ABOUT COAL

� Indian coal is of mostly sub bituminous rankfollowed by bituminous and lignite (browncoal).

� The ash content in Indian coal ranges from35% to 50%.

SOURCES OF FLY ASH

v Fly Ash means the ash generated from all coal or lignite based Thermal Power Plants

ØBottom ash

ØAsh Pond & Mound Ash

ØAir Pollution Control Equipment such as Electrostatic Precipitator(ESP) Ash, Bag Filter or Dry ash

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH

� Fly ash mainly consists of the followings

1. Oxides of silica

2. Aluminum

3. Iron and calcium

4. Trace of elements (arsenic, beryllium,boron, cadmium, chromium, chromiumVI, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury,molybdenum etc. )

CHARACTERIZATION OFFLY ASH

� According to IS 3812-1981, there are twogrades

vGrade I fly ash, which are derived frombituminous coal having fractions SiO2 +Al2O3 + Fe2O3 greater than 70 %.

vGrade II Fly ash, which are derived fromlignite coal having fractions SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3 greater than 50 %.

CHARACTERIZATION OF FLY ASH

� ASTM C618 specified two categories of flyash, based on type of coal and chemicalproperties.v Class C - Fly ash produced from the burning of

younger lignite or sub-bituminous coal. They havingpozzolanic properties, and some self-cementingproperties with more than 20% lime (CaO) content.

v Class F- The burning of harder, older anthracite andbituminous coal typically produces Class F fly ash.This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains lessthan 7% lime (CaO).

STATUS OF FLY ASH IN INDIA

� Total Fly Ash generation in the year 2017-18 is 196.44 MT

� Total Fly Ash Utilization under various sector is 137. 87 MT (67.13 %)

OVERALL UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH

11%

9%

7%

0%

6%

3%1%

26%

4%

33%

INDIA: 2017-18Reclamation Of Low Lying AreaBrick & Tiles

Ash Dyke Raising;

Agriculture

Mines Backfilling

Roads & Fly Overs

Concrete

Cement

Other

STATUS OF FLY ASH IN JHARKHAND

TOTAL OPERATIVE TPP & CPP

22 NOS

TOTAL FLY ASH GENERATION

15.54 MTPA

FLY ASH UTILIZATION 14.37 MTPA

UNUTILIZED 1.17 MTPA

OVERALL UTILIZATION OF FLY ASH

1%

56%

1%1%

20%

21%

JHARKHAND: 2017- 18

Brick, Tiles & Blocks

Mines Backfilling

Roads & Fly Overs

Concrete

Cement (Portland Pozzolana)

Reckamation of Low Lying Area

� Fly Ash Utilization Notification – 14th

Sept.,2019

� Fly Ash First Amendment Notification- 27thAugust, 2003

– Revised Fly ash utilization targets forTPPs.

– Mandate for brick kilns to use fly ash.

� Fly Ash Second draft AmendmentNotification- 6 th November, 2008

FLY ASH UTILISATION NOTIFICATION

� Fly Ash Second Amendment Notification-3 rd November, 2009

– Revised Fly ash utilization targets for TPPs.

– Mandate for brick kiln to use fly ash withdrawn.

� Fly Ash Third Draft Amendment Notification-25th May, 2015

� Fly Ash third Amendment Notification – 25th

Jan.,2016

FLY ASH UTILISATION NOTIFICATION

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� Target to achieved by TPPs established before the notification i.e. 3 rd November 2009-

v50% within one year , 60% within 2 yrs, 75% within 3 yrs, 90% within 4 yrs and 100% within 5 yrs.

� Target to be achieved by New TPPs –v 50 % in one yrs., 70% in 2 yrs., 90% in three

yrs. and 100% in 4 yrs.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� At least 20% of dry ESP ash shall be madeavailable free of charge on a priority basis to

–Manufacturers of Bricks/ Blocks andTiles, etc. Farmers, Central or State Roadconstruction agencies & PWD, Agenciesengaged in mine.

