French Revolution

And Napoleon

Chronology

1788-1789—Financial Crisis and Estates General

1789-1792--Liberal Revolution 1792-1794—Radicalization 1794-1799—Reaction 1799-1815--Napoleon

Causes

Intellectual Social Political

Intellectual

Natural Rights Laissez faire Religious tolerance Social contract Tabula rasa Branches of government Sovereignty of the

people

Social Causes

Estates System First Estate Second Estate Third Estate

First Estate

1% of population 100,000-130,000 people Owned 10% of land Tax-exempt Levied tithe on peasants Most money supported

distant bishops or monasteries

Second Estate

Nobility 2-5% of population 350,000 members Owned 25-30% of land Held many government

positions Tax-exempt Expanded power at

expense of monarchy

Third Estate

Everyone else

25 million people

75-80% of population peasants

Collectively owned 35-40% of land

Over half had no land

Peasant taxes

Feudal obligations Dues on use of mills,

granaries, wine presses, and ovens

Corvee—labor dues Gabelle—salt tax Cloth taxes

Only the third estate paid these taxes, all others were exempt.

The third estate did not have a say in the government nor in the taxes that were paid by them

Third Estate, continued

Bourgeoisie 8% of population Owned 20% of land Exploited peasants on

the land Educated, but no

involvement in government

                     

                    

Urban Poor of Paris

Artisans, factory workers, journeymen

Very poor Most politicized group Highly literate

Political Causes

Louis XV 1715-1774 Succeeded Louis XIV at

age 5 Poor education Much time with

mistresses Nobles regain power that

was lost under Louis XIV

Louis’ mistresses

Madame de Pompadour Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson Friends with Voltaire and

Montesquieu Met king at masked ball 9/15/1745—King’s mistress Became duchess, Oct 12,

1752 Influenced king to remove her

enemies from office and make treaties

Madame Du Barry

Jeanne Becu Educated in Paris 1763, met Jeane du Barry—

became his mistress (he was a pimp)

1768, met Louis XV She had to marry to be king’s

mistress, so she married Jeane’s brother

After king’s death, took other lovers

Guillotined 1793

Parlements of France

French kings had taken all power from nobility 13 Distinct regions in France—controlled by a

Parlement Parlements had 50-130 members

– Local judges– Legal elites– Tried cases for theft, murder, forgery, libel– Public censors– Fixed bread prices

Parlements, continued

Hated by everyone, including king Intendents were selected by king to head

parlements Intendents arbitrarily taxed and arrested

peasants Parlement of Paris began to claim right of veto

over king

Financial Problems

1787-1788—poor harvests led to food shortages, rising prices, unemployment

Richest people not taxed 28% increase in taxes, including gabelle and taille (but only affected

third estate) Dependency on foreign loans Seven Years’ War—losses of India and Canada American Revolution—France paid for it Cost of Versailles—only 5% of state revenue By 1780s, government was bankrupt—1/2 of income paid on debts

(debt was 4 Billion livres) Queen spent extravagant sums of money

Let Them Eat Cake! Let Them Eat Cake!

Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!that!

Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”

Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”

The French Urban PoorThe French Urban Poor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

King’s Budget:King’s Budget:– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

Efforts to fix finances

Jacques Necker Hid real problems from

French people—said if Am rev. not fought, finances would be o.k.

Introduced more equitable tax system to fund national debt

Dismissed, then re-appointed; Urged king to call Estates

General (first time since 1614)

Charles Alexander de Calonne

Financial minister Raised loans to pay debts National spending policy

implemented—to inspire confidence in finances of state

Called for direct land tax Stamp tax Reduction of privileges of

clergy and nobility Forced to flee—opposed by

nobility

Assembly of Notables 1787

Upper ranks of aristocracy and Clergy Called to outflank parlements Wanted greater role for aristocracy Called for re-appointment of Necker Government could not demand new taxes, only Estates

General could do that Etienne Charles Lomenie de Brienne was appointed

after Calonne; tried to get Parlements to accept changes without calling Estates General; no good

1788 Coup d’etat of Parlements

Parlement of Paris rejects King’s attempts to force change: King abolishes parlement

Registration of laws now to be in plenary court of France

Anarchy and revolts around France resulted Nobles refused to modernize , so Estates

General was called

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was 1614!Last time it was called into session was 1614!

