Globalization Newsletter 2006

In August 2005, the RockefellerArchive Center (RAC) and theSmithsonian Institution Archives

(SIA) launched a three-year collaborative project to develop and implement the methods and technologies necessary for preserv-ing information archived in electronicform. Rather than being concernedonly with present holdings, the RACand SIA are pro-actively evaluatingconcerns about materials that will bedeposited during the next quartercentury or so. As archives and their

depositors face space limitations, risingcosts, and governmental regulations,business practices will dictate thatmaterials, particularly those “born digital,” be archived in their nativeforms. Developing cost-effective long-term preservation methods forelectronic information is critical inorder for archives to serve futureresearchers examining 21st-centurysubjects.

Conversations between Darwin H. Stapleton, RAC Executive Director,

Grant-in-Aid Programfor 2007

The Rockefeller ArchiveCenter’s annual Grant-in-AidProgram offers support toscholars in any discipline whoare engaged in research thatrequires extensive use of thearchival collections housed at the Center. Twenty-ninescholars from around the worldreceived funding from this program in 2006; for the list ofcurrent grantees, see page 15.

Scholars from within theUnited States and Canada may apply for grants of up to$3,000; because of the addition-al cost of travel, scholars fromother nations may request upto $4,000. Applications for this competitive program mustinclude a budget that detailsestimated expenses for travel,temporary lodging, meals, andresearch. Applications must be postmarked or sent via e-mail by November 15th eachyear, and the grant recipientswill be announced at the end of March.

Inquiries about the Center’sgrant programs and requestsfor applications should beaddressed to Darwin H.Stapleton, Executive Director,Rockefeller Archive Center, 15Dayton Avenue, Sleepy Hollow,New York 10591-1598;fax (914) 631-6017; [email protected]. Thegrant application and guides tothe Center’s collections areaccessible from the Center’shome page athttp://archive.rockefeller.edu/.See page 14 for additionalresearch support programs.

RRoocckkeeffeelllleerrAArrcchhiivveeCCeenntteerrNewsletter

Spring 2006

Rockefeller Archive Center and Smithsonian Institution ArchivesCollaborate on Electronic Records Project

Analysts at the Center for International Studies at MIT review printouts from an analog computer simulation of the workings of various economic variables in an underdeveloped country in 1958. This image shows “only about a quarter of the computer,” according to the caption in the RockefellerFoundation annual report. The RF provided $38,680 to support this work, led by Edward P. Holland,in addition to $98,400 in 1957 for a three-year project by the MIT Computation Center to explore“the potential use of high-speed computing equipment in the solution of theoretical and applied problems in the social sciences.”

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The Rockefeller Archive Center,a division of The RockefellerUniversity, was established in 1974 to preserve and make available to researchers the records of the University, the RockefellerFoundation, the RockefellerBrothers Fund, members of theRockefeller family, and other individuals and institutions associated with their endeavors.Since 1986, the Center hasreceived the records of severalnon-Rockefeller philanthropies.

Scholars planning to conductresearch at the Center shouldwrite to the Center’s director,describing their project in specificterms. An archivist will respondwith a description of the scope andcontents of relevant materials.

The Archive Center is located 25 miles north of New York City inPocantico Hills near Sleepy Hollow,New York. An information packetfor researchers, containing a mapand listing local lodging accommo-dations, is available upon request.Information about the Center’s holdings and programs is availableonline athttp://archive.rockefeller.edu/

Globalization is a term recentlyin vogue, yet it is old as anhistorical process. In the

collections of the Rockefeller ArchiveCenter it can be seen emerging bythe last quarter of the 19th centuryas John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oilbusiness expanded beyond theUnited States. Early in the 20th century one can observe elementsof globalization through the recordsof the International Health Board(1913-1928), which carried outwidespread disease-control projects.In the latter 20th century the currents of globalization are apparentin the archives of the RockefellerBrothers Fund, particularly files of theFund’s “One World” program (1983-1998), which was aimed primarily atpromoting sustainable resource useand international security.

The Center has recognized the significance of globalization in its collections by sponsoring two recentconferences on that topic:“Philanthropic Foundations and theGlobalization of Scientific Medicineand Public Health,” and “Globalization,Philanthropy and Civil Society:Towarda New Political Culture in the 21stCentury.” The proceedings from thelatter meeting, edited by Soma Hewaand Darwin Stapleton, were publishedby Springer in 2005; proceedings ofthe former conference are in progress.

Important roots of modern globalization are documented at theRockefeller Archive Center. Researchersshould be aware of this aspect of theCenter’s collections that provides perspectives on current issues forhumankind.Darwin H. Stapleton, Executive Director

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Darwin H. StapletonExecutive Director

Newsletter Editors:Erwin LevoldKen Rose

Some Roots of Globalization

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This year marks the centennialof the birth of John DavisonRockefeller 3rd (March 21,

1906-July 10, 1978), the eldest sonof John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and AbbyAldrich Rockefeller. Sometimescalled “the quiet Rockefeller,” he wasan important philanthropist and

played significant roles in founding the Population Council and LincolnCenter ; in promoting better understanding of Asia; in promoting a greater awareness and understandingof the role of philanthropy in society;and as a collector of Asian andAmerican art.

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John D. Rockefeller 3rd (center, with overcoat over his arm) visiting the sorghum fields at theRockefeller Foundation agricultural experiment station in Chapingo, Mexico, on September 28, 1946.Rockefeller was a trustee (1931-1971) and chairman of the board of trustees of the RF (1952-1971).

John D. Rockefeller 3rd Centennial

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and Edie Hedlin, former director of the Smithsonian Institution Archivesand a past president of the Societyof American Archivists, initiated theCollaborative Electronic RecordsProject (CERP). During her tenureat the Smithsonian, Hedlin champi-oned that institution’s program tomanage and preserve its electronicrecords. She continues to share herknowledge and guidance as one ofthree project consultants. The othertwo advisors are Charles Dollar,recognized worldwide as a pioneerand expert in the electronic recordsmanagement field, and GregoryHunter, Certified Records Manager,Certified Archivist, and professor inthe Palmer School of Library andInformation Science at Long IslandUniversity. In his previous position atthe National Archives and RecordsAdministration (NARA), Dollar leddigital technology research projects.Hunter is Principal Archivist andRecords Manager for the LockheedMartin team currently working onNARA’s Electronic Records Archives.Smithsonian Information TechnologyArchivist, Riccardo Ferrante, managesthe Collaborative Electronic RecordsProject in addition to his duties managing the Smithsonian’s ElectronicRecords Program. His experience insoftware development, data standarddevelopment, product development,and project management furtherstrengthens the leadership base forthis challenging project.

The CERP collaboration presentsan exciting opportunity for the twoinstitutions to compare and contrastthe methods and technologies thattheir depositors use to generate andretain electronic records. The RACand SIA are parallel repositories inthat both collect information witheducational, scientific, and cultural

Subsequently, Phase Two willaddress the results of the detailedanalyses, incorporating findings into a draft of technical guidelines fortransferring electronic informationfrom depositor organizations toarchives and into a plan for the technology requirements of a modelsystem to accomplish the move from the depositor’s system to thearchives’ system. This model willaddress records transfer, classification,assessment, preservation, storage,and accessibility. The team also willpropose solutions to any systemproblems encountered and will prepare finding aids for records thatare permanently transferred duringthe testing process. While the technical operations are being performed, team members will alsobe refining a model business caseincluding a cost-benefit analysis of various ways to manage electronicrecords. The project’s final segmentwill encompass website posting offinding aids developed during the project. In addition, technologicalinfrastructure will be constructed andtested, and policies and proceduresfor preserving copies of the digitalrecords acquired during earlier phaseswill be determined.

As opportunities arise, team members will present in-progressfindings at various conferences and onthe project website: http://siarchives.si.edu/cerp/cerpteam.htm. Projectproducts, including training materialsfor depositors and archives, will beavailable for use by other non-profitorganizations and archives. Concludingthe project, the team will share find-ings at a symposium for non-profit,philanthropic, and archival institutions.