� However, TPPs having 100% utilisation are exempted from this provision.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� The cost of transportation of ash within 100Kms. radius of coal or lignite based thermalpower plant shall be borne coal or lignitebased thermal power plant

� The cost of transportation beyond theradius of 100 Kms. and up to 300 Kms.shall be shared equally between the userand the coal or lignite based thermal powerplant.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� The TPPs to promote, adopt and set up(financial and infrastructure) fly ash basedproduct manufacturing facilities withintheir premises or in the vicinity so as toreduce the transportation cost of fly ash.

� To install dedicated dry ash silos havingseparate access roads so as to ease thedelivery of fly ash.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� Upload and Update details of fly ash stockof each type available with them on theirweb-site every month.

� Emergency ash pond or fly ash storage areaupto 50 ha for 500 MW may be provided.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� Shall not store at any time more than 3 months ashgeneration in their or ash ponds. In case it exceeds 3months of generation, the same shall be disposed offin accordance with sub-paragraph 1(1) above withina max. period of 5 yrs. From the date of issue ofnotification.

� Record shall be maintained.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� Plans for utilisation of fly ash were to besubmitted by TPPs to CPCB, SPCBs andconcerned Regional Office of MoEF, with infour months of the notification.

� Annual implementation report to besubmitted by 30th day of April to CPCB, SPCBand RO.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� Every Construction agency engaged inbuildings within a radius of 300 km shall useonly fly ash based products for construction-cement, concrete , fly ash bricks, tiles, blocksetc. in every construction project.

� This will be applicable to all Constructionagencies of Central or State or LocalGovernment and private or public sector.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TPPs

� Minimum Fly Ash content for buildingmaterials or products to qualify as ‘fly ashbased products ‘ ranges from 15- 50% . ISspecifications for these have also beenmentioned.

� Regional Office of SPCB/PCCs to ensure this.

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

� To ensure mandatory use of Fly Ash basedbricks/products in all Government Scheme/programmes e.g.

÷MNREGA, SWACHH BHARAT, Urban andRural Housing Scheme, where built up area ismore than 1000 sq. feet.

÷Infrastructure construction including buildingsin designated industrial Estates/ Parks/SpecialEconomic Zone.

� The Ministry of Agriculture to promote FlyAsh utilization in Agriculture as soilconditioner.

� To ensure that the contractor of roadconstruction utilizes the fly ash in the road,the Authority concerned can link thepayment of contractor with the fly ashsupply certification of TPP.

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

� CPWD Circular no. 1237 dated 9thSeptember, 2002- All Chief Engineers(Civil) to ensure that use of fly ash bricks ismade mandatory at-least 25% of the totaluse of Bricks used.

� Guidelines for Use of Fly Ash in Canal

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

LOADING, UNLOADING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FLY ASH

� Use of tarpaulins to cover the trucks carryingloads, under the guidance of DGMS

� To overcome the fugitive dust emissionproblem, thermal power plants arerecommended to construct silos forintermediate storage of dry fly ash and madearrangements for proper loading of fly ash tothe trucks.

� Adequate arrangements for water sprinklingshould be made to suppress fugitive dustemission and speed limit: 40 Km/hr

� Guidelines or specifications issued by the Indian Road Congress(IRC) as contained sp. No. SP:58 of 2001 regarding the use of flyash shall be as followed : 7 – Reclamation of low lying landswith 100 Kms of the TPP/CPP shall use the flyash but afterfilling proper compaction and top soil shall be placed

� Roles of DGMS and CMPDIL - Within 50 Kms of theTPP/CPP approval shall only be given if at least 20% of thefly ash on volume to volume basis of the total materialsused for external dump of overburden and same percentagein upper benches of back filling the open cast mines.