Estates General

Representatives from all three estates First and second estates: 300 members Third estate: 600 members Third estate wanted to establish a

constitutional government to fix financial problems and end exemptions of clergy and nobility

Problems with Estates General

Third estate demanded that each representative have one vote, which would give them a majority

King disagreed: wanted traditional system: each estate had one vote

Much political excitement came out of this

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Suggested Voting Pattern:The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates

1

1

1

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of RepresentativesThe Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head!in the Estates General: Vote by Head!

300

300

648

““The Third Estate Awakens”The Third Estate Awakens”

Abbe Sieyes published “What is the Third Estate?”

Cahiers de Doleances presented by third estate

Third estate changed its name to the National Assembly—June 17, 1789.

Cahiers de Doleances

laws prepared by the States General and sanctioned by the king shall be binding upon all classes of citizens

Deputies of the Third Estate, or their president or speaker, shall preserve the same attitude and demeanor as the representatives of the two upper orders, when they address the sovereign.

Personal liberty, proprietary rights and the security of citizens shall be established in a clear, precise and irrevocable manner.

More Grievances

letters shall never be opened in transit

All distinctions in penalties shall be abolished

All kinds of torture, the rack and the stake, shall be abolished. Sentence of death shall be pronounced only for atrocious crimes and in rare instances, determined by the law.

the establishment of the new taxes shall be paid by the three orders

All relics of serfdom, agrarian or personal, still remaining in certain provinces, shall be abolished.

Abolition of Taxes

Of the taille; *of the corvee Of the gabelle; *of the ferme of

tobaccoOf the aides; *of the registry-

dutiesOf the free-hold tax; *of the taxes

on leatherOf the government stamp upon iron;

Of the stamps upon gold and Silver; Of the interprovincial customs duties; Of the taxes upon fairs and markets; Finally, of all taxes that are

burdensome and oppressive, shall be replaced with other taxes,

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

Tennis Court Oath

June 20, 1789, Third Estate locked out of meeting hall; moved to indoor handball court and swore to meet until a French Constitution was written

King opposed this, but majority of clergy and some nobles joined it

National Constituent Assembly

June 27th, king capitulated; ordered all estates to meet and accepts vote by head

But, Louis tries to re-assert his authority:

Storming the Bastille,Storming the Bastille,July 14, 1789July 14, 1789

Storming of Bastille

Rising bread prices cause riots

Paris had been politicized since the Estates General had been elected;

Citizen militia had been organized and acted when king attacked National Assembly

Sends 18,000 troops to attack National Assembly (Marie Antoinette advises him to do this)

Two mass uprisings save National Assembly

The Great Fear:The Great Fear:Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

July 20, July 20, 17891789

Great Fear

Massive revolts spread throughout France

Fear that Royal troops would be sent to countryside next

Destruction of medieval documents, chateaus,

Refusal to pay feudal dues Caused National Assembly to

abolish feudal dues in August

National Constituent AssemblyNational Constituent Assembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789

(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)

Liberté!

Liberté!

Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!

Fraternité!

V Equality & Equality & MeritocracyMeritocracy

Ideological Actions of National Constituent Assembly

All French subject to same laws Abolished feudal regime, tithes, hunting rights,

purchased offices Declaration of Rights of Man

– Equality before the law– Due process– Natural rights– Sovereignty resides in the Nation– Freedom of religion, speech, separation of powers– Law is expression of General Will

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of RED & BLUE of

Paris.Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!

The “Liberty Cap”: The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge

Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)(1745-1793)

Declaration of the Rights of Declaration of the Rights of WomanWoman

and of the Citizen and of the Citizen (1791)(1791)

Rights of Women?