Following the traditions ofSmithsonian Institution explorers and the Rockefeller family’s timelyresponses to social needs, the CERPis at the forefront of emergingarchival issues and technological challenges.

Nancy Adgent, Project Archivist

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subject matter, but they differ in theirrelationships with their donors aswell as in the scale of their opera-tions. Because the SIA is a divisionof the Smithsonian and is the officialrepository for all Smithsonian units,it has considerable control over theway information is organized andretained, and it owns the records itreceives. In contrast, the RACdepends on its donors to voluntarilyfollow its suggestions regarding collection content, format, and order.The RAC’s holdings consist primarilyof private records, some that havebeen donated to the Center, otherson loan, and still others are ondeposit, so that access to collectionsvaries considerably and negotiations surrounding acquisition, use, and permanency are more varied thansituations the Smithsonian faces as a federal organization.

The first phase of this collaborativeproject focuses on gathering infor-mation from depositor organizationsabout their use of e-mail and relatedelectronic records in order to document their policy and programdecisions and activities. The archivistsdedicated to the project, NancyAdgent at the RAC and LyndaSchmitz Fuhrig at SIA, are conductinginterviews with selected staff members at participating donoroffices. At the RAC, Nancy Adgenthas interviewed 44 employees in 14 units of the RAC’s 33 depositororganizations. Each archives thenwill identify two to four depositorunits for more in-depth analyses oftheir electronic records and records practices in order to prepare pilottests consisting of e-mail capture,preservation, and controlled access.

Concurrently, project archivists areresearching e-mail “best practices”to prepare localized guidelines for voluntary use by their depositors.The principal investigators, Darwin H.Stapleton of the RAC and RiccardoFerrante of SIA, will prepare a sample business case and sampletechnical system requirements.

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Rockefeller Archive Centerand Smithsonian InstitutionArchives Collaborate onElectronic Records Project(continued from page 1)

I n the coming months, theRockefeller Archive Center will be introducing its new web-based

searchable database, Re:discovery forInternet (RFI). This search engine,provided through Re:discoverySoftware, Inc., will be a permanentlink on the Archive Center’s web sitehttp://archive.rockefeller.edu/.

The RFI interface is the final pieceof a multi-year collaborative projectbetween the Archive Center, thestaff at Re:discovery, and ElectronicScriptorium. Re:discovery’s team ofdesigners and programmers builtand customized the RAC’s databaseaccording to specifications from theArchive Center, using their standardsoftware as the base. Simultaneously,the staff at Electronic Scriptoriumhas done the data entry for theRAC’s new database, adding contentat a rapid pace. Leading the projectfor the RAC is Archivist CharlotteSturm, who supervised the creationand implementation of the databaseand RFI and coordinated the dataentry project.

The majority of the ArchiveCenter’s open collections will berepresented in the database, andadditions will be made on a regularbasis. The content of RFI mirrorsthat of the database, which is basedupon the folder-level descriptivefinding aids produced by theCenter’s staff. Unprocessed collections or portions of collectionswill not be included in the database.A list of the collections available in the database will be accessible on the web site. Online access tothe contents of the collections willnot be available from this databaseor any other source.

RFI users will be able to customize their searches in twoimportant ways. First, they will havethe option of searching on one particular collection, such as theRockefeller Foundation archives orthe Rockefeller family archives,or running a global search on all of

the collections available in RFI.The global search will be useful forfinding material on a topic that is in several different collections, and may uncover additional materials that theresearcher was not expecting.RFI’s second search feature allowsthe user to select the archival levelof the search. Users can choose tosearch at the Record Group, Series,Container, or Folder level, or they can search all four archival levels atonce. For the broadest search, theRAC recommends a global search at all levels.

RFI’s search results will be pre-sented in two different ways. Resultswill first be displayed in Brief View,which will show only the basic infor-mation about each record, such asthe Record Group, Series, Container,and Folder numbers and the FolderTitle. Each result in Brief View is alsoa hyperlink to a more lengthy entry,called the Details View, which offersadditional information about therecord, such as dates, category,descriptive text passages, and any relevant restriction information.Using the Back button in the webbrowser, users can toggle betweenthe Brief and Details Views to learnmore about specific records.

Once implemented, Re:discoveryfor Internet will be a powerfulresearch tool to assist ourresearchers in assessing how muchinformation the Archive Center’s collections have on their topic, aswell as determining if a visit to theArchive Center is necessary and forhow long. However, RFI is not theonly source of information about theRAC’s records. Researchers are stillstrongly encouraged to contact anarchivist to discuss their researchtopic; the archivist may be able tosuggest additional records of interest, especially for records thatare not currently available in RFI.

The introduction of RFI will markthe beginning of a new era for theRockefeller Archive Center’s refer-

ence services, and we look forwardto assisting users with their inquiriesabout RFI and the materials that the RAC holds. So be on the look-out for the link to RFI on theArchive Center’s home page this fall!

Charlotte Sturm, Archivist

The papers of Abraham Pais,a theoretical physicist and former Detlev Bronk

Professor Emeritus at the RockefellerUniversity, have recently beenprocessed and opened for research.The collection consists of 24.2 cu. ft.of material that documents bothPais’ professional and personal life.

Materials in the collection cover theyears from 1875 to 2000, with thebulk of the material from the period1936-1998.

Abraham Pais was born inAmsterdam on May 19, 1918 toKaatje and Jesaja Pais. In 1938 Paisreceived two bachelor’s degreesfrom the University of Amsterdam in physics and mathematics. He thenstudied at the University of Utrechtunder noted physicists GeorgeUhlenbeck and Hendrick Casimir,

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28, 2000 in Copenhagen, Denmarkat the age of 82.

The Abraham Pais Papers consistof eight series: Biographical,Manuscripts, Subject Files, Lectures,Correspondence, Notes andNotebooks, Photos and Reprints.

The Biographical series (0.4. cu.ft.) consists primarily of different biographical sources, including a curriculum vitae, newspaper clippings, and personal documentssuch as passports.

The Manuscripts series (8.5 cu.ft.), which is the most substantial ofthe series, consists of the materialdirectly related to the publication ofthe various books, essays and articleswritten by Pais throughout hiscareer.This series is divided into sixsubseries, each corresponding to adifferent set of manuscripts.Theseinclude: Niels Bohr; Paul Dirac;Albert Einstein; Inward Bound;A Tale of Two Continents; and Essays,Articles and Unpublished Manuscripts.Within each of these subseries the material is arranged by format and includes preliminaryresearch notes, drafts (both hand-written and typed), and publication-related material, which includes primarily correspondence.

The Subject Files are alphabeticallyarranged and include approximately5 cu. ft. of material.These includenewspaper clippings, articles andother collected material most likelyused as reference material for hisvarious articles and essays. Some ofthe topics included are: unified fieldtheory; statistical physics and quan-tum theory.This series also containsconference material from the KyotoInternational Symposium and theConference on Ludwig Boltzmann.

The Lecture series is one of thesmallest of the series, containing onlyapproximately 0.5 cu. ft. of materialand consisting of both handwrittenand typed copies of lectures presented by Pais.The Correspond-ence series (1.7 cu. ft.) contains bothpersonal and professional corre-spondence and includes letters fromNiels Bohr, Helen Dukas, Hans

Kramers, the Institute of AdvancedStudy, and George Uhlenbeck.

The Notes and Notebook seriesis also of substantial size (4.6 cu. ft.)and contains both bound notebooksand loose handwritten notes thatspan a significant portion of Pais’career, beginning from his time atuniversity through his period ofwork at the Rockefeller University.Some of the subjects included in thenotes are: field theory; mesons; parti-cle theory; and composite particles.