RESPONSIBILTY OF THE AUTHORITY

METHODS OF FLY ASH UTILIZATION

FLYASH UTILIZATION

WASTE STABALISATION/

TREATMENT

BRICKS

SUPPLEMENT OF CEMENT/ CONCRETE

AGRICULTURE

WASTELAND RECLAMATI

ON

ROADS & EMBANKME

NTS

Sl. No.

Building Materials or products

Minimum % of fly ash by weight & related Indian

Standards

1 Fly ash bricks, blocks, tiles,etc. with fly ash, [lime,gypsum, stone dust etc.(without clay)

50% of total input materials(lS -12894)

2 Paving blocks, paving tiles,checker tiles, mosaic tiles,roofing sheets, pre-castelements etc. wherein cementis used as binder

Use in Portland PozzolanaCement: PPC (lS-1489: Part-l or Portland Slag Cement:PSC (IS-455) or 15% ofOrdinary Portland Cement:OPC(lS-269/8112/ 12269) -content.

METHODS OF FLY ASH UTILIZATION

Sl.No.

Building Materials or products

Minimum % of fly ash by weight& related Indian Standards

3 Cement 15% of total raw materials

4 Clay based building materials bricks, blocks, tiles, etc.

25% of total raw materials ( IS- 137570)

5 Concrete, mortar and plaster

Usages of PPC(IS-1489: Part I) or PSC (lS-45S1 or 15% of OPC (IS-269 /8172/12269) content.

METHODS OF FLY ASH UTILIZATION

� Fly ash can be used as liming material on acidsoils or acid mine soils or alkali soils forimproving the pH of the soils depending onnature of soil and ash.

� Energy crop is a plant grown as a low-costand low-maintenance harvest used to makebio fuels, such as bio ethanol.

USE IN –WASTELAND RECLAMATION

� Methane potential of Indian energy crops Sl. No.

Energy crops Methane yield(m3/kg)

1 Maize 0.20-0.452 Wheat O.38-0.433 Rapeseed 0.24-0.344 Alfalfa 0.34-0.505 Barley 0.35-0.666 Potatoes 0.28 – 0.407 Industrial Hemp 0.35 - 0.40

USE IN –WASTELAND RECLAMATION

USE IN - AGRICULTURE

� Fly ash addition up to 40% may improve÷Soil porosity by 10%÷Water holding capacity by 15%.

� Addition of 10% Fly Ash to Sandy Soil mayincreases plant available water content by52%.

� Addition of Fly Ash up to 20% increases theyield of grain and straw of rice.

USE IN - AGRICULTURE

� Can increase the yield of cereals, oil seeds,pulses, cotton and sugarcane by 10-15%,vegetables by about 20-25% and rootvegetables by 30-40%.

� Mine spoils an be revegetated by enhancingthe activities of various enzymes such asdehydrogenase, phosphatase andnitrogenase.

� Increase the availability of elements like K,Na, Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe

USE IN: ABANDONED MINES & LOW LYING AREAS

� Stowing of mines located within 50 km byroad from a coal based thermal plant shall bedone with at least 25 % of fly ash on weight toweight basis of the total stowing materialused.

� All the coal mines located within 50 km of athermal power plant shall use at least 25 % flyash on volume to volume basis of the totalmaterial used in the external over burdendump and same percentage in upper benchesof internal overburden dump

USE IN: ABANDONED MINES & LOW LYING AREAS

� A safe distance of at least 500 mts. shall memaintained.

� The top layer of fly ash disposal area shall bekept moist during disposal.

� 70 cm thick overburden or gravel/stone layershall be placed over the top layer. And aboveit 30 cm sweet soil cover for vegetation.

USE IN: ABANDONED MINES & LOW LYING AREAS

� Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification testsof flora an fauna shall be conducted during Aper monsoon and post monsoon.

� Drains to be constructed around the mines tocollect the surface runoff and supernatantwater.

� Month wise records shall be maintained andto be submitted to Ministry/RO annually