Olympe de Gouges refused to accept the exclusion of women from political rights

Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

Called for same rights as man National Assembly ignored her pleas

King forced to move to Paris

Louis refused to sign Declaration of Rights of Man

October 5, 1789: Women of Paris march on Versailles: 7,000 strong

Demanded bread, Marie Antoinette; stayed overnight;

Louis signs Declaration, but too late: King is forced to return to Paris, which he does

Peace at hand for three years

National Constituent Assembly’s Governing

Massive problems of controlWould not repudiate the state debtMany representatives were owed

money by the State

Administration

Provinces replaced by 83 Departments

Abolished parlementsSame sort of courts and laws

applied throughout France

83 Revolutionary 83 Revolutionary DepartmentsDepartments

February 26, 1790February 26, 1790

Economic Liberalism

Gets rid of tariffsUniform weights and measures—

metric systemSuppressed guilds and forbid

workers’ associationsChapelier Law 6/14/1791—forbid

Unions lasted 75 years

State Debt

Attack the ChurchIssue Printed bonds: assignats,

value based on the value of Church lands

Used as money

AssignatsAssignatsAssignatsAssignats

V Issued by the National Constituent Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Assembly.

The Confiscation of Church LandsThe Confiscation of Church Lands

17901790

Church Reforms

National Assembly seized and sold church lands for money

Civil Constitution of the Clergy implemented:– Bishops and priests elected by

people and paid by state– Religious orders abolished

Assembly required clergy to pledge an oath to oppose the pope—only half did

Pope condemned the RevolutionCatholics become enemies of the

RevolutionAttacking the church was a serious

mistake—emigres begin to leave; peasants do not support it

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791& the National Assembly. 1791

The French Constitution of 1791:The French Constitution of 1791:A Bourgeois GovernmentA Bourgeois Government

Y The king got the The king got the “suspensive” veto“suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].for 4 years]. ** he could not pass laws. he could not pass laws. ** his ministers were responsible his ministers were responsible for their own actions. for their own actions.Y A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber

National Assembly.National Assembly. ** had the power to grant taxation. had the power to grant taxation.

Y An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.

Y ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] vs. amounting to 3 days labor] vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..Y A newly elected LEGISLATIVE A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.ASSEMBLY.

New Constitution of 1791Limited monarchyLegislative Assembly created all lawsAssembly had 745 representatives

– Only affluent could be elected– Only men over 25 who paid enough

taxes could vote (50,000)– Old order destroyed, many unhappy

with new order– National Assembly Members not

eligible for election

King Destabilizes the Liberal Revolution

King’s attitude makes the constitution of 1791 impossible

No strong executive personality, except for King’s ministers

Louis tries to escape

Fearing mobs, Louis XVI tries to flee to Varennes

Dressed as servants, was almost successful

Recognized and arrested

Entire family hauled back to Paris

Later tried for treason

Legislative Assembly Formed

Constituent Assembly ended in September, 1791; Legislative Assembly meets October 1, 1791

War is promoted to solve domestic problems

Church still controlled by State

Reaction Abroad

Edmund Burke: Reflections on the French Revolution, 1790

Thomas Paine: Rights of Man 1791Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of

the Rights of Woman 1792

Reaction Abroad--leaders

William Pitt: turned against reform; curbed freedom of press

Catherine II burned Voltaire's booksFrancis II of Austria becomes a

counterrevolutionary leaderEnd of Enlightened DespotismPoland dismembered

War with Austria

Leaders of other countries feared that revolution would spread to their countries

Austria and Prussia threaten use of force to restore Louis XVI to throne

Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria in spring of 1792

Initial losses in war cause demonstrations in Paris

Paris Commune

Radical political groups attack royal palace and Legislative Assembly

King is captured New National Convention

called, to be elected by universal male suffrage

Power passes to Paris Commune: sans-coulottes

By: Susan M. PojerBy: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Horace Greeley H. S.

Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Attitudes Attitudes & actions & actions

of of monarchymonarchy& court& court

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

Fear ofFear ofCounter-Counter-RevolutiRevoluti

onon

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

ReligioReligiousus

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

PoliticPoliticalal

divisiodivisionsns

WarWarWarWar

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

EconoEconomicmic

CrisesCrises

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The Causes of The Causes of Instability in FranceInstability in France

1792 - 17951792 - 1795

The National ConventionThe National Convention

The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity ** it offered French it offered French assistance to any assistance to any subjectsubject peoples who wished to peoples who wished to overthrow their overthrow their governments. governments.

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!all of Europe catches cold!

The First Coalition The First Coalition &&

The The Brunswick Brunswick ManifestoManifesto

FRANCEFRANCE

1792-

1797

1792-

1797

AUSTRIAAUSTRIAPRUSSIAPRUSSIABRITAINBRITAINSPAINSPAINPIEDMONTPIEDMONT

Duke of BrunswickDuke of Brunswick if the Royal Family is if the Royal Family is harmed,harmed, Paris will be leveled!! Paris will be leveled!!

French Soldiers & the French Soldiers & the Tricolor:Tricolor:

ViveVive Le Patrie!Le Patrie!

The Storming of the The Storming of the Tuilieres:Tuilieres:

August 9-10, 1792August 9-10, 1792

The September Massacres,The September Massacres,17921792

Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] Over 1,000 Parisians killed!Over 1,000 Parisians killed!

The First French The First French Republic:Republic:1792-17951792-1795

The JacobinsThe Jacobins

Jacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

A Jacobin Club MeetingA Jacobin Club Meeting

The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian The Parisian

Working Working ClassClass

The The Sans-CulottesSans-Culottes

Depicted as Savages by a British Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.Cartoonist.

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

JacobinsJacobins

MontagnarMontagnardsds

(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)

GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe

nn(Royalists)(Royalists)

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(uncommitt(uncommitted)ed)

TODAY:TODAY:

The Politics of the The Politics of the National Convention National Convention

(1792-1795)(1792-1795)MontagnardsMontagnardsMontagnardsMontagnards GirondistGirondist

ssGirondistGirondist

ss Power base in Paris.Power base in Paris.

Main support from the Main support from the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Would adopt extreme Would adopt extreme measures to achieve measures to achieve their goals.their goals.

Saw Paris as the center Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.of the Revolution.

More centralized [in More centralized [in Paris] approach to Paris] approach to government.government.

Power base in the Power base in the provinces.provinces.

Feared the Feared the influence of the influence of the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Feared the Feared the dominance of dominance of Paris in national Paris in national politics.politics.

Supported more Supported more national national government government centralization centralization [federalism].[federalism].

Attempts to ControlAttempts to Controlthe Growing Crisisthe Growing Crisis

1.1. Revolutionary Tribunal in ParisRevolutionary Tribunal in Paris try trysuspected counter-revolutionaries.suspected counter-revolutionaries.

A. A. Representatives-on-MissionRepresentatives-on-Mission * * sent to the provinces & to the army. sent to the provinces & to the army. * * had wide powers to overseehad wide powers to oversee conscription. conscription.

B. B. Watch Committees [Watch Committees [comité de comité de surveillancesurveillance]] * * keep an eye on foreigners & suspects.keep an eye on foreigners & suspects.

C. sanctioned the trial & execution ofC. sanctioned the trial & execution ofrebels and émigrés, should they everrebels and émigrés, should they everreturn to France. return to France.

Attempts to ControlAttempts to Controlthe Growing Crisisthe Growing Crisis

2.2. The printing of more The printing of more assignatsassignats to to pay for the war.pay for the war.

3.3. Committee of Public Safety [CPS]Committee of Public Safety [CPS] ** to oversee and speed up the to oversee and speed up the work of the govt. during this work of the govt. during this crisis.crisis.