The final two series are the Photosand Reprints series and are approxi-mately 3 cu. ft. in size. The Photoseries includes albums, loose photos,framed photographs, as well as slides,glass slides and negatives.They are primarily photos of Pais but alsoinclude ones taken by Pais.TheReprints are divided into thosereprints provided to Pais by others,many of which are signed, and reprintsof Pais’ own articles and essays.

Margaret Hogan, Archivist

The FoundationCenter Collection

The records of The FoundationCenter have been donated to the Rockefeller Archive

Center and will be available forresearch later this year once the collection has been microfilmed. Thecollection consists of 69 cubic feet of material, most of which (64 cu. ft.)is being filmed for preservation andresearcher access. The small amountof material that is not being filmedincludes original photographs, pam-phlets, annual reports (both fromthe Foundation Center and variousorganizations), and transcripts fromthe Congressional hearings on taxreform; this material will be availableto researchers upon request.

The Foundation Center was created in 1956 to collect and housein one location information aboutphilanthropic and non-profit organizations around the world,though primarily concentrating on

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earning a Ph.D. in physics on July 9,1941. He continued on the staff atthe University of Utrecht until Marchof 1943, at which time, with his tenuous status as a Dutch Jew underGerman occupation, he was forcedinto hiding to avoid deportation.Moving from location to location,Pais remained in hiding until the liberation of Holland in 1945.

Even in hiding, Pais continued hisstudy of physics. Not long afterHolland was liberated, Pais publishedthe first of his works, a paper on thetheory of the scattering of protonsby neutrons, in the Proceedings ofthe Cambridge Philosophical Society.This was followed by a nine-monthperiod of study as a fellow to NielsBohr at the Institute of TheoreticalPhysics in Copenhagen, Denmark.

In September of 1946 AbrahamPais was offered a temporary position to study at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton,New Jersey by its director, FrankAydelotte. Pais became a full-timestaff member at the Institute in 1949and remained at the Institute until1963. There he began his work onthe principle of associated produc-tion, for which he is best known.He left the Institute of AdvancedStudy in May of 1963, and becameone of the first faculty members in theoretical physics at the RockefellerUniversity. Pais remained at theRockefeller University for theremainder of his career, becomingProfessor Emeritus in 1988.

Abraham Pais spent the first halfof his career in the study of physics,and the second half recording thehistory of it. With the publication ofSubtle is the Lord: The Science andthe Life of Albert Einstein (1982),Pais began a career as a historian of science, most notably of 20th-century physics. His first bookwas followed by five others,including a biography of Niels Bohr,a collection of portrait essays onnoted physicists, and an autobiogra-phy entitled A Tale of TwoContinents: A Physicist’s Life in aTurbulent World. Pais died on July

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the United States. Originally, collect-ing this information enabled TheFoundation Center to producedirectories and other research toolsabout these organizations in orderto help researchers and other organizations locate information on a multitude of organizations inone place. The Foundation Centercontinues to help researchers andfundraisers who are searching forfoundation grants and other information about philanthropicorganizations. See its website athttp://fdncenter.org/

The Foundation Center wasfounded and first headed by F.Emerson Andrews, who had takenan interest in the field of philan-thropic and non-profit organizationsin the 1940s while he was the presi-dent of the Russell Sage Foundation.The author of several books andpapers on this topic, he became one of the leading experts in thefield of philanthropic and non-profit

organizations. From his research andpublishing, he and others saw theneed of a central organization whereall information could be held onphilanthropic and non-profit organi-zations and made public to others to use. He was the head of TheFoundation Center from 1956-1966,and was succeeded by Manning M.Pattillo (1967-1970),Thomas R.Buckman (1971-1991) and SarahEngelhardt (1992-present).

The Foundation CenterCollection is arranged into threemajor series. Series 1 contains historical information about theorganization and its officers (23 cu.ft.). Series 2 includes program andproject files (38 cu. ft.), while thesmallest series, Series 3, consists ofnon-Foundation Center files (2 cu. ft.).

There is a variety of materialwithin the collection, ranging fromThe Foundation Center’s historythrough correspondence, annualreports, and fund raising programs

(which contains a large collection of organizational pamphlets), a briefhistory of governmental influence onnon-profit organizations (tax-refor-mation), and the special projects and programs that the FoundationCenter maintained: the foundationdirectories; the magazine FoundationNews, and various seminars ondevelopments in technology and other areas of interest to these outside organizations.

Some areas of interest in the collection are the original manu-scripts and articles by F. EmersonAndrews on the world of philan-thropic organizations, which includehis book The Foundation Watcher;photographs; a video produced byFoundation Center, “Foundations:People and The Money;” and ascrapbook containing articles onCongressional tax reform efforts.

Beth Jaffe-Davis, Project Archivist

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Counsel’s Office, Michael Whiteman Records

The records of MichaelWhiteman, 1963-1974, thefourth and final subseries

of Series 10, the Counsel’s Officefiles in the Nelson A. RockefellerGubernatorial Papers, have beenprocessed and are now available forresearch at the Rockefeller ArchiveCenter. This 32 cubic feet of material (80 manuscript boxes) document Whiteman’s service as Confidential Law Assistant (1963-1964), Assistant Counsel(1964-1967), First Assistant Counsel(1967-1971), and Counsel (1971-1973) to Governor Nelson A.Rockefeller of New York. He alsoserved as Acting Counsel to theGovernor from May through August1968.

Michael Whiteman was born inNew York, New York, and grew upnear Great Neck on Long Island.He graduated magna cum laudefrom Harvard College and cumlaude from Harvard Law School.After graduation, he remained atHarvard for one year as a researchassistant to Paul A. Freund, the CarlM. Loeb University Professor, and asa teaching assistant in general educa-tion. In 1963 he joined GovernorRockefeller’s staff, serving for tenyears in various capacities. UponGovernor Rockefeller’s resignation inDecember 1973,Whiteman servedas Counsel to Governor MalcolmWilson until December 1974.He then became a founding partnerof the Albany, New York, law firm of Whiteman Osterman & Hanna.

The Counsel to the Governor’sprimary responsibility was to trans-late the governor’s program into law.The Counsel and his staff ensuredthat bills in the annual legislative program were correctly drafted toreflect Rockefeller’s views. Draftingwork was divided among the assistant counsels, roughly accordingto subject matter. In the late 1960s,the Counsel’s Office drafted morethan 100 bills a year and annuallyreviewed between 400 and 600 billsdrafted by other agencies. GovernorRockefeller was not usually directlyinvolved in this work, concentratinginstead on broad policy matters.The Counsel was one of three people, along with the Secretary tothe Governor and the BudgetDirector, on whom Rockefeller relied

most heavily for administration andprogram development.

The files in this subseries remainin the original order in which theywere arranged while in active use inWhiteman’s office.There is a broadsubject heading to the arrangement,and thereunder the folder order ismostly chronological but somewhatarbitrary. Boxes 1 and 2 contain various studies and statistical anddemographic projections that cameto Mr.Whiteman at the earlieststages of his government service.Boxes 3 and 4 comprise his chronological files, which were notcontinued after early 1967. Boxes 5to 7 contain requests made throughthe Counsel’s Office to the NewYork State Police Bureau of CriminalInvestigation (BCI) for information onprospective government employees.Boxes 8 through 14 are generalmaterials related to various stategovernmental authorities, includingthe Niagara Frontier Port Authority,the New York State Atomic Researchand Development Authority, the Portof New York Authority, the State TaxCommission, and the State LiquorAuthority.

