29
1 Online Data Supplement H ypertension, a leading cause of other cardiovascular diseases, is also a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. 1 Over 1 billion people are diagnosed with hyper- tension, such that 1 in 3 individuals has elevated blood pressure in numerous countries. 2 About 90% of the burden of cardio- vascular disease is borne by the low-and middle-income coun- tries (LMIC) that have only 10% of the research capacity and healthcare resources to confront the scourge. 3 Hypertension had been regarded as a disease of the afflu- ent people of the world. 4,5 However, it has emerged in the LMIC where it affected 1 in 5 adults in 2013. 5 This rate has been projected to increase such that 3 in 4 adults will be living with hypertension by 2025 in LMIC. 6,7 Awareness and levels of hypertension control in LMIC are still low when compared with that in HIC. 8 For instance, hypertension control in United States is 52% compared with 5% to 10% in Africa. 9 The major reason for this disparity could be the lack of awareness of access and adherence to implementable hypertension guide- lines in LMIC. 10 Furthermore, hypertension management is complicated by choice, availability, and affordability of appropriate medications. The cultural aspects of life-long use of medications for hyper- tension, variable needs of individual patients, and inconsistent designs and outcomes from clinical trials have also compounded the management. 11 The different genetic architectures of indi- viduals with hypertension 12,13 may determine the choice and response to treatment. Some of these antihypertensive agents are costly and not evenly accessible and distributed in LMIC. Therefore, guidelines that work in HIC settings may not be acceptable, effective, implementable, and applicable to LMIC because of the lack of supporting resources. In addition to broad international guidelines tailored to the needs of large regions with similar socioeconomic implementation contexts, it may be crucial for every country to further adapt implemen- tation aspects and dissemination channels of key recommen- dations by engaging and empowering all relevant stakeholders thereby enhancing adherence and impact. This review is necessitated by the need to bring hyperten- sion control to the individual’s doorstep by developing and deploying such pragmatic hypertension guidelines in these countries to significantly reduce the burden of associated car- diovascular morbidities and mortalities. From the Department of Medicine and University College Hospital (M.O., J.Y., T.M., L.O., T.F., E.S.M., B.S.) and Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine (R.A.), University of Ibadan, Nigeria; WFNR-Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria (M.O., E.U.); Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria (P.O.); Department of Medicine, CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J.J.M.); Department of Neurology (W.F., R.S., B.O.) and Department of Public Health Sciences (M.G.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (S.Y.); Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.K.); Department of Public Health, Health Service Organization, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesia/Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.V.O.); Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India (P.M.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (C.C., R.J.); Non Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (A.K.); School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (A.G.T.); Cardiovascular Global Health Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (G.S.B.); Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases, UCL Institute for Global Health, London, United Kingdom (G.P.); Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.A.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy (P.A.M.); and Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (S.N.). *These authors contributed equally to this work. †Control Unique to Cardiovascular Diseases in Low and Middle Income Countries. The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://hyper.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA. 116.08290/-/DC1. Correspondence to Mayowa Owolabi, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital and University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail [email protected] Gaps in Hypertension Guidelines in Low- and Middle-Income Versus High-Income Countries A Systematic Review Mayowa Owolabi,* Paul Olowoyo,* J. Jaime Miranda, Rufus Akinyemi, Wuwei Feng, Joseph Yaria, Tomiwa Makanjuola, Sanni Yaya, Janusz Kaczorowski, Lehana Thabane, Josefien Van Olmen, Prashant Mathur, Clara Chow, Andre Kengne, Raelle Saulson, Amanda G. Thrift, Rohina Joshi, Gerald S. Bloomfield, Mulugeta Gebregziabher, Gary Parker, Charles Agyemang, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Shane Norris, Luqman Ogunjimi, Temitope Farombi, Ezinne Sylvia Melikam, Ezinne Uvere, Babatunde Salako, Bruce Ovbiagele; for the COUNCIL Initiative† (Hypertension. 2016;68:00-00. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08290.) © 2016 American Heart Association, Inc. Hypertension is available at http://hyper.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08290 Brief Review by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from by guest on May 18, 2018 http://hyper.ahajournals.org/ Downloaded from

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• Online Data Supplement

Hypertension, a leading cause of other cardiovascular diseases, is also a leading cause of disability and death

worldwide.1 Over 1 billion people are diagnosed with hyper-tension, such that 1 in 3 individuals has elevated blood pressure in numerous countries.2 About 90% of the burden of cardio-vascular disease is borne by the low-and middle-income coun-tries (LMIC) that have only ≈10% of the research capacity and healthcare resources to confront the scourge.3

Hypertension had been regarded as a disease of the afflu-ent people of the world.4,5 However, it has emerged in the LMIC where it affected ≈1 in 5 adults in 2013.5 This rate has been projected to increase such that 3 in 4 adults will be living with hypertension by 2025 in LMIC.6,7 Awareness and levels of hypertension control in LMIC are still low when compared with that in HIC.8 For instance, hypertension control in United States is 52% compared with 5% to 10% in Africa.9 The major reason for this disparity could be the lack of awareness of access and adherence to implementable hypertension guide-lines in LMIC.10

Furthermore, hypertension management is complicated by choice, availability, and affordability of appropriate medications.

The cultural aspects of life-long use of medications for hyper-tension, variable needs of individual patients, and inconsistent designs and outcomes from clinical trials have also compounded the management.11 The different genetic architectures of indi-viduals with hypertension12,13 may determine the choice and response to treatment. Some of these antihypertensive agents are costly and not evenly accessible and distributed in LMIC.

Therefore, guidelines that work in HIC settings may not be acceptable, effective, implementable, and applicable to LMIC because of the lack of supporting resources. In addition to broad international guidelines tailored to the needs of large regions with similar socioeconomic implementation contexts, it may be crucial for every country to further adapt implemen-tation aspects and dissemination channels of key recommen-dations by engaging and empowering all relevant stakeholders thereby enhancing adherence and impact.

This review is necessitated by the need to bring hyperten-sion control to the individual’s doorstep by developing and deploying such pragmatic hypertension guidelines in these countries to significantly reduce the burden of associated car-diovascular morbidities and mortalities.

From the Department of Medicine and University College Hospital (M.O., J.Y., T.M., L.O., T.F., E.S.M., B.S.) and Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine (R.A.), University of Ibadan, Nigeria; WFNR-Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadan, Nigeria (M.O., E.U.); Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria (P.O.); Department of Medicine, CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J.J.M.); Department of Neurology (W.F., R.S., B.O.) and Department of Public Health Sciences (M.G.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (S.Y.); Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.K.); Department of Public Health, Health Service Organization, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (L.T.); Departments of Anesthesia/Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.V.O.); Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India (P.M.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (C.C., R.J.); Non Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa (A.K.); School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (A.G.T.); Cardiovascular Global Health Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (G.S.B.); Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases, UCL Institute for Global Health, London, United Kingdom (G.P.); Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.A.); Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy (P.A.M.); and Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (S.N.).

*These authors contributed equally to this work.†Control Unique to Cardiovascular Diseases in Low and Middle Income Countries.The online-only Data Supplement is available with this article at http://hyper.ahajournals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.

116.08290/-/DC1.Correspondence to Mayowa Owolabi, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital and University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail

[email protected]

Gaps in Hypertension Guidelines in Low- and Middle-Income Versus High-Income Countries

A Systematic Review

Mayowa Owolabi,* Paul Olowoyo,* J. Jaime Miranda, Rufus Akinyemi, Wuwei Feng, Joseph Yaria, Tomiwa Makanjuola, Sanni Yaya, Janusz Kaczorowski, Lehana Thabane,

Josefien Van Olmen, Prashant Mathur, Clara Chow, Andre Kengne, Raelle Saulson, Amanda G. Thrift, Rohina Joshi, Gerald S. Bloomfield, Mulugeta Gebregziabher, Gary Parker,

Charles Agyemang, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Shane Norris, Luqman Ogunjimi, Temitope Farombi, Ezinne Sylvia Melikam, Ezinne Uvere, Babatunde Salako, Bruce Ovbiagele;

for the COUNCIL Initiative†

(Hypertension. 2016;68:00-00. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08290.)© 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.

Hypertension is available at http://hyper.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08290

Brief Review

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2 Hypertension November 2016

We performed a systematic review to compare the quantity and quality of published clinical practice guidelines for hyper-tension in individual LMIC to HIC over the past decade in terms of their number, quality of evidence, socioeconomic and ethical–legal contextualization, ability to be implemented and dissemination to actively engage and empower all relevant stakeholders. Overall, we aimed to identify the gaps and to propose suitable solutions to enhance the quality and impact of hypertension guidelines in LMIC.

MethodologyUsing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines,14 a systematic review was per-formed with hypertension, high blood pressure, and guide-line as the primary search items. Secondary search items included clinical practice, implementation, translation, and prevention, whereas the tertiary search items included World Health Organization, United States, American, International, European, African, Asian, Japanese, South and Latin American, Society, Association, League and Group.

Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaThe review included guidelines published from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2015, in PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, Excerpta Medica Database, and Directory of Open Access Journals databases. Guidelines in other languages that we were unable to translate into English were excluded.

Eligible guidelines were also searched country by coun-try and region by region. For instance, the following countries categorized as low-income countries were searched online for hypertension guidelines: Cambodia, Chad, South Sudan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Comoros, Haiti, Benin, Nepal, Mali, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Afghanistan, Uganda, Rwanda, Mozambique, Togo, Guinea-Bissau, North Korea, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Guinea, Gambia, Madagascar, Niger, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Burundi, Malawi, and Somalia. Some unpublished guidelines obtained by direct contact with clinicians in some countries were also included. Duplicates were excluded.

