Answer(s): Heavy jungles made farming and

mining difficult.


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Native American hunters were the French traders main source of furs.

Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures.

Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe;other European countries paid close attention.

Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they

needed to establish colonies in the Americas.

French explorers established

colonies in New France, or Canada

Hoped this would be a rich source

for gold, silver

Did not find riches, but found other

potentially valuable trade goods

New France

French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas

Waters of North Atlantic swarming

with fish, staple of European diet

Forests yielded valuable furs

French did not send large numbers

of colonists; small groups of traders

Did not enslave Native Americans

Trade and Colonization


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Trade Interests

Dutch who came to North

America interested in trade

Only large colony, New

Netherland, in Hudson River

valley

SlowGrowth in Americas

New Netherland did not grow

Dutch focused on developingcolonies in other parts of world

Other colonies more profitable

NewAmsterdam

1626, governor bought island of

Manhattan from Wappinger

Founded city of New

Amsterdam, later New York City

More Valuable Goods

Produced goods that could not

be obtained in Europe,

Americas

Caribbean sugar, Asian spices

more valuable

The Dutch of New Netherland


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1607, first English colony established at Jamestown Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific

Instead found marshy ground, impure water

80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America

Colony still endured

1620, Pilgrims sailed from England

Pilgrims had been persecuted in

England for religious beliefs

Established colony at Plymouth,Massachusetts

Persevered despite difficulties

Colony self-sufficient within 5 years

Pilgrims

English settlers did not share same

relationship with Native Americans

as French, Dutch

Jamestown, Plymouth coloniesreceived aid from local peoples

Still, colonists viewed Native

Americans with distrust, anger

Native Americans

The English Colonies


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Reading Focus

How did exploration result in a new exchange of plants and

animals?

What was mercantilism, and how did it push the drive to

establish colonies?

How did global trade lead to the rise of capitalism in Europe?

Main IdeaThe creation of colonies in the Americas and elsewhere led to

the exchange of new types of goods, the establishment of new

patterns of trade, and new economic systems in Europe.

New Patterns of Trade


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The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant

development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse

provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.

Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas. Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping cultural changes.

Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of

plants, animals, and diseasethe Columbian Exchange.

Plants, animals developed in verydifferent ways in hemispheres

Europeansno potatoes, corn,

sweet potatoes, turkeys

People in Americasno coffee,

oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle

The Exchange ofGoods

The Columbian Exchange

Arrival of Europeans in Americaschanged all this

Previously unknown foods taken

back to Europe

Familiar foods brought to Americas

by colonists

Sharing Discoveries


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Different Foods Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies

Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans

Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer

Italian FoodWithoutTomatoes?

Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes

Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous

By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included in Italian cookbooks

Economics andGastronomics

Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible

without Columbian Exchange; cows, coffee native to Old World

Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange

Effects of the Columbian Exchange


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Effects Widespread

Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only inEurope, Americas

China

Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped population growtremendously

Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas

Africa

Two native crops of Americascorn, peanutsstill among most

widely grown

Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops grownin world are of American origin


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Devastating Impact

Native American population continued to decline for centuries

Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to 2 million in 1600

North American population fell from 2 million in 1492 to 500,000 in

1900but disease not only factor in decrease of population

Intermittent warfare, other violence also contributed

The Introduction of New Diseases

Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases

Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions

Population of central Mexico may have decreased by more than 30

percent in the 10 years following first contact with Europeans


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Find the Main Idea

What were two lasting effects of the

Columbian Exchange?

Answer(s): possible answerschanges in

cuisine, changes in crops grown around the world,

epidemics


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Reading Focus

Where did the Atlantic slave trade originate?

How did slavery evolve in the American colonies?

What were the consequences of the slave trade?

Main IdeaBetween the 1500s and the 1800s millions of Africans were

captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves

in the Americas.

The Atlantic Slave Trade


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Slavery has existed in many parts of the world People forced into slavery came from different walks of life

Farmers, merchants, priests, soldiers, or musicians; fathers and

mothers, sons and daughters.