Boxes 16 to 20 deal with legisla-tion in 1968 and 1969, including theRecodification of the Vehicle andTraffic Law. Boxes 22 to 35 containpapers related to the Governor’sLegislative Programs between 1969and 1972. Boxes 39 through 69 dealwith state issues that arose during1969 to 1973.The remaining materi-als (boxes 70 to 80) relate to legisla-tion, the 1973 Governor’s LegislativeProgram, and other 1973 issues—most notably the legislation thatbecame known as the RockefellerDrug Laws. Only one folder in thissubseries (box 44, folder 464) pertains to the September 1971 riot at Attica Prison and the ensuingeffort by the state to retake controlof the prison.Amy R. Fitch, ArchivistCharles Bradley, Assistant Archivist

The Oscar M. RuebhausenPapers, 1941-2000, have beenprocessed and are now avail-

able for research at the RockefellerArchive Center. This collection, con-sisting of 9 cubic feet of material in22 manuscript boxes, documents thecivic career of Oscar Ruebhausen(1912-2004), an attorney and mem-ber of the Manhattan law firm ofDebevoise Plimpton, and a long-timefriend and adviser to Nelson A.Rockefeller, whom he met in the late1940s.While a small percentage ofthese records documents his inter-actions with or about GovernorRockefeller, the bulk of the collection

documents his professional activitiesoutside of the law firm.

Oscar M. Ruebhausen was bornin Manhattan on August 28, 1912,and grew up in Vermont. He graduated summa cum laude fromDartmouth in 1934 and in 1937from Yale Law School, where he was a member of the Law Review.He then joined the law firm ofDebevoise, Stevenson, Plimpton, &Page, a six-year-old firm with 12lawyers that is now known as


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Debevoise Plimpton. Ruebhausenwas presiding partner of DebevoisePlimpton from 1972 to 1981.

Exempt from military service for health reasons, he went toWashington, DC, during World War II to work in the counsel’s officeof the Lend-Lease Administration.In 1944 he became general counselfor the Office of Scientific Researchand Development, directed by Dr. Vannevar Bush.

Ruebhausen was an intimate but unpaid adviser to Nelson A.Rockefeller for many years and wasactive in various appointed positionsin New York state government. Healso managed Governor Rockefeller’sproperties in Venezuela and Ecuador.Additionally, he was chairman of the boards of the Russell SageFoundation and the GreenwallFoundation. In the 1950s and 1960s,he was chairman of the board ofBennington College, where he madenews by renouncing federal loansbecause students had to sign loyaltyoaths to receive them.

For the most part, the Oscar M.Ruebhausen Papers are arrangedchronologically, based on the agencyor committee with which he wasworking.The collection begins withthe personal files he maintainedwhile employed by the U.S. Office ofScientific Research and Developmentduring World War II (folders 1-12).Next are the materials related to the establishment of the NationalScience Foundation, for which hewas an adviser (folders 17-21).

The collection also includes filesconcerning his work as the first chairof the Association of the Bar of theCity of New York’s Committee onAtomic Energy, which was createdshortly after World War II ended.This committee took the initiative in giving legal guidance to the U.S.Congress and the Atomic EnergyCommission (folders 22-64). Of

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particular interest are letters andpublished papers reflecting hisefforts to avoid secrecy in the work-ings of the AEC.The Bar AssociationCommittee also prepared draft legislation for the creation of theNew York State Office of AtomicDevelopment in 1959, later calledthe New York State Office of Atomicand Space Development (folders 65-74). Ruebhausen was named Vice Chairman of this office byGovernor Nelson Rockefeller.

Additionally, these papers containextensive materials pertaining to his service as a member of thePresident’s Science AdvisoryCommittee during 1970-1972 (folders 82-92) and even more onfallout shelters from the 1950s and1960s (folders 93-104). He was alsovery active in Governor Rockefeller’s1958 gubernatorial campaign as anofficer of Democrats for Rockefeller(folders 106-116). Long a personallawyer to Governor Rockefeller,

he was instrumental in the 1983 creation of the Nelson A. RockefellerCenter for the Social Sciences atDartmouth College, their mutualalma mater (folders 155-164).

This collection was donated without restriction. However, inaccordance with Archive Center policy, correspondence with livingmembers of the Rockefeller family is closed.

Amy R. Fitch, ArchivistCharles Bradley, Assistant Archivist

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Making the Peaks Higher: The International Education Boardand Classical Genetics, 1923-1928

During the brief interludebetween the two worldwars of the 20th century,

a short-lived and relatively obscurefoundation worked to alleviate theimpoverished condition of educa-tional and intellectual resources inEurope. The foundation was theInternational Education Board (IEB).Under the direction of WickliffeRose and the auspices of John D.Rockefeller, Jr., it awarded grants andfellowships to eminent scientists to diffuse knowledge and advanceeducation throughout the world.

The IEB was incorporated inJanuary 1923 and vested with over$20 million in cash and securities tocarry out its mission of promotingeducation on an international scale.The IEB did not target research projects and universities for funding,but rather channeled large sums of money into the broad field of science. Rose firmly believed thatthe products of scientific discoverymade in any country are sharedthroughout the world. He strived to bring science to “backwards”countries, but IEB policy was toaward grants to “make the peakshigher,” not to provide scientific charity. He believed that assistance

should only be provided to the bestand the brightest and that the bene-fits would eventually “trickle down.”

So as not to dictate the course of scientific research, the IEB pursueda laissez-faire policy of grant giving.However, it was not completely disinterested in where its moneywent. Agriculture was considered ofprimary importance to the IEB, sinceadvances in this field benefitted allhuman populations. Like scientificresearch, agriculture was seen as aco-operative enterprise which couldoverride territorial boundaries andlead to a better understanding ofnatural laws.

Agriculture is, in its essence, atechnology that depends on variousspecialized sciences. In order to“make the peaks higher” the IEBneeded to seek out the most capable young scientists in numerousdisciplines including plant physiology,plant pathology, soil chemistry,cytology, mycology, entomology,and also genetics.

When the IEB was founded in1923, genetics was still a largelyneglected field. The principles ofinheritance discovered by Mendel in1866 had gone relatively unnoticeduntil they were independently

discovered and verified in 1900.Even then, it was still considered anesoteric field and not importantenough to have a place in mainstreamplant and animal science. Early genet-icists found themselves cut off fromdepartmental money, and advances inthe field progressed slowly.

There were relatively few exceptional individuals in the field and even fewer centers for geneticresearch save for pioneers like T.H. Morgan’s Drosophila school atColumbia and R.A. Emerson’s teamstudying maize genetics at Cornell.The officers of the IEB saw clearlythat substantial investments wereneeded to bring genetic research out of academic obscurity.

The Board’s primary means ofsupport was through its traveling professorships and fellowship program, which assisted matureresearchers and brilliant young scientists respectively. The travelingprofessorship was set up to promotethe exchange of ideas and techniquesacross national borders, but also forprominent scientists to survey andreport on the condition of scientificresearch in Europe. The professorswere given a great deal of autonomyto decide where they would visit, but


wherever they went they noted theinstitutions of strength, the peoplewho were engaged in the most original and promising research,and limitations on their furtherdevelopment. These field reportswere invaluable to the IEB officerswho relied on the traveling profes-sor’s recommendations for judgingthe merit of applicants to the fellow-ship program.

One such report was submittedby Roy E. Clausen of the Universityof California, Berkeley, which hadone of the nation’s first independentDepartments of Genetics. Clausenbegan his European tour in June1927 and traveled to centers ofgenetic study in ten countriesthroughout northern and westernEurope. His 141-page report to theIEB provides a wealth of informationabout these centers’ strengths, weak-nesses, and plans for development.He also timed his travels to coincidewith the 5th International Congressin Genetics in Berlin, and used thatopportunity to sketch his impres-sions of many of its attendees.

Similar reports were prepared byC.B. Hutchinson, a geneticist at theUniversity of California, Davis andthe IEB’s Director of AgriculturalEducation in Europe from 1926-

1928. Hutchinson conducted histravels through the Balkans, and hisreports illuminate often overlookedcenters for genetic research.