The guidelines were characterized according to income level, evidence class, recommendation level, and number of reviews performed during the study period.

Data Extraction, Critical Appraisal, and SynthesisGoogle translate was used to translate the Brazilian hyperten-sion guideline from Portuguese to English.

To determine the quality and the developmental processes of the guidelines, 2 independent reviewers extracted infor-mation on each guideline in terms of compliance with the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) 15,16 standards for developing clinical practice guidelines that include transparency, conflicts of interest, multidisciplinary approach, systematic reviews, strength or recommendations, external review, and regular updates. Other quality indices include coverage of the cardio-vascular quadrangle17 (surveillance and research, prevention, acute care, and rehabilitation), contextualization and translat-ability, attention to socioeconomic, ethical, legal, and psycho-logical issues, and deployment through multiple dissemination

channels to all stakeholders. Stakeholders included physi-cians, nonphysician healthcare providers, primary caregivers, policy makers, payers, patients, the populace, and imple-mentation partners. Proportions of quality indices fulfilled in LMIC guidelines were compared with those in HIC.18

ResultsFifty hypertension guidelines are found Figures S1 and S2 in the online-only Data Supplement, including 20 from PubMed and 30 from Google Scholar databases. Six additional unpub-lished guidelines were obtained after consultation with col-leagues involved in hypertension control and management across the globe through the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases.19–24 No guideline was found in African Journals Online, Excerpta Medica Database, and Directory of Open Access Journals databases. After the removal of duplicates, 39 guidelines from 28 countries were left. Of these, 16 were excluded because they were not written in English and could not be translated. Only 1 was found from the 31 countries in the low-income category, whereas 9 guidelines were found from middle-income countries. The remaining 13 were from HIC. Five guidelines from the United States were excluded leaving the American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension, which is the only one officially endorsed. Eighteen guidelines were included for qualitative and quantitative syntheses.

The guidelines were characterized according to organi-zations that developed them, year of publication, number of reviews, level of evidence, clinical spectrum addressed, and adherence to IOM recommendations (Tables 1 through 3). Appraisal was also based on country of origin (Table 4; Tables S1 through S3). Many guidelines from HIC were not named after individual countries unlike those from LMIC that were specific for the individual countries. Rather, guidelines from HIC were adopted by the countries in which the associations that developed them are based.

None of the guidelines retrieved utilized the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.42 Few guidelines covered the entire spectrum of the cardiovascular quadrangle (Table 4), ethical, social, legal, psychological, and economic considerations, or elaborated plans to deploy and disseminate recommendations to all rel-evant stakeholders (Table 4; Tables S1 and S2). None of them applied translatability weighting to their recommendations (Table S2).

More of the hypertension guidelines from HIC followed the IOM recommendations. However, the South African Hypertension Guideline26 and the 2010 Chinese guideline from LMIC were developed with strict adherence to the IOM recommendations (Table 3). The 2010 Chinese guidelines8 described the treatment of hypertension in chronic kidney disease, stroke, and coronary artery disease. The recommen-dations were based on high level of evidence (randomized controlled trials), meta-analysis, and local studies.8 Guidelines from Nigeria and Mexico have not been updated because they were published (Table 1).25 Compared with the guide-lines from HIC, the spectrum of the associated clinical issues addressed and the choice of antihypertensive agents were not clearly discussed (Table 2; Table S1).

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Owolabi et al Systematic Review of Hypertension Guidelines 3

Table 1. Summary of the Hypertension Guidelines

Guideline/Title Authors Organizations Country Year Strategy IncomeNo. of

Revisions*

1. Guidelines for the management of hypertension in Nigeria

Onwubere and Kadiri25

Nigerian Hypertension Society, Enugu

Nigeria 2005 PubMed, Google Scholar

Middle 0

2. South African hypertension guidelines Seedat and Rayner26

Hypertension Guideline Working Group

South Africa

2011 PubMed, Google Scholar

Middle 5

3. Brazilian guidelines on hypertension Socieda et al27 Brazilian Society of Cardiology, Hypertension

and Nephrology

Brazil 2010 Google Scholar Middle 2

4. 2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension

Liu8 Chinese Hypertension League, CDC

China 2011 PubMed, Google Scholar

Middle 3

5. Clinical guidelines for detection, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension in Mexico

Rosas et al28 National institute of Cardiology

Mexico 2008 Google Scholar Middle 0

6. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2009)

Shimamoto et al29 Hypertension Committee for Guidelines for

the Management of Hypertension

Japan 2009 Google Scholar High 2

7. Hypertension guidelines Aronow30 American Heart Association America 2011 Google Scholar High 0

8. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

Mancia et al.31 ESH and the ESC Europe 2013 Google Scholar High 2

9. JNC 8 James et al32 Not endorsed. Previous version endorsed by NHLBI.

America 2014 PubMed, Google Scholar

High 7

10. Management of hypertension in adults: the 2013 French Society of Hypertension guidelines

Blacher et al33 French Society of Hypertension, general

practitioners

France 2013 PubMed, Google Scholar

High 0

11. 2010 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the management of hypertension

Chiang et al34

Hypertension committee of the Taiwan Society of

Cardiology

Taiwan 2010 PubMed, Google Scholar

High Not stated

12. ASH/ISH Wood35 ASH/ISH/Asia Pacific Society of Hypertension

America 2013 PubMed, Google Scholar

High Not stated

13. ACCF/AHA Aronow et al36 ACCF/AHA America 2011 PubMed,Google Scholar

High Not stated

14. CHEP Dasgupta et al37 CHS, Blood Pressure Canada, The Canadian Stroke Network, The

Canadian Society of Internal Medicine

Canada 2014 PubMed, Google Scholar

High Not stated

15. AHA/ACC/CDC Go et al38 AHA/ACC/CDC America 2013 PubMed, Google Scholar

High Not stated

16. AHA Calhoun et al.39 AHA America 2008 PubMed, Google Scholar

High Not stated

17. NICE Ritchie et al40 BHS, NICE, ESH, patients representatives

UK 2011 PubMed, Google Scholar

High 4

18. Practical guidelines for hypertension management

Rau and Nayak19 Association of Physician of India

India 2012 Unpublished Middle Not stated

19. Clinical practice guidelines Wijesisiwardene and Mohideen20

Sri Lanka Unpublished Middle Not stated

20. Guide to management of hypertension 2008.23

Not stated National Heart Foundation of Australia

Australia 2010 Unpublished High 2

21. Ethiopia standard treatment guidelines Yewondwossen Tadesse et al21

Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of

Ethiopia

Ethiopia 2014 Unpublished Low 2

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4 Hypertension November 2016

Significantly more guidelines from HICs were developed with involvement of high-quality systematic reviews of rel-evant evidence (63.5% versus 10.0%; P=0.033). Overall, the proportions of guidelines that applied IOM recommendations, underwent frequent reviews, and developed active dissemina-tion channels to engage all relevant stakeholders were higher among the HIC (Table S3).

DiscussionIt is clear from this review that there is dearth of hyperten-sion guidelines in the LMIC, particularly in low-income coun-tries where only one existed.21 The available guidelines in the middle-income countries are just limited to several countries; 4 of which were not published in peer-reviewed journals and not accessible in any of the online databases.19,20,22 This is not in accordance with the recommendation of the World Health Assembly and the World Health Organization Regional Committee for Africa that countries in the region should be encouraged to establish country-specific recommendations for the prevention and management of hypertension.5,25

There is an urgent need for this as the genomics,43 socio-economic context, and healthcare policies of these countries vary from region to region, especially on healthcare financ-ing and implementation of lifestyle modifications44,45 such as smoking cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption. However, healthy lifestyle is an essential component of any effective hypertension treatment guideline, and it is recom-mended for the entire populace.46 The process of generat-ing LMIC-specific fine-tuning of recommendations can be facilitated and fast-tracked by first generating guidelines with unique recommendations that are broadly implementable in the socioeconomic setting of LMIC.

Currently, guidelines from LMIC are not unique to LMIC setting as they were adopted from the existing HIC guidelines without due considerations about their implementability.26 They were not based on contextually relevant locally derived evidence. Indeed, as alluded to in the 2012 South African Hypertension guidelines,26 the HIC guidelines have some recommendations that LMIC may not be able to implement because of the socioeconomic context within the countries.11

Moreover, many of the LMIC guidelines did not specify the level of evidence and did not address hypertension man-agement in special situations such as chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and

stroke. The choice of medications and the target BP levels for hypertension in special situations were also not addressed.

Conversely, more HIC guidelines underwent frequent reviews, applied IOM recommendations, and developed active dissemination channels. However, guidelines from HIC also have rooms for improvement. For instance, the American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension guideline35 did not follow all the IOM recom-mendations. Even, the authors recommend that the readers should not consider the guideline as an evidence-based set of recommendations. Although, this guideline addressed the management of hypertension in people with comorbidities, the evidence for its recommendations is mostly based on the expert opinion. However, the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association hypertension guide-line36 complied with some of the IOM recommendations for the development of formal guidelines. Its focus is mainly on the management of hypertension in the elderly and so it is not comprehensive. Other guidelines that address management in the elderly include the European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology,31 National Institute for Clinical Excellence,40 and Canadian Hypertension Education Program37 hypertension guidelines.