Shortage of labor inAmericas led to

beginning of Atlantic

slave trade

European planters

needed workers onsugar, tobacco

plantations

Beginnings

Planters first usedNative Americans;

European diseases

killed millions

1600s, used

indentured servants Expensive to

support workers

Native Americans

Millions forciblytaken to Americas

Most from coast of

West Africa

Some exchanged

for firearms, goods

Others kidnapped

on raids by traders

African Slaves

Origins of the Slave Trade


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Trade Network

Captured Africans became part of network called

the triangular trade

First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to

Africa to be exchanged for slaves

Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to

Americas to be sold

Third leg carried American products to Europe

Some slave traders from Americas sailed directly to

Africa, not following triangular route


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Olaudah Equiano wrote about

conditions on slave ship:

The stench of the holdwas so

intolerably loathsome, that it wasdangerous to remain there for any

time

The shrieks of the women, and the

groans of the dying, rendered the

whole scene of horror almostinconceivable.

Horrific Conditions

Middle Passage, terrifying ordeal

Captive Africans chained together,

forced into dark, cramped quarters

below ships decks

Could neither sit nor stand

Journey lasted three to six weeks,

ten to twenty percent did not

survive

Ordeal

Middle Passage


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Describe

What was the Middle Passage of the slave

trade like?

Answer(s): a terrifying ordeal; people were

cramped, chained together; as many as one in

four people did not survive the voyage


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Many slaveholders lived in constant fear of rebellion by angry slaves

who could no longer take harsh treatment they faced on plantations.

Slave traders carried captive Africans throughout the Americas SpanishCaribbean sugar plantations; PortugueseBrazil;

EnglishWest Indies but also to colonies in North America.

England dominated the slave trade by end of 1600s

Most slaves worked on plantations

Others worked in mines, in towns,

in the countryside

Skilled craft workerscarpenters,

metalworkers, cooperscontinued

crafts in Americas

Women given domestic duties

Jobs

Slavery in the Colonies

Slaves had to meet own basicneeds at end of workday

Cooking, mending, tending the sick

fitted in around work for slaveholder

Living conditions harsh

Physical, degrading punishmentinflicted for minor offenses

Living Conditions


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Resistance

Slaves coped with inhumane conditions many different ways

Some resisted by trying to keep cultural traditions alive

Others turned to religion for strength, hope

Some fought back by slowing work, destroying equipment, revolting

Some able to flee, establish communities of runaways

Property

Laws in Americas considered enslaved Africans to be property

Slaves had no rights, freedoms

Slaveholders controlled most conditions under which they lived

Often enslaved people endured brutal treatment, abuse


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Summarize

Why did many slaves fight back against their

owners?

Answer(s): to cope with inhumane conditions


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400 years of Atlantic slave trade Devastated West African societies

Estimates of 15 to 20 million

Africans shipped to Americas

against will

Millions more sent to Europe,

Asia, Middle East

Human cost enormous

Countless died in transit Millions deprived of freedom

Descendants doomed to lives

of forced servitude

Cost of Slave Trade

Effects profound in Africa

Slave raiders captured

strongest youngfuture

leaders of societies

Divided Africans one from

anothersome rulers waged

wars to gain captives

Forced labor of millions of

Africans did not enrich Africa

Effect on Africa

Effects of the Slave Trade


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Spread of Culture

As result of slave trade, people of African descent spread throughout

Americas, Western Europe

Spread called African Diaspora

Eventually led to spread of African culturemusic, art, religion,

foodthroughout the Western World

Economies

Forced labor of Africans did enrich other parts of world

Labor of African slaves built economies of many American colonies

Their knowledge of agriculture contributed to growth of rice industry

in southern English colonies


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Explain

What effects did the Atlantic slave trade

have in Africa?

Answer(s): took away future leaders; divided

Africans from one another


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Documents

Exploration Colonization Trade