Perhaps the most interestingreports were prepared by L.C.Dunn, a geneticist from theDepartment of Poultry Husbandryat the Connecticut AgricultureExperiment Station. Dunn madetwo separate reports to the IEB; hisfirst was in November of 1927 aftera tour of Soviet Russia. His detailedreport contains impressions onequipment, personnel, research beingconducted, the libraries and the attitudes of scientists. He describesRussian geneticists as poor and“backwards” in equipment, but richin culture. Labs were often set up instate-confiscated houses, and theirresearch was often dictated by thegovernment. Dunn noted that therewas a great deal of potential amongRussian scientists, but it remaineduntapped. After leaving Russia, Dunntoured Great Britain and reportedon genetic research in Ireland,Scotland and England.

In addition to traveling professors,the IEB also instituted a program of traveling fellows. The programwas divided into fellowships in the natural sciences and fellowships inagriculture, but geneticists were able to secure funding from both programs. The pure geneticists whoworked in cytology, heredity, andembryology tended to apply for thescientific fellowships, while thoseinvolved with plant and animalbreeding applied for agricultural fellowships.

Fellows were selected based ontheir applications and interviews, butthey could only apply if nominatedby a recognized authority in theirfield. In many cases the reports ofthe traveling professors were usedto determine that information.The fellowship program enabledindividuals to travel outside theirown country to study with prominent individuals in their particular subject specialty. Officers

hoped the experience would benefitnot only the fellows, but also the institutions and countries to whichthey would return.

The applications for the fellow-ship program are housed in the IEBarchives and highlight the extent ofthe IEB’s work throughout Europe,Asia, and North America. Severalnotable scientists appear in the fellowship program files, many ofwhom were still in their early twenties at the time. Of particularnote is the Nobel LaureateTheodosius Dobzhansky, who usedhis fellowship to travel from Russiato New York in order to join T.H.Morgan’s Drosophila school atColumbia. Later in life Dobzhanskycombined Darwin’s ideas of naturalselection with Mendelian genetics tocreate what is known as the ModernSynthesis of Evolutionary Theory.He received his fellowship in 1927and applied again one year later, butwas rejected due to the reluctanceof the IEB to provide funding forsecond-year fellows.

Dobzhansky was not the onlyfuture Nobel Laureate who wasdeclined a fellowship. When BarbaraMcClintock applied for a fellowshipin 1927, she was an instructor andrecently minted Ph.D. from CornellUniversity. Although she was recommended by the eminentgeneticist R.A. Emerson and hadbeen a student of C.B. Hutchinson –the IEB’s Director of AgriculturalEducation in Europe– Wickliffe Rosewas still unconvinced that she wouldmake a promising fellow or scientist.In a letter dated January 31, 1928,Rose asked Emerson to elaborateon McClintock’s qualifications, whilekeeping in mind “that the applicant is a woman and may leave the fieldof science at any time.” Gender discrimination was a reality forMcClintock and many other femalegeneticists. In fact, both ofMcClintock’s graduate degrees fromCornell were awarded in Botanysince women were prohibited frommajoring in genetics at Cornell.

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Theodosius Dobzhansky came to the U.S. at age27 on an IEB fellowship. He remained in the U.S.and is seen here engaged in genetics research atthe Rockefeller University in December 1964.

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The IEB primarily focused itsfunding on individuals, but in a fewcases, when a well-developed planfor improvement was in place, it wasalso willing to help institutions. Forexample, large grants were made tothe University of Edinburgh to create a Department of AnimalBreeding and to the University ofNanking to create a plant breedingstation. The latter project was theonly institutional project sponsored

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by the IEB in the Far East.The IEB was never intended to

be a long-standing foundation. Itwas conceived as a bird of passageto assist the brightest individuals inthe land, but not commit to anylong-term research projects. Itscommitment to agriculture educa-tion in the 1920s proved to be timely for researchers in the nascentfield of genetics. It provided muchneeded funds to a scientific discipline

that was still on the fringe of the scientific community, but wouldnonetheless become one of themost important scientific fields ofthe 20th century. For its part, theIEB played an instrumental role inbringing genetic research into themainstream and paved the way forthe development of moleculargenetics.

Patrick H. Shea, Project Archivist


RF Grants in the Philippines, 1958-1990

The Rockefeller Foundation filesfor the Philippines from thelate 1950s to the mid-1980s

(Record Group 1.3, Series 242)have recently been processed, andthe records more than 20 years oldare now available for research.The materials document the RF’scontinued involvement in thePhilippines, with its support for medicine, agriculture, and the broader development of theUniversity of the Philippines (UP).The materials also reflect the centralposition of the Philippines in the RF’s Asian program.

Its central location, relative political stability, natural resourcesand infrastructure, historical ties tothe U.S., and common English language made the Philippines agood base for the RF’s newer initiatives in Asia. The RF saw theUP as a promising base for regionaltraining and research in the fields of agriculture and economics.Alongside its traditional support,the RF partnered with the FordFoundation in the establishment inthe Philippines of the InternationalRice Research Institute (IRRI). It wasalso a major backer in a consortiumof funding agencies behind theCouncil for Asian Manpower Studies

(CAMS). Along with the files onuniversity development, rural health,and family planning, the records ofthese two organizations make upmost of the Philippines series.

TThhee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall RRiiccee RReesseeaarrcchh IInnssttiittuutteeThe International Rice ResearchInstitute had a certain elegance.Founded in 1960 as a joint project ofthe Rockefeller and Ford Foundations,the Institute aimed to tackle the“food production problem” in Asia,with the goal of “closing the gapbetween the demand for rice and available supplies.” The FordFoundation funded the buildings andequipment, while the RF assumedresponsibility for the scientific direction and management.The UPgave IRRI a long-term lease on its siteadjoining the College of Agriculture at Los Baños.

IRRI approached its mission with urgency and exuberance. InDecember 1963, Sterling Wortmanentitled his seminar presentation,“Rice Research: A Race againstTime.” Having defined the problemas one of inadequate yields, owingprimarily to poor agricultural practices and unimproved varieties,the researchers and staff of IRRI set

out to revolutionize rice productionin Asia. Bolstered by its cropimprovement programs in Mexicoand India, the RF brought its scienceand experience to bear on rice in Asia.

Construction began in November1960, and administration, dormitory,library and research buildings were completed for dedication ceremonies in February 1962. Fromthe spring of 1961, IRRI had begunto collect and catalogue a “worldrice collection” of seeds and geneticmaterial. It assembled a library ofrice publications and prepared aninternational bibliography on rice.By early 1962, irrigated fields awaitedexperimental planting, and researchand training programs soon startedup in conjunction with the Collegeof Agriculture.

In the early years, especially, theRF recruited many of its own agricul-tural staff veterans to fill researchpositions at IRRI. The goal, however,was to make IRRI an Asian researchinstitute. IRRI sought a representa-tive distribution of Asian nations onits governing board, and it hoped,through fellowships and the trainingand research opportunities it afforded, to supply the skilled ricespecialists needed to continue the

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mission both at IRRI and back intheir home countries.

IRRI’s “elegance” seemed to some also a liability. In making IRRI a world-class facility, there was concern that the “luxury” of IRRI’slaboratories and residences wouldengender resentment from theneighboring College of Agriculture.But its sponsors meant IRRI to be a model and a beacon, the quality of its facilities reflecting the nobilityof its aspirations and the seriousnessof its purpose.

A heady enthusiasm characterizedthe early reports of IRRI’s research.Plant breeders worked to developrice varieties that were “short,stiff-strawed, early maturing, disease-resistant, and non-sensitive to timeof day.” These varieties would bothproduce more grain and be less likely to lodge or buckle, reducinggrain losses in the field. Early maturation meant that farmers could harvest two crops a year.Agronomists, chemists, engineers –and communication specialists –worked alongside the breeders,testing fertilizers, pesticides, andnutritional components, designingmultiple-cropping schemes, anddevising floating tractors and electricrat fences.