The American Heart Association, South African Hypertension guidelines, and National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines are the only hypertension guidelines that recommend specific drugs for the management of resis-tant hypertension.40 Despite the fact that the Joint National Committee 8 strictly followed the IOM recommendations, its recommendations are not officially endorsed and are not com-prehensive.32 This is because its development was based only on randomized controlled trials, unlike the European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology guide-line that included data from meta-analysis and observational studies.31The European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology guideline that is comprehensive enough addressing detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension can be useful, where there is limitation to direct application by virtue of different health systems, standard of care, and avail-ability of antihypertensive agents, especially in the LMIC.31

For implementation of these guidelines, both in LMIC and HIC, nonpharmacological and multidisciplinary approaches to the total care of the patients were advocated.31 However, the multidisciplinary approach was limited to the physicians

22. Sudan hypertension guidelines Sulima and Aboud22

Sudan Society of Hypertension, FMoH-NCDs

Directorate

Sudan 2012 Unpublished Middle Not stated

23. 2009 Kenya guideline for hypertension management

Crouch24 Ministry of Medical Services, Ministry of Public

Health and Sanitation

Kenya 2009 Unpublished Middle Not stated

ACC indicates American College of Cardiology; ACCF/AHA, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association; ASH/ISH, American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension; BHS, British Society of Hypertension; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CHEP, Canadian Hypertension Education Program; CHS, Canadian Hypertension Society; ESH/ESC, European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology; FMoH-NCD, JNC 8, Eighth Joint National Committee; and NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

*How often each guideline has been reviewed since its first publication.

Table 1. Continued

Guideline/Title Authors Organizations Country Year Strategy IncomeNo. of

Revisions*

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Owolabi et al Systematic Review of Hypertension Guidelines 5

Table 2. Evidence Level and Spectrum of the Hypertension Guidelines

Guideline/Title Level of Evidence

Clinical Parameters Addressed

Hypertension in Special Situations Other Considerations

1. Guidelines for the management of hypertension in Nigeria

Not stated Not stated Not discussed Nil

2. South African hypertension guidelines

Adoption of ESH/ESC guidelines Weight, height, BMI, waist

circumference

DM, CKD Black, Asians, children, adolescents, HIV/AIDS

3. Brazilian guidelines on hypertension

Not stated DM, CKD, stroke …

4. 2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension

RCTs, meta-analyses, Chinese studies

Blood pressure, weight, height

CKD, stroke, coronary artery disease

5. Clinical guidelines for detection, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension in Mexico

Expert review Blood pressure, weight

Obesity, DM, dyslipidemia, smoking

Pregnancy, adolescents

6. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2009)

Systematic review Blood pressure, weight

Stroke, MI, CKD Not stated

7. Hypertension guidelines Expert medical opinion Blood pressure Coronary artery disease, CKD,

Diabetes mellitus, Heart failure.

A therapeutic target of <140/90 mm Hg in patients <80 y and a systolic blood pressure of 140–145 mm Hg if tolerated in patients aged

≥80 y is reasonable

8. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

Class 1; Level of Evidence A Systolic hypertension,

weight

Diabetic patients, elderly

Diuretics, β-blockers, CCB, ACEI, and ARB are viable options for initial hypertension therapy.

For DM, goal BP <140/85 mm Hg.

9. JNC 8 Most were based on expert opinion. Some systematic

review, RCTs, Class 1; Level of Evidence A.

Systolic and diastolic blood

pressure

CKD, DM, Nonblack, black

β-Blockers are no longer considered as an initial therapy option

10. Management of hypertension in adults: the 2013 French Society of Hypertension guidelines

Systematic review, literature analysis, meta-analysis, Consensus conferences, previous hypertension

recommendations

Blood pressure CKD, DM …

11. 2010 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the management of hypertension

RCTs, meta-analysis, epidemiological data: Taiwanese

cohort studies

Blood pressure Stroke, coronary artery disease, CKD

Not stated

12. ASH/ISH No classification or grading provided

Blood pressure DM, CKD, coronary artery disease. BP

<140/90.

Intended to be a primer with general information

13. ACCF/AHA Expert opinion, not RCTs Blood pressure … No recommendation with regards to antihypertensive agent selection

14. CHEP No classification or grading provided, RCT and systematic

review of RCT

BMI, waist circumference

Stroke, DM, CKD …

15. AHA/ACC/CDC No formal recommendation Blood pressure Stroke, CKD Specific recommendation regarding the diagnosis, evaluation or treatment of

hypertension are not provided

16. AHA No formal recommendation Blood pressure Stroke, CKD A scientific statement for the diagnosis, evaluation and management of patients with

resistant hypertension. Not a formal guideline. Consider incorporating mineralocorticoid

receptor antagonist (amiloride or spironolactone). Consider administering at

least 1 antihypertensive at bedtime.

(Continued )

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6 Hypertension November 2016

in their respective fields with little attention to the nurses, the pharmacists, and the dieticians in the guidelines from the LMIC (Table S1). Nearly all the guidelines from the HIC put this into consideration except the 2010 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the management of hypertension (Table S1). Indeed, almost all the guidelines regard management of comor-bidities as a component of hypertension treatment.

Other considerations in the development of these guide-lines such as translation, legal, and social issues were poorly addressed. In addition, there was no consideration of the psy-chological and economic situations of the targeted population. Socioeconomic situations of the targeted populace were only considered by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence and IV Brazilian hypertension guidelines, whereas only the Canadian Hypertension Education Program guidelines put the dissemination channels and hypertension surveillance into consideration (Table S2). Each guideline is expected to be updated every 3 years47 to include new evidence or treatment. Among the guidelines available for review as at the time of this publication, only the guidelines from Japan, Europe, and the United States are up-to-date.

Strengths and WeaknessesOur search strategy included all countries, and we critically appraised all available guidelines using rigorous and com-prehensive criteria. However, only the hypertension guide-lines written in or translated to the English language were included in this review. Other guidelines written in other

languages29,41,48–55 might have been missed.56 Furthermore, because we used the IOM recommendation to assess the quality of the guidelines, we did not use other similar param-eters such as the Global Rating Scale.57 The World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension guideline (2003)47 was excluded because it was not covered in the stipu-lated time frame for our review.

We did not include the World Heart Federation Global car-diovascular disease Roadmap58 in this review because it is not a guideline per se. It enumerates the challenges to hypertension control and suggests some ways to overcome them in the deliv-ery of hypertension care to the populace. However, it did not demonstrate the developmental process of the recommendations that are to be delivered and the contextualization and other perti-nent implementation issues for hypertension guidelines. If these are faulty, hypertension control will still be a Herculean task.

Conclusions and Future PlansHypertension guidelines are necessary for proper and ade-quate prevention, early detection, evaluation, treatment and control of hypertension.44,59 However, they must meet basic criteria including validity, reliability/reproducibility, clini-cal applicability, clinical flexibility, socioeconomic, and ethical–legal contextualization, clarity, multidisciplinary process, scheduled review, and rigorous dissemination plan.60 Unfortunately, none of the available guidelines meet all of these criteria. This could explain why hypertension is still difficult to control in many regions of the world, as possible

17. NICE No classification or grading provided, systematic literature

search

Blood pressure CKD, MI, stroke Thiazides are no longer recommended as first line drugs. BP target for people >80 y is 150/90 mm Hg while it is 140/90 for others.

18. Practical guidelines for hypertension management

Not stated Blood pressure, weight

CKD, heart disease, DM, elderly,

pregnancy, resistant hypertension

Not stated

19. Clinical practice guidelines Adoption of JNC 6, JNC 7, WHO/ISH, ESH/ESC

Blood pressure, weight

CKD, DM, Not stated

20. Guide to management of hypertension 2008

Literature review Blood pressure, weight, JVP

CKD, DM, stroke Not stated

21. Ethiopia standard treatment guidelines

Adoption of JNC 7 Blood pressure, BMI

CKD, DM, heart disease

Not stated

22. Sudan hypertension guidelines

Adoption of JNC7, WHO/ISH, BHS, ESH/ESC, International

society of hypertension in black guidelines for management of

hypertension

Blood pressure, weight, height

CKD, DM, heart disease, stroke,

elderly

Not stated

23. 2009 Kenya guideline for hypertension management

Adoption of JNC7 Blood pressure Not stated Aim is to reduce diastolic BP to 90 mm Hg

ACC indicates American College of Cardiology; ACCF, American College of Cardiology Foundation; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AHA, American Heart Association; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ASH/ISH, American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension; BHS, British Society of Hypertension; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blockers; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CHEP, Canadian Hypertension Education Program; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESH/ESC, European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology; JNC, Joint National Committee; JVP, jugular venous pressure; MI, myocardial infarction; NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence; RCT, randomized controlled trials; and WHO, World Health Organization.

Table 2. Continued

Guideline/Title Level of Evidence

Clinical Parameters Addressed

Hypertension in Special Situations Other Considerations

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Owolabi et al Systematic Review of Hypertension Guidelines 7

valuable channels for the dissemination and implementation of guidelines are not harnessed.

It is obvious from this review that efforts are needed to develop hypertension guideline(s) for the LMIC (Table 5). The expected guideline(s) should be broad based, flex-ible, adaptable, socioculturally acceptable, and economically attainable for better health-related outcomes in patients with hypertension. As exemplified by National Institute for Clinical

Excellence guideline, patients’ participation should be incor-porated to enhance adherence to these recommendations.

