• Was the North American Was the North American version of the Seven Years version of the Seven Years War being fought in Europe.War being fought in Europe.

• The name refers to the two The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: main enemies of the British: – the Frenchthe French– American Indian forces American Indian forces

(fighting with the French).(fighting with the French).

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

The First Clash - The First Clash - 17541754

Fort Necessity - 1754Fort Necessity - 1754This confrontation in the summer of 1754 was This confrontation in the summer of 1754 was the opening battle of the war fought by England the opening battle of the war fought by England and France for control of the North American and France for control of the North American continent. It was also the opening episode of a continent. It was also the opening episode of a worldwide struggle worldwide struggle

known known in North in North America as the America as the

French and French and Indian War, Indian War, but in Europe but in Europe as the Seven as the Seven Years War.Years War.

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin invited invited representatives representatives from New from New England, NY, MD, England, NY, MD, PAPA

A Albany CongressAlbany Congress failed failed

AIroquois broke off relations with Britain Iroquois broke off relations with Britain and threatened to trade with the French.and threatened to trade with the French.

Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union - - 17541754

Albany Plan of Union Albany Plan of Union - - 17541754

AA famous political cartoon created by Benjamin A famous political cartoon created by Benjamin Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754Gazette on May 9, 1754

AA snake severed into eighths, with each A snake severed into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initial of a British segment labeled with the initial of a British American colony or region. However, North American colony or region. However, North England was represented as one colony, rather England was represented as one colony, rather than the many states it has now.than the many states it has now.

Colonial Colonial unityunityColonial Colonial unityunity

Fort Fort Duquesne Duquesne 17551755

The British were led by General Braddock, but The British were led by General Braddock, but his expedition to capture the French stronghold his expedition to capture the French stronghold of of Fort Duquesne resulted in ambush, with England losing more than a thousand men that day. He invited George Washington along as an aide-de-camp.

The British troops, in Washington’s words, were The British troops, in Washington’s words, were “immediately struck with such a deadly Panick “immediately struck with such a deadly Panick that nothing but confusion prevail’d amongst that nothing but confusion prevail’d amongst them.” Braddock was mortally wounded.them.” Braddock was mortally wounded.

Washington did his best to try to rally the Washington did his best to try to rally the regulars and to use a few Virginia troops to regulars and to use a few Virginia troops to cover the retreat.cover the retreat.

His coolness and bravery under fire enhanced his reputation.His coolness and bravery under fire enhanced his reputation.

This etching depicts General This etching depicts General Edward Braddock’s burial by George Washington, then a Braddock aide.

Native American Native American tribes exploited tribes exploited both warring both warring sidessides

Lord Lord LoudouLoudou

inin

Marquis Marquis de de

MontcalmMontcalm

War is formally War is formally declared declared War is formally War is formally declared declared

1756

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. >Br. would reimburse col. assemblies would reimburse col. assemblies forfor their costs. their costs.

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt becomes foreign becomes foreign ministerminister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt becomes foreign becomes foreign ministerminister

Sir William Sir William JohnsonJohnsonIn 1756, Sir William secured the In 1756, Sir William secured the title of British Superintendent of title of British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Six Nations Indian Affairs for the Six Nations and held this title for the rest of and held this title for the rest of his life. In 1759, Johnson’s troops his life. In 1759, Johnson’s troops seized Old Fort Niagara.seized Old Fort Niagara.

North America in North America in 17501750North America in North America in 17501750

At the end of the At the end of the 17th century 17th century approximately approximately 200,000 people 200,000 people inhabited the inhabited the British colonies British colonies in North America. in North America. The following The following century saw an century saw an explosion in explosion in numbers with the population doubling about numbers with the population doubling about every 25 years. every 25 years.

** By 1761, Spain has By 1761, Spain has become an ally of become an ally of FranceFrance

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for Turns for EnglandEngland

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for Turns for EnglandEnglandThe French were The French were driven from many driven from many frontier posts such frontier posts such as as Fort Niagara, , and the key and the key Fortress Louisbourg fell to fell to the British in 1758.the British in 1758.

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

It was It was signed by signed by the the Kingdoms of Kingdoms of Great Great Britain, Britain, France and France and Spain to end Spain to end the French the French and Indian and Indian War and the War and the Seven Years' Seven Years' War.War.

Treaty of Paris 1763

France -->France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian

possessions, most of her empire in India, and possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.claims to lands east of the Mississippi River.

Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west of the got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.to England.

England -->England --> got all French lands in Canada, got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.commercial dominance in India.

Treaty of Treaty of Paris - 1763Paris - 1763Treaty of Treaty of Paris - 1763Paris - 1763

The surrender of New France to the English, Montréal, 1760

France lost its N. America France lost its N. America coloniescolonies

BritishBritishMarch in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge.bayonet charge.

Br. officers wanted to take Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.charge of colonials.

Drills & tough discipline.Drills & tough discipline.

Colonists should pay for Colonists should pay for their own defense.their own defense.

Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

Col. militias servedCol. militias servedunder own captains.under own captains.

No mil. deference or No mil. deference or protocols observed.protocols observed.

Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization: Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American Colonial British-American Colonial TensionsTensionsBritish-American Colonial British-American Colonial TensionsTensionsColonialsColonials

Why and in what ways did Why and in what ways did British policies change after British policies change after 1763, frustrating colonial 1763, frustrating colonial Americans and fueling the fires Americans and fueling the fires of independence?  of independence?  What factors widened the gap What factors widened the gap between American ambitions between American ambitions and British expectations of and British expectations of American colonists?American colonists?How did these factor into the How did these factor into the American Revolution?American Revolution?

Effects on British-Effects on British-colonial colonial relationships?relationships?

Effects on British-Effects on British-colonial colonial relationships?relationships?

It increased her colonial It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.empire in the Americas.

It greatly enlarged It greatly enlarged England’s debt.England’s debt.

Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter colonials created bitter feelings.feelings.Therefore, England felt that Therefore, England felt that

a major reorganization of her a major reorganization of her American Empire was American Empire was necessary.necessary.

Effects of the Effects of the war on Britain?war on Britain?Effects of the Effects of the war on Britain?war on Britain?

It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

It created a socializingIt created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings toward the British that toward the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Prelude to another Prelude to another warwar

AftermatAftermathh

The decisive result of the The decisive result of the war meant that it was war meant that it was the last of the French the last of the French and Indian Wars and and Indian Wars and thereby set the stage for thereby set the stage for the American the American Revolutionary War.Revolutionary War.

LinksLinks

• http://www.fiw250.org/bio.asp

• http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS121/Lectures2.html

• http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2003/grade8/socialstudies.htm