In late 1966, IRRI named its firstmajor rice variety IR 8 but it wassoon known as “Miracle Rice.”IRRI already drew a steady stream of visitors and had inspired severalmagazine articles, but Miracle Ricewas a sensation. President Marcossent the Shah of Iran a packet of IR 8 seeds as his coronation gift and at home launched his own government-sponsored productioncampaign. IRRI distributed seeds(and “Do-It-Yourself-Rice Kits”) togovernments and agricultural stationsthroughout “free” Asia. There wassome speculation that Miracle Ricewould win the Cold War.

Other varieties followed, and theimpact on rice production was dramatic. Whereas top yields in


anthropologists, such as GraceGoodell, as interlocutors between thebarrios and the laboratory, reverseextension agents who could interpretthe farmers to the scientists.

The records in RG 1.3, Series242, span a period of change andpolitical turmoil in the Philippines.The RF’s transition in the early1970s from University Developmentto Education for Development coincided with and ostensibly sharedsome goals with Marcos’s NewSociety, even as the RF and IRRItried to steer an apolitical and international course. The history ofrice improvement is also a history of development efforts in SoutheastAsia. In addition to correspondence,the IRRI files contain regular retrospective reports and evaluations of its programs and their successes or failures.

CCoouunncciill ffoorr AAssiiaann MMaannppoowweerr SSttuuddiieessThe Council for Asian ManpowerStudies (CAMS) was a regional network founded in 1972 with thegoal of promoting research andtraining on problems of populationand employment in South andSoutheast Asia. Funding for itsresearch programs came from aconsortium of donor agencies,including the RF, USAID, the WorldBank, the Canadian InternationalDevelopment Research Centre, andthe Ford Foundation, along with contributions from Asian govern-ments. While most CAMS membershad university affiliations, membersalso included professionals from various government ministries.

CAMS fit the RF’s policy goal ofaiding researchers and policymakersin developing nations to analyzepressing social problems. Policy-oriented and university-based,CAMS research both addressedproblems and trained a new generation in research techniques.With nine Asian countries represented, CAMS programsemphasized interdisciplinary,

1962 had been around 4.5 tons/hectare, in 1968 yields regularlymeasured seven to ten tons/hectare.In late 1967 it seemed that theRepublic of the Philippines was onits way to rice self-sufficiency.

The production figures did nottranslate so smoothly from experimental plot to farmers’ fields,however. High yields came as partof a “complete package” of improvedpractices, requiring not just new varieties, but large amounts of fertilizer, proper planting and irriga-tion, and disease and pest control.Adopted piecemeal, Miracle Rice lostsome of its wonder. The packagedid not always suit local conditions.IRRI developed its varieties in irrigat-ed fields, but most Filipino rice grewnot in paddies, but in rainfed orupland fields. To purchase fertilizer,the small farmer needed access tocredit. Electric fences shorted out in irrigated fields. Some found the new rice unpalatable. Agriculturalpractices could not be taken singly,but involved issues of labor and localenvironment. Periodic allegationsthat IRRI was importing diseasedstock or engaged in high-riskresearch also raised anxieties.

Increasingly, IRRI realized it needed to “probe into the farmer’sworld” and study his problems, if itwas to understand the lag in riceproduction. In 1964, IRRI social scientists studied ways to introducechange, and IRRI programs targetedextension workers. The communica-tions office released a film on riceimprovement aimed at extensionagents and the general public. Therewas a sense that farmers wouldeagerly adopt the new technology,if they were properly educated.Extension workers themselvesseemed to be an obstacle, so train-ing programs focused on “changingthe change agent.” The extensivefiles on Farmer Training documentmany of IRRI’s efforts to match itsimprovements to the local ground ofthe small farmer. IRRI also engaged


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cross-country, and comparativeapproaches. Five committees (later,three divisions) organized CAMSresearch around topics of populationand labor force; employment creation and income distribution;education, fertility, and manpowerdevelopment; technology andemployment; and trade and employ-ment. Research findings were sharedand discussed through workshops,seminars, and publications.

Funding for research started in1974. The dean of the School ofEconomics at the UP was CAMSchairman at the time, and the CAMSoffice was also located there. HarryT. Oshima, the RF field representativein the Philippines who taught in theSchool of Economics, was very

closely involved with CAMS.Oshima was a prolific correspondentwho reflected at length (in the Administration files, as well as theSeries 242S files on CAMS and theUP) on issues of scholarship, culture,and administration.

What is striking about the CAMSfiles is the furious production ofresearch projects and studies theyseem to represent. If CAMS startedin 1972 out of concern over rapidpopulation growth and rising unemployment, the impression onegains from its files is of an enormousquest for information on the society,economy, and development ofSoutheast Asia. Some CAMS publications may represent valuablesources of data in themselves

(on demographics, for example).Overall, the extensive series of discussion papers and publicationsdocument both the history of Asiandevelopment in the 1970s and1980s, and its growing significance.

The records in Series 242S forCAMS and the UP complementeach other and should be consultedtogether. While Series 242 seemslike a large umbrella to be coveringinternational institutes like IRRI aswell as CAMS and the UniversityDevelopment, Health, and SocialScience files, there are a number ofcross-linkages between all these projects, as the RF grappled withcomplex problems of population,hunger, and development.Mary Ann Quinn, Archivist


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During World War I, through-out the United States therewas a dire need for housing

for women working in the militaryfactories. The members of theHousing Committee of the YWCA’sWar Work Council did not at firstrealize the magnitude of the prob-lem of safe housing close to militarybases, but the committee eventuallyrented or had homes built inCharleston, South Carolina; ArmyCity, Kansas; Deming, New Mexico;Ayer, Massachusetts; Philadelphia,Pennsylvania; Silver Spring andGeorgetown, Maryland;Washington,DC; Camp Upton, New York andCamp Dix, New Jersey. In additionto these homes, the YWCA WarWork Council also established 17centers throughout the country forAfrican-American women and 25International Institutes for foreign-

born women. The centers for theAfrican Americans addressed thecommunity needs of better housing,recreation facilities, and training,while the International Institutes provided translations of bulletinsfrom government offices, assisted incommunity work near large campsand munitions centers, and providedinterpreters for immigrants.

By 1919, John D. Rockefeller, Jr.(JDR Jr.), in his capacity as chairmanof the United War Works Campaignin New York, was traveling the country, raising money for privateorganizations working with thetroops and speaking to audiences ofsoldiers in military camps. His wife,Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, led theHousing Committee of the WarWork Council of the National Boardof the YWCA. The committee’sreport, “Suggestions for HousingWomen War Workers” (1918),prompted the federal governmentto enact building standards for thehousing of women at industrial sites,based on the experience of 200YWCA boarding houses. In April1919, their work on behalf of theseagencies took the Rockefellers toCharleston, South Carolina to attendthe opening of Eliza Lucas Hall, a

War Work Takes the Rockefellers to Charleston, 1919Editor’s Note: The documents and photographs in the collections at the Rockefeller Archive Center offer snapshots onto the lives of many communities in the U.S. and around the world. Here, archivist Michele Hiltzik shows how materials in the Rockefeller family archives offer a glimpse into life in Charleston, South Carolina in April 1919.

The gate at St. Michaels Church on MeetingStreet in Charleston in 1919.

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women’s demonstration residencehall named in honor of Eliza LucasPinckney, who introduced the cultivation and manufacture of indigoin South Carolina and imported silk worms.

The demonstration dormitory inCharleston, designed by the architectDuncan Candler, was to be a modelto meet the emergency housingneeds of female factory workersnear military facilities. The YWCAfinanced the first building with thehope that the government wouldadopt the architect’s plans and duplicate the facilities wherever therewas a need for housing womenworkers. The Charleston uniformfactory employed more than 1000women. The residence hall providedaccommodations for 150 women,but was designed in modular units,which could be expanded to houselarger groups of women.