Because de novo guideline development is time consum-ing, labor intensive, and costly, any guideline that fulfills most of the criteria used for this review may be considered as a template for the development of guidelines for LMIC, while incorporating local evidence only as available. This will be a more realistic approach to avoid duplication of efforts

Table 3. Compliance With Institute of Medicine’s15,16 Standards for Developing Clinical Practice Guideline

Guideline/Title TransparencyConflicts

of InterestMultidisciplinary

ApproachSystematic

ReviewsStrengths of

RecommendationClarity of

RecommendationExternal Review Updates

1. Guidelines for the management of hypertension in Nigeria

No No No No No No No No

2. South African hypertension guidelines Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

3. Brazilian guidelines on hypertension No No No No No No No No

4. 2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

5. Clinical guidelines for detection, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension in Mexico

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

6. The Japanese Society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2009)

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

7. Hypertension guidelines41 No No No No No No No No

8. 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

9. JNC 8 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

10. Management of hypertension in adults: the 2013 French Society of Hypertension guidelines

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

11. 2010 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the management of hypertension

No No No No No No No No

12. ASH/ISH No No No No No No No No

13. ACCF/AHA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

14. CHEP No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes

15. AHA/ACC/CDC No No No No No No No No

16. AHA No No No No No No No No

17. NICE Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

18. Practical guidelines for hypertension management

No No No No No No No No

19. Clinical practice guideline No No No No No No No No

20. Guide to management of hypertension 2008

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

21. Ethiopia standard treatment guidelines

No No Yes No No No No No

22. Sudan hypertension guidelines Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

23. 2009 Kenya guideline for hypertension management

No No No No No No No No

AHA/ACC/CDC indicates American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ACCF/AHA, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association; ASH/ISH, American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension; CHEP, Canadian Hypertension Education Program; ESH/ESC, European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology; JNC, Joint National Committee; and NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

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8 Hypertension November 2016

while waiting for direct high-level evidence to accrue from the LMIC. Such guidelines should be socioculturally accept-able and cost-effective for successful implementation in the resource-poor regions of the world.

Developing and disseminating evidence-based pragmatic guidelines with concise implementable recommendations rel-evant to LMIC needs and socioeconomic context is urgently needed. With the active involvement of all stakeholders, the

recommended care and commodities could be made accept-able, accessible, available, appropriate, affordable, and effec-tive to reduce the global burden of hypertension.

Sources of FundingM. Owolabi and B. Ovbiagele are supported by U54 HG007479 and U01 NS079179 from the National Institutes of Health and the GACD (Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases). A.G. Thrift is supported by a fellowship from the National Health & Medical Research Council (1042600).

DisclosuresNone.

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America High No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

Australia High No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Brazil Middle No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Canada High Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

China Middle No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

Ethiopia Low No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

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France High No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

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Table 5. Suggested Suitable Solutions to Enhance the Quality and Impact of Hypertension Guidelines in LMIC

Collaboration among professional organizations to develop hypertension guidelines.

Involvement of patients, key opinion leaders, and policy makers in the development of hypertension guidelines.

The social, psychological, and economic situations of the region or country should be put into consideration while developing the guidelines.

Robust engagement of all stakeholders (stakeholders include physicians, nonphysician healthcare providers, primary caregivers, policy makers, payers, patients, populace, and implementation partners) during development, implementation, and evaluation.

Development of concise key active recommendations specially packaged and disseminated to all stakeholders (stakeholders include physicians, nonphysician healthcare providers, primary caregivers, policy makers, payers, patients, populace, and implementation partners).

Performance of high-quality studies in a context-specific manner in LMIC.

LMIC indicates low- and middle-income countries.

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Melikam, Ezinne Uvere, Babatunde Salako, Bruce Ovbiagele and for the COUNCIL InitiativePietro Amedeo Modesti, Shane Norris, Luqman Ogunjimi, Temitope Farombi, Ezinne Sylvia

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Countries: A Systematic ReviewGaps in Hypertension Guidelines in Low- and Middle-Income Versus High-Income

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Gaps in Hypertension Guidelines in Low- and Middle Income Versus High Income Countries: a Systematic Review

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES AND FIGURES

Running title: Systematic Review of Hypertension Guidelines

Mayowa Owolabi1,2*, Paul Olowoyo3, J. Jaime Miranda4,5, Rufus Akinyemi6, Wuwei Feng7, Joseph Yaria1, Tomiwa Makanjuola1, Sanni Yaya8, Janusz Kaczorowski9, Lehana Thabane10, Josefien Van Olmen11, Prashant Mathur12, Clara Chow13, Andre Kengne14, Raelle Saulson7, Amanda G Thrift15, Rohina Joshi16, Gerald S. Bloomfield17, Mulugeta Gebregziabher18, Gary Parker19, Charles Agyemang20, Pietro Amedeo Modesti21, Shane Norris22, Luqman Ogunjimi1, Temitope Farombi1, Ezinne Sylvia Melikam1, Ezinne Uvere2, Babatunde Salako1, Bruce Ovbiagele7 for the COUNCIL** Initiative

Table S 1: Stakeholder Populations (6Ps) Targeted by the Guidelines

*This implies packaging of key recommendations into very brief messages for targeted audiences, disseminated through user-friendly interactive channels including social media.

Countries Income level

Physicians

Non-physician health care providers

Primary Caregivers

Policy Makers

Payers

Patients Populace Implementation Partners

Dissemination channels

America High Yes Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Australia High Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Brazil Middle Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Canada High Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes China Middle Yes No No No No No Yes No No Ethiopia Low Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Europe High Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes France High Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No India Middle Yes No No No No No No No No Japan High Yes No No No No No Yes No No Kenya Middle Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Mexico Middle Yes No No No No No Yes No No Nigeria Middle Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes South Africa

Middle Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Sri-Lanka Middle Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Sudan Middle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Taiwan High Yes No No No No No No No No United Kingdom

High Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No

Table S 2 : Translatability* and Ethical, Legal, and Socio-economic (ELSE) Considerations applied by the Guidelines

Countries Income level

Translat-ability* rating 61

Ethical

Legal

Social

Psychological

Economic

Co-morbidity

Quality Indicator

Surveillance

Next Renewal Date

America High No No No No No No Yes No No 2016 Australia High No No No No No No Yes No No No Brazil Middle No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Canada High No No No No No No Yes No No No China Middle No No No No No No Yes No No No Ethiopia Low No No No No No No No No No No Europe High No No No No No No Yes No Yes 2016 France High No No No No No No Yes No No No India Middle No No No No No No Yes No No No Japan High No No No No No No Yes No No 2017 Kenya Middle No No No No No No No No No No Mexico Middle No No No No No No Yes No No No Nigeria Middle No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No South Africa Middle No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Sri-Lanka Middle No No No No No No Yes No No No Sudan Middle Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Taiwan High No No No No No No Yes No No No United Kingdom

High No No No No No Yes Yes No No No

*Translatability Scale in descending order of suitability

Ta. Interventions that are relatively low-tech, easy to implement, limited neither by personnel nor cost (e.g. increased physical activity, dietary salt reduction, healthy dietary choices, attaining and maintaining ideal body weight and proportions) Tb. Interventions limited mainly by cost/availability only (e.g. medications that can be easily administered once correctly prescribed e.g. oral antiplatelet) Tc. Interventions limited mainly by absence of expert personnel only (eg speech therapy: when the potential beneficiaries are able to afford but not access the service) Td. Interventions limited by both personnel and cost (e.g. thrombolytic therapy)

Table S 3: Quality of the guidelines in LMICs vs HICs

Income level z p-value Criteria for quality LMIC (%)

n=10 HIC (%) n=8

Socioeconomic contextualization

4(40.0%) 1(12.5%) 1.294 0.197

Application of systematic review

1(10.0%) 5(63.5%) -2.133 0.033

Frequency of issue

3(30.0%) 6(75.0%) -1.348 0.177

Application of IOM standards

3(30.0%) 5(62.5%) -1.378 0.167

Use of dissemination channels 3(30.0%) 4(50.0%) -0.864 0.389Involvement of stakeholders 8(80.0%) 6(75.0%) 0.253 0.802

Figure S 1: PRISMA Flow Chart of The Search Process For This Review Article

Records after duplicates removed

[39]

Records excluded

Non English version [16]

Records screened

[39]

Studies included in qualitative synthesis

[18]

Full-text articles assessed for eligibility

[23]

Full-text articles excluded. Five guidelines from the USA were excluded leaving the ASH/ISH which is the only one officially endorsed.

Records identified through database Searching

[50]

Additional records identified through other Sources

[6]

Studies included in quantitative synthesis

[18]

 

Identification 

Screening 

Eligibility 

Included 

Figure availabl

S 2: Regiole and acces

ons/countriessible.

es of the woorld where HHypertensioon Managemment Guidel

lines are

39

Revisión breveHiatos en los lineamientos para hipertensión en países de bajos y medianos ingresos frente a países de altos ingresos

Revisión sistemática

Mayowa Owolabi,* Paul Olowoyo,* Jaime Miranda, Rufus Akinyemi, Wuwei Feng, Joseph Yaria, Tomiwa Makanjuola, Sanni Yaya, Janusz Kaczorowski, Lehan Thabane, Josefien Van Olmen, Prashant Mathur, Clara Chow, Andre Kengne, Raelle Saulson, Amanda G.

