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Gender Differences in Paid and Unpaid WorkChristina KevinsRecruit AnalystCentre for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics,Statistics Canada
December 6, 2018
• Theoretically, both paid work and unpaid work are fundamental to the (re)production of capitalist societies on a daily and intergenerational basis.
• Waged labour Crucial input to production, and generates the money necessary for families to purchase the means of subsistence (food, clothing, shelter, etc.)
• Domestic labour Childbearing and childrearing, cooking, cleaning, doing laundry, etc. produce and sustain the current generation of workers, as well as and the next one.
Paid work and unpaid work are two sides of the same coin: “Social reproduction”
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• More women and men in Canada are balancing the often competing demands of the workplace and the home:• Since the mid-1970s, the proportion of
dual-earner families has increased by about 20 percentage points – In 2017, this was the most common family type (58.8%)
• The proportion of lone-parent families has nearly doubled (from 8.4% to 14.2%)
• The proportion of couple families in which the wife/female partner is the sole earner has also grown
Paid and unpaid work are two sides of the same coin: The work-family interface
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Paid and unpaid work are two sides of the same coin: Time use
Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey on Time Use, 2015, table no. 45-10-0014-01
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, table no. 14-10-0018-01
Women’s labour force participation rose significantly in the post-WWII period, while men’s declined slightly
Women are more likely than men to work part time (26% vs. 13%).
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, table no. 14-10-0031-01 and 14-10-0029-01
Most women are concentrated in traditionally-female occupations.
Administrative and regulatory
occupations
Retail sales supervisors
Occupations in food and beverage service
Secondary and elementary
school teachers and educational counsellors
Assisting occupations in support of health services
Office administrative
assistantsFood counter attendants,
kitchen helpers and related support occupations
General office
workers Finance,
insurance and related
administrative support workers
CleanersNursing
Customer and information
services representatives
Home care providers and educational
support workers
Cashiers
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, custom tabulations
Top 20 occupations for women in 2017
In the past 20 years, the overall gender wage gap has improved slightly
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey, table no. 14-10-0064-01 and custom tabulations
Average hourly wages of employed women, aged 15 years and older, as a proportion of men’s, Canada
When multitasking is considered, women have a greater total work burden than men
Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 2010 and 2015, custom tabulations
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Women spent less time on housework in 2015 than they did in 1986, while men spent more time on housework
Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 2015.
Women tend to do housework tasks that are routine and repetitive.
Sources: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 2015, custom tabulations
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Both mothers and fathers spent more time caring for children in 2015 than in 1986
Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 2010 and 2015
THANK YOU!
For more information, please visit:
The Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics Hub,www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/topics-start/gender_diversity_and_inclusion
Women in Canada: A Gender-based Statistical Report• “Women and paid work” • “Time use: Total work burden, unpaid work, and leisure”
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