This was not Duncan Candler’sfirst commission with the Rockefellerfamily, nor would it be his last. In1913 Candler had enlarged John D.Rockefeller, Sr.’s home at 4 West54th Street in New York City, and in1926, he designed the Playhouse atKykuit, the family estate in PocanticoHills. In 1930, with Donald Deskey,Candler designed the seventh-floorart gallery for Abby AldrichRockefeller at 10 West 54th Street.

In a letter to her sister Lucy written on April 30, 1919, Abbydescribed the Eliza Lucas Hall:“On the whole I am tremendouslypleased with it; it is most charmingand homelike. The single rooms forthe girls are really attractive and itslocation among the pine trees quiteideal. Mr. Candler and Mrs. Rhett[wife of Goodwyn Rhett, the mayorof Charleston] chose the color forthe outside, which I was not verykeen about. The stucco is sort of abuff color and the trimmings a darkbrick red. The big recreation roomis delightful. I am going to senddown a few flags which I think willhelp that a little too.” The Rhett

Middleton Place. While theRockefeller Family PhotographCollection does not contain anyimages of Eliza Lucas Hall or theevents of the opening, there aresnapshots of the Charleston area.Images include Magnolia Gardens,St. Andrews Church, the Powder

Magazine, the house at 18 BullStreet, two views of the steeple ofSt. Philips Church (from ChurchStreet and from Queen Street), andvarious gates along Legare Street.One of the photographs is the Sasshouse gate at 23 Legare Street,which also appears as the fron-tispiece in The Dwelling Houses of Charleston.

Abby concludes her letter to Lucy with a comparison to theirchildhood home. “The people ofCharleston made me think a little of the nicest people of Providence.They are simple and cordial andenthusiastic, very eager thatCharleston should become a centerof the South.”

Michele Hiltzik, Senior Archivist

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family hosted the Rockefellers during their stay in Charleston.

Abby’s letter also describes howshe wanted to buy an out-of-printbook, The Dwelling Houses ofCharleston. Mrs. Rhett took Abby to see the author and illustrator ofthe book, Alice Ravenel Huger Smith,

and Abby was able to purchase oneof the few remaining copies. Abbywas also impressed with some ofMrs. Smith’s prints on the studiowalls and decided to buy threeprints (of figs, a lily and some pinetrees) with the intent of comparingthem to Abby’s Japanese ukiyo-ewood block flower prints.

On April 9, 1919, JDR Jr. deliveredan address on brotherhood at thededication of the Eliza Lucas Hall.His notes from the address indicatethat he told the audience that,although he frequently traveledthrough the South, he had alwayswanted to stop in Charleston.During their war-work visit, Abbyand JDR Jr. took the opportunity totour Charleston, Magnolia Gardens,Runnymede Plantation, and

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St. Philips Church and the Huguenot Church in Charleston, seen from Church Street looking towardQueen Street, 1919.

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Prior research experience at theArchive Center is required. Alongwith the application form, applicantsmust (1) submit a statement detailingthe candidate’s research interests anddiscussing the value of the ArchiveCenter’s holdings in investigatingthose interests, (2) provide a curriculum vita, and (3) must arrangeto have three persons familiar withthe candidate’s research scholarshipmail letters of recommendationdirectly to the Rockefeller ArchiveCenter.

Applications for the program must be postmarked or sent by e-mail by November 15th each year.The Resident Scholars are announcedat the end of March and residenciesmay begin in April. Application forms and guides to the Center’s collections are accessible from theCenter’s home page athttp://archive.rockefeller.edu/.

GGrraanntt PPrrooggrraammss

The annual deadline for applications to the RockefellerArchive Center’s Grant-in-Aid

and Scholar-in-Residence programshas been changed. Applications toeach of the programs must now bepostmarked or e-mailed no laterthan November 15th each year.These competitive grant programsare designed to provide assistance toscholars who need to visit theRockefeller Archive Center in SleepyHollow, NY.The Archive Center’sprograms do not support researchat other institutions, and they do notprovide general tuition support.

Letters of recommendation supporting applications must now bepostmarked no later than December1st each year.

Applicants may not apply to boththe Grant-in-Aid and Scholar-in-Residence program in one grantyear. Applicants to the Scholar-in-

Residence program must have under-taken prior research at the RockefellerArchive Center.

RAC Workshop Program

In 2005, the second year of its workshop program, the RockefellerArchive Center sponsored two

productive workshops: an editorialplanning session for the multi-entryreference volume, “Dictionary ofTransnational History,” scheduled to be published in 2009 by PalgraveMacmillan, and a workshop whichbrought scholars together to provide a more complete understanding ofNelson A. Rockefeller’s Office of Inter-American Affairs (1940-1946).

The goal of a workshop is to bringtogether at the Archive Center compatible papers by scholars from different disciplines, perspectives, and

interests; to strengthen and interrelatethe papers through discussion; and toencourage publication of the revisedpapers as a book or an issue of ajournal.To promote dialogue and collaboration, the workshops aredesigned to be tightly focused meetings of a limited number ofresearchers studying a particular subject. Organized by one or twoscholars with research experience in the Center’s collections, each workshop is expected to highlight anemerging area of research.Workshopsare limited to 8-10 participants and last no more than two days.Workshops are not open to the public.The Archive Center provides a modest budget to cover travel,accommodations and meals for asmany as two workshops a year.

Scholars who have visited theRockefeller Archive Center and areinterested in proposing a workshopare encouraged to contact theExecutive Director.

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Application Deadline Changed for RAC Programs

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Scholar-in-Residence Program

In 2007 the Rockefeller ArchiveCenter will continue its Scholar-in-Residence Program to offer

researchers the opportunity for anextended period of concentratedresearch in the collections housed at the Archive Center in SleepyHollow, New York.

The Scholar-in-ResidenceProgram is designed to foster,promote, and support research inthe historical collections at theRockefeller Archive Center, whichinclude the records of theRockefeller family,The RockefellerUniversity, the RockefellerFoundation, the Rockefeller BrothersFund, and other organizations andindividuals. Strengths of the Center’scollections include agriculture, thearts, African-American history,education, international relations and economic development, labor,medicine, philanthropy, politics,population, religion, science, the

social sciences, social welfare, andwomen’s history. Collection descrip-tions and additional informationabout the Center are available onlineat http://archive.rockefeller.edu/

The Resident Scholar is providedopportunities for extensive researchat the Archive Center, participates in the intellectual life of the Center,which includes scholarly conferences,and is asked to submit a report onresearch conducted at the Centerand to provide the Center with acopy of subsequent publicationsresulting from research conductedduring the residency. Each ResidentScholar receives a stipend of $5,000per month for between two andnine months of study and researchat the Archive Center.

Researchers from any disciplinewho are engaged in studies thatrequire an extended period ofresearch in the collections at theCenter are encouraged to apply.

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GGrraanntt PPrrooggrraammss

Rockefeller Archive Center Grant Awards, 2006

The Rockefeller Archive Centerreceived fifty-five applicationsfor research grants for its

2006 program. In March, twenty-ninescholars were awarded stipends toconduct research in the Center’s collections.Twenty-eight scholarsreceived general Grants-in-Aid, andone scholar received a residency toconduct extended research in thecollections in the Centers Scholar-in-Residence program.The 2006 grantrecipients, their institutions andresearch topics follow.

GGrraannttss--iinn--AAiiddGretchen BogerPh.D. Candidate, Department of History,Princeton University.“Changing Missions; American ProtestantBelief between the World Wars”

Liping BuAssociate Professor, Department ofHistory, Alma College.“Public Health and Modernization in Early 20th-Century China”

Marcos CuetoProfessor, Department of SociomedicalSciences, School of Public Health,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia,Lima, Peru.“The Role Played by RockefellerFoundation Officers in the Creation and Early Years of the World HealthOrganization”

Lihong DuAssistant Professor,The Institute ofModern Chinese History,China Academy of Social Science,Beijing, P.R. China.“The Construction of Beijing PublicHealth and Social Transformation,1900-1937”

Sunniva EnghPostdoctoral Fellow, Department ofHistory, University of Oslo, Norway.“Scandinavia and Development Matters:Close US - Scandinavian Cooperation?”