Thrift, Rohina Joshi, Gerald S. Bloomfield, Mulugeta Gebregziabher, Gary Parker, Charles Agyemang, Pietro Amadeo Modesti, Shane Norris, Luqman Ogunjimi, Temitope Farombi,

Ezinne Sylvia Melikam, Ezinne Uvere, Babatunde Salako, Bruce Ovbiagele; por la Iniciativa COUNCIL†

La hipertensión, una causa importante de otras enfermeda-des cardiovasculares, también es una de las principales

causas de discapacidad y muerte en todo el mundo.1 Se diag-nostica hipertensión a más de 1000 millones de personas, de manera que 1 de cada 3 individuos tiene presión arterial alta en numerosos países.3 Alrededor del 90% de la carga de en-fermedad cardiovascular corresponde a los países de bajos y medianos ingresos (PBMI), que tienen solo ≈10% de la capa-cidad de investigación y los recursos de atención médica para enfrentar el flagelo.3

La hipertensión se había considerado una enfermedad de las personas opulentas del mundo.4,5 Sin embargo, ha aparecido en los PBMI, donde afectó a ≈1 de cada 5 adultos en 2013.5 Se ha proyectado que esta tasa aumentará de modo tal que, en 2025, 3 de cada 4 adultos vivirá con hipertensión en los PBMI.6,7 La concientización y los niveles de control de la hipertensión aún son bajos en los PBMI en comparación con los PAI.8 Por ejem-plo, el control de la hipertensión en los Estados Unidos es del

52% respecto del 5-10% en África.9 La principal razón de esta disparidad podría ser la falta de conocimiento sobre acceso a los lineamientos de hipertensión pasibles de implementación en los PBMI y cumplimiento de ellos .10

Más aún, el tratamiento de la hipertensión se complica por la elección, disponibilidad y accesibilidad de medicaciones apropiadas. Los aspectos culturales del uso de por vida de me-dicaciones contra la hipertensión, las necesidades variables de cada paciente, y los diseños y resultados no uniformes de los estudios clínicos también han complicado el tratamiento.11 Las diferentes arquitecturas genéticas de los individuos con hiper-tensión12,33 pueden determinar la elección del tratamiento y la respuesta a este. Algunos de estos agentes antihipertensivos son costosos, y su accesibilidad y distribución no es igualitaria en los PBMI.

Por lo tanto, los lineamientos que dan resultado en con-textos de PAI pueden no ser aceptables, eficaces, pasibles de implementación ni aplicables en los PBMI, debido a la ausen-

Departamento de Medicina y University College Hospital (M.O., J.Y., L.O., T.F., E.S.SM., B.S.) e Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine (R.A.), University of Ibadan, Nigeria; WFNR-Blossom Specialist Medical Center, Ibadam, Nigeria (M.O., E.U.); Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria (P.O.), Departamento de Medicina, CRONICAS Centro de Excelencia en Enfermedades Crónicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú (J.J.M.); Departamento de Neurología (W.F., R.S., B.O.) y Departamento de Ciencias de Salud Pública (M.G.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canadá (S.Y.); Departamento de Medicina familiar y de urgencia, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canadá (J.K.); Departamento de Salud Pública, Health Service Organization, Hamilton, Ontario, Canadá (L.T.); Departamentos de Anestesia/Pediatría, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canadá (J.V.O.); Departamento de investigación en salud, Ministerio de Salud y Bienestar familiar, Gobierno de India, Nueva Delhi, India (P.M.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (C.C., R.J.); Unidad de investigación de enfermedades no transmisibles, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Sudáfrica (A.K.); School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (A.G.T.), Salud cardiovascular global, División de Cardiología, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (G.S.B.); Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases, UCL Institute for Global Health, Londres, Reino Unido (G.P.); Departamento de Salud Pública, Academic Medical Center, Universidad de Amsterdam, Holanda (C.A.); Departamento de Medicina clínica y experimental, Universidad de Florencia, Italia (P.A.M.); y Unidad de vías de desarrollo para la investigación en salud, University of the Witwatersrand, Johanesburgo, Sudáfrica (S.N.).

*Estos autores contribuyeron por igual a este trabajo.†Control único para enfermedades cardiovasculares en países de bajos y medianos ingresos.Se puede consultar el Suplemento de datos en línea de este artículo en http;//hyper.journals.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1161/HYPER-

TENSIONAHA.116.08290/-/DCI.Correspondencia: Mayowa Owolabi, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital and University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Di-

rección de correo electrónico: [email protected](Hypertension. 2016:68:1328-1337. DOI: 10.116/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08290).© 2016 American Heart Association, Inc.

Se puede consultar Hypertension en http://hyper.ahajournals.org DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07703

40 Hypertension Diciembre 2016

cia de recursos de respaldo. Además de los lineamientos inter-nacionales generales adaptados a las necesidades de grandes regiones con contextos socioeconómicos de implementación similares, puede ser crucial para cada país adaptar aún más los aspectos de implementación y los canales de difusión de reco-mendaciones clave comprometiendo y empoderando a todas las partes interesadas, con el consiguiente aumento del cum-plimiento y la repercusión.

Esta revisión se impone por la necesidad de llevar el control de la hipertensión al umbral del individuo mediante el desa-rrollo y el despliegue de estos lineamientos para hipertensión pragmáticos en estos países a fin de reducir de manera signi-ficativa la carga de morbimortalidad cardiovascular asociada.

Llevamos a cabo una revisión sistemática para comparar la cantidad y la calidad de los lineamientos de práctica clíni-ca publicados para hipertensión en PBMI y PAI individuales durante la década pasada en términos de número, calidad de la evidencia, contextualización socioeconómica y ética-legal, posibilidad de ser implementados y difundidos para compro-meter y empoderar en forma activa a todas las partes interesa-das pertinentes. En términos generales, nuestro objetivo fue detectar hiatos y proponer soluciones adecuadas para aumentar la calidad y la repercusión de los lineamientos para hiperten-sión en los PBMI.

MetodologíaUtilizando los lineamientos sobre Ítems de informe preferidos para revisión sistemática y metaanálisis,14 se realizó una revi-sión sistemática cuyos ítems de búsqueda fueron hipertensión, presión arterial alta y lineamientos. Los ítems de búsqueda se-cundarios fueron práctica clínica, implementación, traducción y prevención, mientras que los ítems de búsqueda terciarios fueron Organización Mundial de la Salud, Estados Unidos, Americano, Internacional, Europeo, Africano, Asiático, Japo-nés, Sud- y Latinoamericano, Sociedad, Asociación, Liga y Grupo.

Criterios de inclusión y exclusiónLa revisión incluyó lineamientos publicados desde el 1.° de enero de 2005 al 31 de diciembre de 2015 en PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, Excerpta Medica Database y bases de datos del Directory of Open Access Journals. Se excluyeron los lineamientos en otros idiomas que no pudieron ser traducidos al inglés.

Asimismo, se buscaron lineamientos elegibles país por país y región por región. Por ejemplo, se buscaron lineamientos de hipertensión en línea de los siguientes países clasificados como de bajos ingresos: Camboya, Chad, Sudán del Sur, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Comoros, Haití, Benim, Nepal, Mali, Sierra Leo-na, Burkina Faso, Afganistán, Uganda, Ruanda, Mozambique, Togo, Guinea-Bissau, Corea del Norte, Etiopía, Eritrea, Gui-nea, Gambia, Madagascar, Níger, República democrática del Congo, Liberia, República Centroafricana, Burundi, Malawi y Somalia. También se incluyeron algunos lineamientos no pu-blicados obtenidos por contacto directo con médicos de algu-nos países. Se excluyeron los repetidos.

Los lineamientos se caracterizaron según nivel de ingresos,

clase de evidencia, nivel de recomendación y número de revi-siones realizadas durante el período del estudio.

Extracción de datosSe utilizó el traductor de Google para traducir los lineamientos de hipertensión brasileños del portugués al inglés.

Para determinar la calidad y los procesos de elaboración de los lineamientos, 2 revisores independientes extrajeron in-formación de cada lineamiento en términos de cumplimiento con los estándares del Institute of Medicine (IOM)15,16 para ela-boración de lineamientos de práctica clínica, que comprenden transparencia, conflictos de interés, enfoque multidisciplina-rio, revisiones sistemáticas, firmeza de las recomendaciones, revisión externa y actualizaciones regulares. Otros índices de calidad son la cobertura del cuadrángulo cardiovascular17 (vigilancia e investigación, prevención, atención aguda y re-habilitación); contextualización y posibilidad de traducción; atención a aspectos socioeconómicos, éticos, legales y psico-lógicos, y despliegue a través de múltiples canales de difusión entre todas las partes interesadas. Las partes interesadas eran médicos, prestadores de salud no médicos, cuidadores prima-rios, encargados de formular políticas, pagadores, pacientes, población y socios de implementación. Se compararon las proporciones de los índices de calidad cumplidos en los linea-mientos de los PMBI con las de los PAI.18

ResultadosEn las Figuras S1 y S2 del Suplemento de datos solo en lí-nea se presentan 50 lineamientos para hipertensión, incluidos 20 de PubMed y 30 de bases de datos de Google Scholar. Se obtuvieron otros seis lineamientos no publicados después de la consulta con colegas involucrados en el control y el tra-tamiento de la hipertensión en todo el mundo a través de la Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases (Alianza global para en-fermedades crónicas).19-24 No se halló ningún lineamiento en African Journals Online, Excerpta Medica Database ni en las bases de datos del Directory of Open Access Journals. Tras la eliminación de los repetidos, quedaron 39 lineamientos de 28 países. De estos, se excluyeron 16 porque no estaban escritos en inglés y no pudieron ser traducidos. Se halló solo 1 de los 31 países de la categoría bajos ingresos, mientras que se ha-llaron 9 lineamientos de los países de medianos ingresos. Los 13 restantes fueron de PAI. Se excluyeron cinco lineamientos de los Estados Unidos y se dejó el de la American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension, que es el único con respaldo oficial. Se incluyeron 18 lineamientos para síntesis cualitativas y cuantitativas.

