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Female Reproductive
System
Qian Xiaoing
Dept. of Anatomy, Histology
& Embryology
PUMC
69156461
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I. Ovary
II. Uterine Tubes
III. Uterus
IV. Vagina
V. Mammary
Glands
Female Reproductive System
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I. Ovary
• produce oocytes
• secrete female sex hormone
new born 15 y.
30 y. postmenpausal
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1. Oogenesis
primordial germ cells
oogonia
primary oocytes
secondary oocytes
ovum
arrest II
arrest I
oogenesis cease
prior to/ just after birth
MI prophase
MII metaphase
(卵子发生)
1951, Zukerman dogma
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J. L. Tilly
刘奎
吴际
• Oocyte generation in adult mammalian ovaries by putative germ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Cell, 2005. 122(2): p. 303-15.
• Oocyte formation by mitotically active germ cells purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women. Nat Med, 2012. 18(3): p. 413-421.
• Isolation, characterization and propagation of mitotically active germ cells from adult mouse and human ovaries. Nat Protoc, 2013. 8(5): p. 966-88.
• Zou, K., et al., Production of offspring from a germline stem cell line derived from neonatal ovaries. Nat Cell Biol, 2009. 11(5): p. 631-6.
• Zhang, H., et al., Experimental evidence showing that no mitotically active female germline progenitors exist in postnatal mouse ovaries. PNAS, 2012. 109(31): p. 12580-5.
• Zhang, H., et al., Life-long in vivo cell-lineage tracing shows that no oogenesis originates from putative germline stem cells in adult mice. PNAS, 2014. 111(50): p. 17983-8.
Textbook rewrite?
• Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary. Nature, 2004. 428(6979): p. 145-50.
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2. General Structure
1) Ovarian Surface Epithelium
2) Tunica Albuginea
3) Cortex
4) Medulla
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1) Ovarian Surface Epithelium
simple squamous/cuboidal epithelium
2) Tunica Albuginea
dense C.T.
ovarian cancer
(白膜)
(卵巢表面上皮)
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3) Cortex
• gamete-producing
structures &
derivatives
• stroma
C.T.
stromal cells
smooth muscle
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loose C.T.
vessels
nerves
4) Medulla
hilus cells
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3. Structures in Cortex
1) Follicular Growth
2) Ovulation
3) Corpus Luteum
4) Corpus Albicans
5) Follicular Atresia
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Follicle: an oocyte + follicular cells
basement
membrane
(BM)
1) Follicular Growth (folliculogenesis)(卵泡发生)
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primordial follicle
mature follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
(antral/vesicular)
growing
follicle
1) Follicular Growth (folliculogenesis)
FSH
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(1) Primordial Follicle
primary oocyte
a single layer of flattened follicular cells
(pool)
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(2) Primary Follicle
• zona pellucida (ZP)
• primary oocyte
• granulosa cells
(follicle cells)
flattened cuboidal,
unilaminar multilaminar
growth rapidly
• BM
• follicular theca
(透明带)
(卵泡膜)
cortical granules
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• zona pellucida
structure
function
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(3) Secondary Follicle
(vesicular / antral follicle)
• antrum
follicular fluid
• stratum granulosum
• cumulus oophorus
primary oocyte
corona radiata
theca interna: theca cells, cap.
theca externa: smooth muscle
C.T.
• follicular theca
（囊/ 窦状卵泡）
(卵丘)
(卵泡腔)
(放射冠)
(颗粒层)
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corona
radiata
cumulus
oophorus
theca
folliculibasement
membrane
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• functions: estrogen produced
theca interna – follicular cell synergism
两细胞学说， 协同作用
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(4) Mature (Graafian) Follicle
granulosa layer:
thin, proliferation decreased
oocyte: primary secondaryDutch physician & anatomist
1 dominant follicle → mature f~
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primordial
follicle
mature
follicle
primary
follicle
secondary
follicle
only
one
follicular
phase
luteal
phase
ovulation
~90d
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2) Ovulation 排卵
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secondary oocyte + zona pellucida + corona radiata
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3) Corpus Luteum
(1) Formation
黄体
卵泡
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(2) Structure
• granulosa lutein cells
粒黄体细胞
centrally located
numerous (80%),
large, acidophilic
• theca lutein cells膜黄体细胞
peripherally located
smallerGLC
TLC
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progesterone
estrogen
secrete
(3) Function
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• corpus luteum of pregnancy 妊娠黄体
hCG
secret progesterone, estrogen, relaxin （松弛素）
•corpus luteum of menstruation 月经黄体
(4) Types
LH stimulation
secret progesterone, estrogen
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4) Corpus Albicans 白体
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↓
Ovulation
↓
Corpus Luteum
↓
Corpus Albicans
Follicular AtresiaFollicular Growth
• oocyte growth
• follicular cells change
• stromal cells proliferation & differentiation
Mature follicle
闭锁
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5) Follicular Atresia
happened at any stage of
follicles
• primordial follicle atresia
oocyte : degeneration
granulosa cells : degeneration
• primary follicle atresia
zona pellucida collapses
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• secondary follicle atresia
theca cells interstitial cells
interstitial gland
secrete steroid
→corpus albicans (corpus atretica)
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• produce secondary oocyte
• secrete female sex hormone
4. Functions of ovaryovulation
follicular phase luteal phase
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II. Uterine Tubes (Oviducts, Salpinges，Fallopian Tubes)
• Infundibulum (漏斗部)
• Ampulla (壶腹部)
• Isthmus (峡部)
• Uterine Part(子宫部)
1. Gross Structure
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2. Microscopic Structure
1) Mucosa
3) Serosa
2) Muscularis
simple columnar epi.