4.4. Committee of General Security Committee of General Security [CGS][CGS] ** responsible for the pursuit of responsible for the pursuit of counter-revolutionaries, the counter-revolutionaries, the treatment of suspects, & other treatment of suspects, & other internal security matters. internal security matters.

Committee for Public SafetyCommittee for Public Safety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

Maximillian RobespierreMaximillian Robespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)

Georges Jacques DantonGeorges Jacques Danton(1759 – 1794)(1759 – 1794)

Jean-Paul MaratJean-Paul Marat(1744 – 1793)(1744 – 1793)

““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David, 1793by Jacques Louis David, 1793

The Assassination of MaratThe Assassination of Maratby Charlotte Corday, 1793by Charlotte Corday, 1793

The Assassination of The Assassination of MaratMarat

by Charlotte by Charlotte CordayCorday

(Paul Jacques (Paul Jacques Aimee Aimee Baudry,Baudry, 19c)19c)

The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers

An army based on merit, not birth!An army based on merit, not birth!

Legislation Passed by the Legislation Passed by the National ConventionNational Convention

1.1. Law of General Maximum Law of General Maximum ** September 5, 1793. September 5, 1793. ** Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3 Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3 above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790 above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790 figures. figures. ** Prices would be strictly enforced. Prices would be strictly enforced. ** Hoarders rooted out and punished. Hoarders rooted out and punished. ** Food supplies would be secured by the army! Food supplies would be secured by the army!

2.2. Law of Suspects Law of Suspects ** September 17, 1793. September 17, 1793. ** This law was so widely drawn that almost anyone This law was so widely drawn that almost anyone not expressing enthusiastic support for the not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest! republic could be placed under arrest!

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror Let terror be the be the

order of order of the day!the day!

The Guillotine:The Guillotine:An Enlightenment Tool?An Enlightenment Tool?

Oh, thou charming guillotine, Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens;You shorten kings and queens;

By your influence divine,By your influence divine,We have reconquered our We have reconquered our

rights.rights.Come to aid of the CountryCome to aid of the Country

And let your superb instrumentAnd let your superb instrumentBecome forever permanentBecome forever permanentTo destroy the impious sect.To destroy the impious sect.

Sharpen your razor for Pitt and Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agentshis agents

Fill your divine sack with heads Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants. of tyrants.

The “Monster” GuillotineThe “Monster” Guillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939.The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939.

Louis XVI as a PigLouis XVI as a Pig

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)(January 21, 1793)

The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetThe Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet

Matter for Matter for reflectionreflection

for the crowned for the crowned jugglers.jugglers.

So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!

Marie Antoinette as a SerpentMarie Antoinette as a Serpent

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

War of Resistance to the War of Resistance to the Revolution, 1793Revolution, 1793

VendeeVendee Revolt, 1793 Revolt, 1793

Drowning the Traitors!Drowning the Traitors!

Why was there a RevoltWhy was there a Revoltin the in the VendeeVendee??

1.1. The need for 300,000 French troopsThe need for 300,000 French troopsfor the war effort.for the war effort.

2.2. Rural peasantry still highly taxed.Rural peasantry still highly taxed.3.3. Resentment of the Civil Constitution Resentment of the Civil Constitution

the Clergy.the Clergy.4.4. Peasants had failed to benefit fromPeasants had failed to benefit from

the sale of church lands.the sale of church lands.

TARGETS:TARGETS:Local gvt. Local gvt. officialsofficialsNational National GuardsmenGuardsmenJurying priestsJurying priests

The Contrast:The Contrast:“British Liberty / French Liberty”“British Liberty / French Liberty”

The Contrast:The Contrast:“French Liberty / British Slavery”“French Liberty / British Slavery”

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization (1793-1794)(1793-1794)

The Catholic Church was linked withThe Catholic Church was linked withreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-culottessans-culottes..

Therefore, religion had no place in aTherefore, religion had no place in arational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization ProgramThe De-Christianization Program1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican

CalendarCalendar:: ** abolished Sundays & religious abolished Sundays & religious holidays. holidays. ** months named after seasonal months named after seasonal features. features. ** 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. decades. ** the yearly calendar was dated from the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] [Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the divorced the state from the

Church!!Church!!