Los lineamientos se caracterizaron según las organizacio-nes que los elaboraron, el año de publicación, el número de re-visiones, el nivel de evidencia, el espectro clínico considerado y el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones del IOM (Tablas 1 a 3). La evaluación también se basó en el país de origen (Tabla 4; Tablas S1 a S3). Muchos lineamientos de los PAI no fueron denominados por países individuales, a diferencia de los de los PBMI que eran específicos de países individuales. Más bien, los lineamientos de los PAI fueron adoptados por los países en los que tienen sede las asociaciones que los elaboraron.

41Owolabi et al Revisión sistemática de lineamientos para hipertensión

Lineamiento/Título Autores Organizaciones País Año Estrategia IngresosNro. de

revisiones

1. Lineamientos para el trat-amiento de la hiperten-sión en Nigeria

Onwubere y Kadiri25

Nigerian Hypertension Society, Enugu

Nigeria 2005 PubMed, Google Scholar

Medios 0

2. Lineamientos para hi-pertensión sufafricanos

Seedat y Rayner26

Hypertension Guideline Working Group

Sudáfrica 2011 PubMed, Google Scholar

Medios 5

3. Lineamientos brasileños sobre hipertensión

Socieda et al27 Sociedad Brasileña de Cardiología, Hipertensión y

Nefrología

Brasil 2010 Google Scholar Medios 2

4. Lineamientos chinos 2010 para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

Liu8 Chinese Hypertension League, CDC

China 2011 PubMed, Google Scholar

Medios 3

5. Lineamientos clínicos para la detección, la prevención, el diagnósti-co y el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en México

Rosas et al28 Instituto Nacional de Cardi-ología

México 2008 Google Scholar Altos 0

6. Lineamientos de la Japa-nese Society of Hyperten-sion para el tratamiento de la hipertensión (JSH 2009)

Shimamoto et al29 Hypertension Committee for Guidelines for the Management

of Hypertension

Japón 2009 Google Scholar Altos 2

7. Lineamientos para hipertensión

Aronow30 American Heart Association EE. UU. 2011 Google Scholar Altos 0

8. Lineamientos 2013 de la ESH/ESC para el tratam-iento de la hipertensión arterial

Mancia et al31 ESH y ESC Europa 2013 Google Scholar Altos 2

9. JNC 8 James et al32 No respaldado. Versión previa avalada por el NHLBI.

EE. UU. 2014 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos 7

10. Tratamiento de la hipertensión en adultos: lineamientos 2013 de la Sociedad Francesa de Hipertensión

Blacher et al33 Sociedad francesa de Hiperten-sión, médicos generales

Francia 2013 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos 0

11. Lineamientos 2010 de la Taiwan Society of Cardiol-ogy para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

Chiang et al34 Comité de Hipertensión de la Taiwan Society of Cardiology

Taiwán 2010 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos No declarado

12. ASH/ISH Wood35 ASH/ISH/Asia Pacific Society of Hypertension

EE. UU. 2013 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos No declarado

13. ACCF/AHA Aronow et al36 ACCF/AHA EE. UU. 2011 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos No declarado

14. CHEP Dasgupta et al37 CHS, Blood Pressure Canada, The Canadian Stroke Network, The Canadian Society of Inter-

nal Medicine

Canadá 2014 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos No declarado

15. AHA/ACC/CDC Go et al38 AHA/ACC/CDC EE. UU. 2013 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos No declarado

16. AHA Calhoun et al39 AHA EE. UU. 2008 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos No declarado

17. NICE Ritchie et al40 BHS, NICE, ESH, represent-antes de pacientes

RU 2011 PubMed, Google Scholar

Altos 4

18. Lineamientos prácticos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

Rau y Nayak19 Association of Physician of India India 2012 No publicados Medios No declarado

19. Lineamientos de práctica clínica

Wijesisiwardene y Mohideen20

Sri Lanka No publicados Medios No declarado

20. Guía 2008 para el tratam-iento de la hipertensión23

No declarados National Heart Foundation of Australia

Australia 2010 No publicada Altos 2

21. Lineamientos de Etiopía para el tratamiento estándar

Yewondwossen Tadesse et al21

Food, Medicine and Health-care Administration y Control

Authority of Ethiopia

Etiopía 2014 No publicados Bajos 2

Tabla 1. Resumen de los lineamientos de hipertensión

(Continúa)

42 Hypertension Diciembre 2016

Ninguno de los lineamientos recuperados utilizó el siste-ma Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (Clasificación de la valoración, desarrollo y evaluación de las recomendaciones).42 Pocos lineamientos cu-brieron todo el espectro del cuadrángulo cardiovascular (Ta-bla 4); consideraciones éticas, sociales, legales, psicológicas y económicas; o elaboraron planes para desplegar y difundir las recomendaciones entre todas las partes interesadas pertinentes (Tabla 4; Tablas S1 y S2). Ninguno de ellos aplicó a sus reco-mendaciones la ponderación de la traducibilidad (Tabla S2).

Más lineamientos de hipertensión de los PAI siguieron las recomendaciones del IOM. Sin embargo, los Lineamientos de hipertensión sudafricanos26 y los lineamientos chinos de 2010 de PBMI se elaboraron con estricto cumplimiento de las re-comendaciones del IOM (Tabla 3). Los lineamientos chinos de 20108 describieron el tratamiento de la hipertensión en la enfermedad renal crónica, el accidente cerebrovascular y la arteriopatía coronaria. Las recomendaciones se basaron en evidencia de alto nivel (estudios aleatorizados controlados), metaanálisis y estudios locales.8 Los lineamientos de Nigeria y México no se han actualizado porque fueron publicados (Tabla 1).25 En comparación con los lineamientos de los PAI, el espec-tro de problemas clínicos asociados considerados y la elección de agentes antihipertensivos no se analizaron con claridad (Ta-bla 2; Tabla S1).

La cantidad de lineamientos de los PAI que se elaboraron con participación de revisiones sistemáticas de la eviden-cia pertinente fue significativamente mayor (63,5% frente a 10,0%; P = 0,033). En términos generales, las proporciones de lineamientos que aplicaron las recomendaciones del IOM, fue-ron sometidos a revisiones frecuentes y desarrollaron canales de difusión activos para involucrar a todas las partes interesa-das relevantes fueron más altas en los PAI (Tabla S3).

DiscusiónA partir de esta revisión, es evidente que hay escasos linea-mientos para hipertensión en los PBMI, particularmente en países de bajos ingresos donde solo existía uno.21 Los linea-mientos disponibles en los países de medianos ingresos solo se limitan a varios países, 4 de los cuales no fueron publicados en revistas con revisión externa por expertos ni se puede acceder a ellos en ninguna de las bases de datos en línea.19,20,22 Esto no se ajusta a la recomendación de la Asamblea Mundial de la

Salud ni del Comité Regional para África de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de que los países deben ser alentados a establecer recomendaciones específicas del país para la pre-vención y el tratamiento de la hipertensión.5,25

Existe una necesidad urgente de que esto sea así, dado que la genómica,42 el contexto socioeconómico y las políticas sani-tarias de estos países varían entre las distintas regiones, en es-pecial respecto del financiamiento de la atención sanitaria y la implementación de modificaciones del estilo de vida44,45, como abandono del tabaquismo y reducción del consumo de alcohol. Sin embargo, un estilo de vida saludable es un componente esencial de cualquier lineamiento para el tratamiento de la hi-pertensión eficaz, y se lo recomienda para toda la población.46 El proceso de generar recomendaciones ajustadas, específicas de los PBMI puede ser facilitado y agilizado generando prime-ro lineamientos con recomendaciones únicas que pueden ser implementadas ampliamente en el contexto socioeconómico de los PBMI.

En la actualidad, los lineamientos de los PBMI no son priva-tivos del contexto de estos países, dado que fueron adoptados a partir de lineamientos existentes en los PAI sin las debidas consideraciones respecto de la posibilidad de implementación. No se basaron en evidencia obtenida localmente relevante para el contexto. De hecho, como se menciona en los Lineamien-tos para Hipertensión Sudafricanos de 2012,26 los lineamientos de los PAI tienen algunas recomendaciones que quizá no sea posible implementar en los PBMI debido al contexto socioeco-nómico de estos países.11

Además, muchos de los lineamientos de los PBMI no espe-cificaron el nivel de evidencia ni consideraron el tratamiento de la hipertensión en situaciones especiales, como enfermedad renal crónica, enfermedad coronaria, insuficiencia cardíaca, diabetes mellitus y accidente cerebrovascular. Tampoco se consideró la elección de medicaciones ni los niveles diana de PA en caso de hipertensión en situaciones especiales.

Por el contrario, más lineamientos de los PAI fueron some-tidos a revisiones frecuentes, aplicaron las recomendaciones del IOM y desarrollaron canales de difusión activos. De todos modos, también hay cabida para mejorar los lineamientos de los PAI. Por ejemplo, los lineamientos de la American Socie-ty of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension35 no siguieron todas las recomendaciones del IOM. Incluso, los autores recomiendan que los lectores no consideren los linea-

Lineamiento/Título Autores Organizaciones País Año Estrategia IngresosNro. de

revisiones

22. Lineamientos de Sudán para la hipertensión

Sulima y Aboud22 Sudan Society of Hypertension, FMoH-NCDs Directorate

Sudán 2012 No publicada Medios No declarado

23. Lineamientos 2009 de Kenia para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

Crouch24 Ministerio de Servicios Médicos, Ministerio de Salud Pública y

Saneamiento

Kenia 2009 No publicada Medios No declarado

Tabla 1. Continuación

ACC indica American College of Cardiology; ACCF/AHA, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association; ASH/ISA, American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension; BHS, British Society of Hypertension; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CHEP, Canadian Hyper-tension Education Program; CHS, Canadian Hypertension Society; ESH/ESC, European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology; FMoH-NCD, JNC 8, Eighth Joint National Committee; y NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

*Frecuencia de revisión de cada lineamiento desde su publicación inicial.