lamina propria
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• epithelium
• ciliated cell
• secretory (peg) cells
hormone sensitively
Mucosa
nutrition & protection
capacitation factor
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2. Microscopic Structure
1) Mucosa
simple columnar epi.
lamina propria
3) Serosa
2) Muscularis
inner circular layer
outer longituinal layer
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Infundibulum: fimbriae
Ampulla:
Isthmus:
Uterine Part:
longitudinal
folds of mucosa
smooth
muscle
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ectopic pregnancy
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III. Uterus muscular organ
• Gross Structure
fundus
body (corpus)
cervix
• Microscopic Structure
endometrium (子宫内膜)
myometrium (子宫肌层)
perimetrium (子宫外膜)
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1. Uterine Body / Corpus
1) Perimetrium
serosa
3 ill-defined layers:
inner longitudinal layer
middle circular layer
blood vessels
outer longitudinal layer
2) Myometrium
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bundles of smooth muscle
C.T. interwoven
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3) Endometrium
• simple columnar epi.
ciliated cells
secretory cells
• lamina propria
stromal cells
uterine glands
(secretory cells)
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straight arteries (基底a.)
the basal ends of the
uterine glands
unaffected by hormone
not shed
• functional layer
• basal layer
spiral arteries (螺旋a.)
hormone responsive
cyclic changes
3) Endometrium
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2. Menstrual Cycle (月经周期)
• menstrual phase (月经期, 1-4d)
• proliferative phase (增生期, 5-14d)
• secretory phase (分泌期, 15-28d)
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menstrual
phase
proliferative
phase
secretory
phase
time (day) 1-4 5-14 15-28
ovary
hormone
spiral A.
uterine glands
gland
epithelial cells
stromal cells
functionalis
elongated
coiled
straight
proliferation
proliferation
regenerated
luteal phase
progesterone
estrogen
elongated
highly coiled
highly coiled
secretion
differentiation
edema
reduction
constricted
relaxed broken
broken
necrosis
necrosis
detached
follicular phase
estrogen
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menstrual phaseproliferative phase secretory phase
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3. Uterine Cervix
endocervical canal
exocervix 宫颈阴道部
子宫颈管
Mucosa
Myometrium
Adventitia
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• epithelium
simple columnar epi.
stratified squamous epi.
1) Mucosa
not shed
endocervical mucosa
exocervical mucosa
transition zone
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• cervical glands hormone sensitively
cervical mucus
endocervical mucosa
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3) Adventitia
1) Mucosa
2) Myometrium
mainly C.T.
few smooth muscle
endocervical mucosa
exocervical mucosa
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3) Adventitia
1) Mucosa
2) Myometrium
mainly C.T.
few smooth muscle
endocervical mucosa
exocervical mucosa
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cervical smear (Pap smear 巴氏涂片)
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IV. Vagina
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nonkeratinized stratified
squamous
glycogen lactic acid
• epithelium
• lamina propria
loose C.T.,
rich in elastic fibers
highly vascularized
1. Mucosa
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2. Muscularis
inner circular bundles
(ill-defined)
outer longitudinal bundles
(prominent)
3. Adventitia
dense C.T.
rich in elastic fibers
1. Mucosa
HE
Masson staining
epithelium
lamina propria
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V. Mammary Glands
Science, 2015, 348(6232): 333-336
oxytocin
Sensory systems: The yin and
yang of cortical oxytocin Nature
520(7548): 444-445
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1. Structure
compound tubuloalveolar glands
dense C.T.
adipose tissue
lobe, lobule
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1) Alveoli
• secreting cells: milk secretion
• Compound Tubuloalveolar Glands
• myoepithelial cells
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intralobular ducts interlobular ducts
lactiferous ducts lactiferous sinuses opening
simple cuboidal epi. stratified squamous epi.
2) Ducts
输乳管窦
Breast Cancer
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2. Different State of Mammary Gland
1) Inactive (resting)
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pregnancy: alveoli proliferate
lactation: milk secretion & accumulation
2) Active
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I. Ovary
II. Uterine Tubes
III. Uterus
IV. Vagina
V. Mammary
Glands
Female Reproductive System
summary
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The structures in cortex and their functions
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Menstrual Cycle