A Republican CalendarA Republican Calendar

The New Republican CalendarThe New Republican CalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

A New Republican A New Republican Calendar YearCalendar YearI 1792 – 1793

II 1793 – 1794

III 1794 – 1795

IV 1795 – 1796

V 1796 – 1797

VI 1797 – 1798

VII 1798 – 1799

VIII 1799 – 1800

IX 1800 – 1801

X 1801 – 1802

XI 1802 – 1803

XII 1803 – 1804

XIII 1804 – 1805

XIV 1805

The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram2.2. The public exercise of religion The public exercise of religion

waswasbanned.banned.

3.3. The Paris Commune supported The Paris Commune supported the:the: ** destruction of religious & royal destruction of religious & royal statues.statues. ** ban on clerical dress. ban on clerical dress. ** encouragement of the clergy to encouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. give up their vocations.

4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of “Temple of Reason.”Reason.”

5.5. The deportation of priests denounced The deportation of priests denounced bybysix citizens.six citizens.

The “Temple of Reason”The “Temple of Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.Become the goddess of the French people.

The Festival of Supreme BeingThe Festival of Supreme Being

A new secular A new secular holiday.holiday.

Backlash to theBacklash to theDe-Christianization De-Christianization

ProgramProgram It alienated most of the populationIt alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).(especially in the rural areas).

Robespierre never supported it.Robespierre never supported it. ** he persuaded the Convention to he persuaded the Convention to reaffirm the principle of religious reaffirm the principle of religious toleration. toleration.

Decree on the Decree on the “Liberty of Cults”“Liberty of Cults”was passedwas passed ** December 6, 1793. December 6, 1793. ** BUT, it had little practical effect! BUT, it had little practical effect!

The Terror Intensified:The Terror Intensified:March to July, 1794March to July, 1794

Law of 22 PrairialLaw of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794]. [June 10, 1794]. * Trials were now limited to deciding only * Trials were now limited to deciding only onon liberty OR death, with defendants having liberty OR death, with defendants having nono rights. rights. * Were you an * Were you an “enemy of the people?”“enemy of the people?” (the (the law was so broadly written that almost law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!) anyone could fall within its definition!)

1,500 executed between June & July.1,500 executed between June & July.

Danton & Danton & thethe

“Indulgents”“Indulgents”

Danton & Danton & thethe

“Indulgents”“Indulgents”

Jacques Jacques Hébert & theHébert & the

HérbetistsHérbetists

Jacques Jacques Hébert & theHébert & the

HérbetistsHérbetists

Executed in April, 1794Executed in April, 1794..Executed in March, 1794Executed in March, 1794..

French Victory at French Victory at FleurusFleurus

June 26, 1794.June 26, 1794. France defeated Austria.France defeated Austria. This opened the way to theThis opened the way to the

reoccupation of Belgium!reoccupation of Belgium!

The The “Thermidorean “Thermidorean ReactionReaction,”,” 17941794P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a

speech illustrating new speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies. ** he alienated members of the he alienated members of the CPS CPS & CGS. & CGS. ** many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications. implications.

P July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests Robespierre. Robespierre.

P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes

Its Own Children!Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, Execution,

17931793

Robespierre Lies Robespierre Lies WoundedWoundedBefore the Before the Revolutionary Tribunal Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.be guillotined, 1794.

Read More About the Read More About the RevolutionRevolution

Bibliographic ResourcesBibliographic Resources

““Hist210—Europe in the Age of Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”Revolutions.”http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/eurhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htmope1/chron/rch5.htm

“ “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.”Exploring the French Revolution.”

http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/

Matthews, Andrew. Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. . CambridgeCambridgeUniversity Press, 2001.University Press, 2001.

“ “The Napoleonic Guide.” The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.hthttp://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htmm