43Owolabi et al Revisión sistemática de lineamientos para hipertensión

Lineamiento/Título Nivel de evidencia

Parámetros clínicos consid-

eradosHipertensión en situa-

ciones especiales Otras consideraciones

1. Lineamientos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión en Nigeria

No declarado No declarados No analizado Ninguna

2. Lineamientos para hipertensión sudafricanos

Adopción de los lineamientos de la ESH/ESC

Peso, talla, IMC, circunferencia

de cintura

DM, ERC …

3. Lineamientos brasileños sobre hipertensión

No declarado DM, ERC, accidente cerebrovascular

4. Lineamientos chinos 2010 para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

EAC, metaanálisis, estudios chinos

Presión arterial, peso, talla

ERC, accidente cerebrovascular, arte-

riopatía coronaria

5. Lineamientos clínicos para la detección, la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en México

Revisión por expertos Presión arterial, peso

Obesidad, DM, dislipi-demia, tabaquismo

Embarazo, adolescentes

6. Lineamientos de la Japanese Society of Hypertension para el tratamiento de la hipertensión (JSH 2009)

Revisión sistemática Presión arterial, peso

Accidente cerebrovas-cular, IM, ERC

No declaradas

7. Lineamientos para la hipertensión Opinión médica de expertos Presión arterial Arteriopatía coronaria, ERC, diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia cardíaca

Es razonable una diana terapéutica de <140/90 mm Hg en pacientes <80 años y presión arterial sistólica de 140-145 mm Hg si es tolrada en pacientes ≥80

años8. Lineamientos 2013 de la ESH/

ESC para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial

Clase 1; Nivel de evidencia A Hipertensión sistólica, peso

Pacientes diabéticos, ancianos

Los diuréticos, los β-bloqueantes, los BCC, los IECA y los BRA son opciones viables para el tratamiento inicial de la

hipertensión. En la DM, el objetivo de PA es <140/85 mm Hg.

9. JNC 8 La mayoría basados en opin-iones de expertos. Algunas revisiones sistemásticas,

EAC, clase 1; Nivel de evidencia A

Presión arterial sistólica y di-

astólica

ERC, DM, sujetos de raza no negra, de raza

negra

Los β-bloqueantes ya no se consideran una opción terapéutica inicial

10. Tratamiento de la hipertensión en adultos: lineamientos 2013 de la Sociedad Francesa de Hiperten-sión

Revisión sistemática, análisis de la bibliografía, metaanáli-sis. Conferencias de consen-so, recomendaciones previas

sobre hipertensión

Presión arterial ERC, DM …

11. Lineamientos 2010 de la Taiwan Society of Cardiology para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

EAC, metaanálisis, datos epidemiológicos: estudios de

cohortes taiwaneses

Presión arterial Accidente cerebro-vascular, arteriopatía

coronaria, ERC

No declaradas

12. ASH/ISH No se efectúa ninguna clasifi-cación ni graduación

Presión arterial DM, ERC, arteriopatía coronaria, PA <140/90

Destinado a ser un cebador con infor-mación general

13. ACCF/AHA Opinión de expertos, no EAC Presión arterial … Ninguna recomendación respecto de la selección de agentes antihipertensivos

14. CHEP No se efectúa ninguna clasi-ficación ni graduación, EAC y revisión sistemática de EAC

IMC, circunfer-encia de cintura

Accidente cerebrovas-cular, DM, ERC

15. AHA/ACC/CDC Ninguna recomendación formal

Presión arterial Accidente cerebrovas-cular, ERC

No se realiza ninguna recomendación específica respecto del diagnóstico, la evaluación o el tratamiento de la

hipertensión16. AHA Ninguna recomendación

formalPresión arterial Accidente cerebrovas-

cular, ERCDeclaración científica para el diagnósti-

co, la evaluación y el tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión resistente.

No es un lineamiento formal. Considera incorporar antagonista del receptor de mineralocorticoides (amilorida o

espironolactona). Considera administs-rar por lo menos 1 antihipertensivo al

acostarse.

Tabla 2. Nivel de evidencia y espectro de los lineamientos para hipertensión

(Continúa)

44 Hypertension Diciembre 2016

mientos como un conjunto de recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia. Si bien estos lineamientos encararon el tratamiento de la hipertensión en personas con enfermedades concomi-tantes, la evidencia para sus recomendaciones se basa, en su mayor parte, en la opinión de expertos. En cambio, los linea-mientos de hipertensión del American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association36 cumplieron con algunas de las recomendaciones del IOM para la elaboración de lineamientos formales. Su foco principal es el tratamiento de la hipertensión en los ancianos, de manera que no son tan completos. Otros lineamientos que analizan el tratamiento en los ancianos son los lineamientos para hipertensión de la Eu-ropean Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardio-logy,31 National Institute for Clinical Excellence40 y Canadian Hypertension Education Program.37

Los lineamientos de la American Heart Association, los Li-neamientos para Hipertensión sudafricanos y los lineamientos del National Institute for Clinical Excellence son los únicos que recomiendan fármacos específicos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión resistente.40 Pese al hecho de que el Joint Na-tional Committee 8 siguió estrictamente las recomendaciones del IOM, sus recomendaciones no tienen respaldo oficial y no son completas.32 Esto se debe a que su elaboración se basó solo en estudios aleatorizados controlados, a diferencia de los li-neamientos de la Euroepan Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology que incluyeron datos de metaanálisis y estudios observacionales.31 Los lineamientos de la Euroe-pan Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology que son lo bastante completos para considerar la detección,

la evaluación y el tratamiento de la hipertensión pueden ser útiles donde hay limitaciones para la aplicación directa en vir-tud de diferentes sistemas de salud, tratamiento de referencia y disponibilidad de agentes antihipertensivos, sobre todo en los PBMI.31

Para la implementación de estos lineamientos, tanto en PBMI como en PAI, se propugnaron enfoques no farmacoló-gicos y multidisciplinarios para la atención total de los pacien-tes.31 Sin embargo, el enfoque multidisciplinario se limitó a los médicos de sus respectivos campos, con escasa atención a enfermeros, farmacéuticos y dietistas en los lineamientos de los PBMI (Tabla S1). Casi todos los lineamientos de los PAI consideran esto, excepto los Lineamientos 2010 de la Taiwan Society of Cardiology para el tratamiento de la hipertensión (Tabla S1). De hecho, casi todos los lineamientos consideran el manejo de las enfermedades concomitantes como un com-ponente del tratamiento de la hipertensión.

Otras consideraciones en la elaboración de estos linea-mientos, como traducciones, aspectos legales y sociales, fue-ron escasamente tenidas en cuenta. Además, no se analizaron las situaciones psicológicas ni económicas de las poblaciones destinatarias. Solo los lineamientos del National Institute for Clinical Excellence y los lineamientos para hipertensión bra-sileños IV consideraron las situaciones socioeconómicas de la población destinataria, mientras que solo los lineamientos del Canadian Hypertension Education Program tuvieron en cuenta los canales de difusión y la vigilancia de la hipertensión (Ta-bla S2). Se prevé que cada lineamiento sea actualizado cada 3 años47 para incluir nueva evidencia o tratamiento. Entre los

Lineamiento/Título Nivel de evidencia

Parámetros clínicos consid-

eradosHipertensión en situa-

ciones especiales Otras consideraciones

17. NICE No se efectúa ninguna recomendación ni gradu-

ación, búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática

Presión arterial ERC, IM, accidente cerebrovascular

Ya no se recomiendan tiazidas como fármacos de primera línea. La diana de PA en personas >80 años es de 150/90,

mientras que es de 140/90 para las demás.

18. Lineamientos prácticos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

No declarado Presión arterial, peso

ERC, cardiopatía, DM, ancianos, embarazo,

hipertensión resistente

No declaradas

19. Lineamientos de práctica clínica Adopción de JNC 6, JNC 7, OMS/ISH, ESH/ESC

Presión arterial, peso

ERC, DM No declaradas

20. Guía 2008 para el tratamiento de la hipertensión23

Revisión bibligráfica Presión arterial, peso, PVY

ERC, DM, accidente cerevrovascular

No declaradas

21. Lineamientos de Etiopía para el tratamiento estándar

Adopción de JNC 7 Presión arterial, IMC

No declarado No declaradas

22. Lineamientos de Sudán para la hipertensión

Adopción de JNC 7. OMS/ISH, BHS, ESH/ESC, International society of hypertension in

black guidelines for manage-ment of hypertension

Presión arterial, peso, talla

ERC, DM, cardiopatía, accidente cerebrovas-

cular, ancianos

No declaradas

23. Lineamientos 2009 de Kenia para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

Adopción de JNC 7 Presión arterial No declarado El objetivo es reducir la PA diastólica a 90 mm Hg

Tabla 2. Continuación

ACC indica American College of Cardiology; ACCF/AHA, American College of Cardiology Foundation; IECA, inhibidor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina; AHA, American Heart Association; BRA, bloqueantes del receptor de angiotensina; ASH/ISA, American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension; BHS, British Society of Hypertension; IMC, índice de masa corporal; PA, presión arterial; BCC, bloqueantes de los canales de calcio; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CHEP, Canadian Hypertension Education Program; ERC, enfermedad renal crónica; DM, diabetes mellitus; ESH/ESC, European Society of Hyper-tension/European Society of Cardiology; JNC, Joint National Committee; PVY, presión venosa yugular; IM, infarto de miocardio; NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence; EAC, estudios aleatorizados controlados; y OMS, Organización Mundial de la Salud.

45Owolabi et al Revisión sistemática de lineamientos para hipertensión

lineamientos disponibles para revisión en el momento de esta publicación, solo los de Japón, Europa y Estados Unidos están actualizados.

Puntos fuertes y débilesNuestra estrategia de búsqueda incluyó todos los países, y eva-luamos de manera crítica todos los lineamientos disponibles mediante criterios rigurosos y exhaustivos. Sin embargo, esta revisión solo incluyó los lineamientos de hipertensión escri-tos en inglés o traducidos al inglés. Se podrían haber omitido

otros lineamientos escritos en otros idiomas29,41,48-55.56 Más aún, como utilizamos las recomendaciones del IOM para valorar la calidad de los lineamientos, no usamos otros parámetros si-milares, como la Global Rating Scale (Escala de clasificación global).57 Se excluyeron los lineamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud/International Society of Hypertension (2003)47 porque no fueron cubiertos en el marco de tiempo es-tipulado para nuestra revisión.

En esta revisión, no incluimos la World Heart Federation Global cardiovascular disease Roadmap (Hoja de ruta global

Lineamiento/TítuloTranspar-

enciaConflictos de interés

Enfoque multidisci-

plinario

Revisiones sistemáti-

cas

Puntos fuertes de las

recomen-dación

Claridad de la

recomen-dación

Revisión externa

Actualiza-ciones

1. Lineamientos para el tratamiento de la hipertensión en Nigeria

No No No No No No No No

2. Lineamientos de hipertensión sufafri-canos

Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

3. Lineamientos brasileños sobre hipertensión

No No No No No No No No

4. Lineamientos chinos 2010 para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

5. Lineamientos clínicos para la detección, la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en México

Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

6. Lineamientos de la Japanese Society of Hypertension para el tratamiento de la hipertensión (JSH 2009)

Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

7. Lineamientos para la hipertensión41 No No No No No No No No8. Lineamientos 2013 de la ESH/ESC para

el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterialSí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

9. JNC 8 Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí10. Tratamiento de la hipertensión en adul-

tos: lineamientos 2013 de la Sociedad Francesa de Hipertensión

Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

11. Lineamientos 2010 de la Taiwan Socie-ty of Cardiology para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

No No No No No No No No

12. ASH/ISH No No No No No No No No13. ACCF/AHA Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí14. CHEP No No No Sí Sí Sí No Sí15. AHA/ACC/CDC No No No No No No No No16. AHA No No No No No No No No17. NICE Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí18. Lineamientos prácticos para el tratami-

ento de la hipertensiónNo No No No No No No No

19. Lineamientos de práctica clínica No No No No No No No No20. Guía 2008 para el tratamiento de la

hipertensión23Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

21. Lineamientos de Etiopía para el tratam-iento estándar

No No Sí No No No No No

22. Lineamientos de Sudán para la hipertensión

Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí No

23. Lineamientos 2009 de Kenia para el tratamiento de la hipertensión

No No No No No No No No

Tabla 3. Cumplimiento de los estándares del Institute of Medicine para la elaboración de lineamientos para la práctica clínica

AHA/ACC/CDC indica American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ACCF/AHA, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association; ASH/ISA, American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension; CHEP, Canadian Hyperten-sion Education Program; ESH/ESC, European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology; JNC, Joint National Committee; y NICE, National Institute for Clinical Excellence.

46 Hypertension Diciembre 2016

de enfermedad cardiovascular de la World Heart Federation)58 porque no son lineamientos per se. Enumera las dificultades para el control de la hipertensión y sugiere algunas maneras de superarlas al asistir a la población hipertensa. Sin embargo, no demuestra el proceso de elaboración de las recomendaciones que se deben efectuar ni la contextualización ni otros aspectos de implementación pertinentes de los lineamientos para hiper-tensión. Si estos son defectuosos, el control de la hipertensión será aún una tarea hercúlea.

Conclusiones y planes futurosLos lineamientos sobre hipertensión son necesarios para la prevención, la detección temprana, la evaluación, el tratamien-to y el control de la hipertensión correctos y adecuados.44,59 Sin embargo, deben cumplir con criterios básicos que incluyen va-lidez, fiabilidad/reproducibilidad, aplicabilidad clínica, flexibi-lidad clínica, contextualización socioeconómica y ético-legal, claridad, proceso multidisciplinario y plan de difusión riguro-so.60 Lamentablemente, ninguno de los lineamientos existentes cumple con todos estos criterios. Esto podría explicar por qué la hipertensión todavía es difícil de controlar en muchas regio-nes del mundo, dado que no se aprovechan posibles canales valiosos para la difusión y la implementación.

Esta revisión pone en evidencia que se requieren esfuer-zos para elaborar lineamientos para hipertensión destinados a los PBMI (Tabla 5). Los lineamientos previstos deben ser am-plios, flexibles, adaptables, aceptables desde el punto de vis-ta sociocultural y económicamente alcanzables para obtener mejores resultados relacionados con la salud en pacientes con hipertensión. Como ejemplifican los lineamientos del National Institute for Clinical Excellence, se debe incorporar la partici-pación de los pacientes para mejorar el cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones.

Como la elaboración de novo de lineamientos insume tiem-po, es trabajosa y costosa, cualquier lineamiento que cumpla con la mayoría de los criterios usados para esta revisión se puede considerar un modelo para el desarrollo de lineamientos para los PBMI, que incorporen a la vez evidencia local solo si se dispone de ella. Esto resultará un enfoque más realista para evitar la duplicación de esfuerzos mientras se aguarda

Tabla 4. Componentes del cuadrángulo cardiovascular considerados

Tabla 5. Soluciones adecuadas sugeridas para mejorar la calidad y la repercusión de los lineamientos para hipertensión en los PBMI

Solo Europa, Nigeria y Sudán consideraron la vigilancia epidemiológica y la agenda de investigación (uno de los pilares del cuadrángulo).

PaísesNivel de ingresos

Prevención primordial

Prehiperten-sión

Tratamiento específico de

edad Nutrición Ejercicio

Atención aguda/Emer-

genciasAtención

convencionalRehabilitac-

ión

Estados Unidos Alto No No Sí Sí Sí No Sí No

Australia Alto No Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí No

Brasil Medio No Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí No

Canadá Alto Sí No Sí Sí Sí No Sí No

China Medio No No Sí Sí Sí No Sí No

Etiopía Bajo No Sí No Sí Sí Sí Sí No

Europa Alto No Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí No

Francia Alto No Sí Sí Sí Sí No Sí No

India Medio No No Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí No

Japón Alto No No No Sí Sí No Sí No

Kenia Medio No No No Sí Sí Sí Sí No

México Medio No No No Sí Sí No Sí No

Nigeria Medio Sí No No Sí Sí No Sí No

Sudáfrica Medio Sí No Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

Sri Lanka Medio No Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí No

Sudán Medio No Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí Sí

Taiwán Alto No No Sí Sí Sí No Sí No

Reino Unido Alto Sí No Sí Sí Sí No Sí No

Colaboración entre organizaciones de profesionales a fin de elaborar linea-mientos para hipertensión.

Participación de los pacientes, los líderes de opinión clave y los encargados de formular políticas en la elaboración de los lineamientos para hiperten-sión.

Al elaborar los lineamientos, se deben considerar las situaciones sociales, psicológicas y económicas de la región o el país.

Compromiso enérgico de todas las partes interesadas (médicos, presta-dores de salud no médicos, cuidadores primarios, encargados de formular políticas, pagadores, pacientes, población y socios de implementación) durante la elaboración, la implementación y la evaluación.

Elaboración de recomendaciones activas clave, concisas, especialmente empaquetadas y difundidas entre todas las partes interesadas (médicos, prestadores de salud no médicos, cuidadores primarios, encargados de formular políticas, pagadores, pacientes, población y socios de implement-ación).

Realización de estudios de alta calidad de una manera específica de contxto en los PBMI.

PBMI indica países de bajos y medianos ingresos.

47Owolabi et al Revisión sistemática de lineamientos para hipertensión

que se acumule evidencia de alto nivel de los PBMI. Estos lineamientos serán socioculturalmente aceptables y rentables para la implementación exitosa en las regiones del mundo con escasos recursos.

Se requiere con urgencia elaborar y difundir lineamientos pragmáticos basados en la evidencia con recomendaciones concisas pasibles de implementación relevantes para las ne-cesidades y el contexto socioeconómico de los PBMI. Con la participación activa de las partes interesadas, la atención y los productos recomendados se podrían tornar aceptables, accesi-bles, disponibles, apropiados, asequibles y eficaces para redu-cir la carga global de hipertensión.

Fuentes de financiamientoM. Owolabi y B. Ovbiagele son subvencionados por U54 HG007479 y U01 NS079179 de los National Institutes of Health y la GACD (Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases). A.G. Thrift es subvencionado por una beca del National Health & Medical Research Council (1042600).

Declaración de conflictos de interésNinguno.

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