Sergio FaiguenbaumIndependent researcher.“Government-led Agricultural Researchin Chile during the Twentieth Century:The Role of the Rockefeller Foundation”

Andrew, FearnleyPh.D. Candidate, Department of History,University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.“Race and Insanity in the Post-BellumUnited States, 1958-1970”

Devin FergusAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory,Vanderbilt University.“It’s Like Coffee: How Liberalism CooledBlack Nationalism, and the PriceLiberalism Paid, 1965-1980”

Claire FoxAssociate Professor, English andInternational Studies and Director of Graduate Studies in English,University of Iowa.“Inter-American Cultural Policies of the Cold War Period”

Delia GavrusPh.D Candidate, Institute for the Historyand Philosophy of Science andTechnology, University of Toronto, Canada.“The Rise of the Modern Neurosurgeon:Competition and Cooperation betweenNeurologists and Neurosurgeons inNorth American Neurological Institutes(1910-1950)”

Jonathan HarwoodReader, Centre for the History ofScience,Technology & Medicine,University of Manchester,United Kingdom.“Europe’s Green Revolution:The Riseand Fall of Peasant-Oriented Plant-Breeding in Central Europe, 1890-1945”

James HenrettaPriscilla Alden Burke Professor ofHistory, Department of History,University of Maryland.“The Liberal State in America: New York,1820-1975”

Laurie HinckPh.D. Candidate, Department of History,University of New Mexico.“‘Rockscapes’: A History of HowRockefeller Ideas of Wilderness, Industryand Gender Changed Jackson Hole,Wyoming: 1924-2004”

Darcy Hughes HeuringPh.D. Candidate, Department of History,Northwestern University.“Colonial Health and the Responsibilitiesof Empire: Great Britain, Science,the Rockefeller International HealthCommission and the Problem ofSanitary Improvement in the Early 20th-Century British West Indies”

Masato KarashimaPh D. Candidate, Department of History,Australian National University,Canberra, Australia.“Post-War Japanese Intellectuals andAmerican Philanthropy: ModernizationTheory and Area Studies in JapaneseSocial Sciences”

Caroline ManiaqueAssociate Professor, History ofArchitecture, Department of Architecture,School of Architecture, Lille, France.“The Grand Tour: European Architects in the United States, 1960-1975”

Kathryn Merkel-Hess McDonaldPh.D Candidate, Department of History,University of California, Irvine.“A New People: Rural Modernity inRepublican China”

Adele NelsonPh.D. Candidate, Institute of Fine Arts,New York University; Adjunct Instructor,Department of Fine Arts, College of Artsand Science, New York University.“The Sao Paulo Biennial and LatinAmerican Artistic Exchange, 1951-1969”

Hyung Wook ParkPh.D. Candidate, Program in the History of Science and Technology,The University of Minnesota.“Science, Aging, and Experts:The New Science of Senescence and theRockefeller Connections, 1915-1940”

Jadwiga Pieper-MooneyAssistant Professor, Department ofHistory, University of Arizona.“From Contested Duties to DisputedRights:The Social Politics of FertilityRegulation in Chile.”

Violeta Emilia PlosceanuPh.D. Candidate, Department of Sociology,Ecole des Hautes Etudes en SciencesSociales, Paris, France.“Cosmopolitanism as Nationalism:TheFunction of Women’s Networks withinthe Romanian Cultural Circuit, 1918-1946”

Mariano PlotkinResearcher, National Council for Scientificand Technological Research, Argentina and Professor, Universidad Nacional deTres de Febrero, Buenos Aires, Argentina.“Modernity, Development and theTransnationalization of Social Sciences inLatin America:The Cases of Argentina and Brazil, 1930-1970”

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Andres RodriguezPh.D. Candidate, Modern Chinese History,University of Oxford, United Kingdom.“China’s Southwest BorderlandAnthropological Enterprise: NationBuilding and Anthropology during theRepublican Period, 1922-1949”

Karen-Beth ScholthofProfessor, Department of Plant Pathologyand Microbiology,Texas A&M University.“The Development of Plant Virology and Serology in the Early 20th Century”

Luisa Fabiana ServiddioPh.D. Candidate, Julio E. Payró ArtHistory and Theory Institute, ArtDepartment, School of Philosophy and Languages,University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.“Cultural Relations between UnitedStates and Latin America during WorldWar II:The Office of the Coordinator ofInter-American Affairs and theSponsoring of Latin American Art”

Geng TianPh.D. Candidate, Department ofSociology, Peking University, P.R. China.“Public Work and State-CreatedOccupations: State Medicine and PublicHealth in Republican Beiping, 1915-1937”

Annabel WhartonWilliam B. Hamilton Professor of Art and Art History, Department of Art and Art History, Duke University.“Used Churches: Appropriation andRevenge”

Xenia WilkinsonPh.D. Candidate, Department of History,Georgetown University.“ ‘Rubber Soldiers’: Populists and NewDealers:The Amazon Rubber Boom ofWorld War II”

SScchhoollaarr--iinn RReessiiddeennccee PPrrooggrraammBarry MuchnickJoint Ph.D. Candidate, HistoryDepartment, School of Forestry andEnvironmental Studies,Yale University andPart-Time Acting Instructor, AmericanStudies Department,Yale University.“Making American Landscapes: Race andNature Conservation, 1906-1964”

To help celebrate its 50thanniversary, the Asia Societyhas organized an exhibit,

A Passion for Asia: The RockefellerFamily Collects, that demonstratesthe Rockefeller family’s commitmentto Asia. The exhibition displays manyartifacts from the Asia Society’s owncollection as well as items donatedby various Rockefeller family members, and artifacts, photographs,and copies of documents from the Rockefeller Archive Center.Co-curated by Asia SocietyPresident Vishakha N. Desai andAdriana Proser, the Museum’s JohnH. Foster Curator of TraditionalAsian Art, the exhibit will be on display at the Asia Society inManhattan through September 3rd.

The exhibition reflects the historyof the Rockefeller family’s interest in Asia and Asian art, which startedeven before any member of thefamily had visited the continent.John D. Rockefeller, Jr. (JDR Jr.) andAbby Aldrich Rockefeller assembleda large collection of Asian prints,sculptures, ceramics and textiles thatthey displayed throughout theirhomes, in some cases altering themfor use. JDR Jr. and Abby alsoinstilled in their children, and latergenerations of Rockefellers, a love ofbeautiful artwork and a respect forother cultures. JDR Jr. and Abby didnot visit Asia until 1921, when theytraveled to China for the dedicationof Peking Union Medical College.

The exhibition includes four sections. “Nourishing the Sprit”includes photographs of the Buddharooms that Abby Aldrich Rockefellerset up, where she burned incense torecreate the experience of the Asiantemples she visited. Included in thissection is the Tang Dynasty sculptureof a bodhisattva acquired by JDR Jr.in 1926 and displayed at the familyresidences at 10 West 54th Streetand 740 Park Avenue, and laterbrought to Kykuit by Nelson

Asia Society 50th Anniversary Exhibit

Rockefeller. The “Home as AestheticRetreat” section includes decorativearts, prints, and paintings, while thesection “Land-scape Design: Asia andthe Rocke-feller Gardens” includeshistorical photographs and plans ofthe Abby Aldrich RockefellerGardens from Seal Harbor, Maineand the Japanese Garden at Kykuit.“The Archival Room” contains photographs, letters, and items thatshow the family’s philanthropic commitment to Asia, as well as filmfootage of JDR Jr. and Abby’s only tripto Asia in 1921.

The Asia Society also has published a book in conjunction with the exhibition, Passion for Asia:The Rockefeller Legacy, which covers the family history, the family’sart collecting, and reflects on theAsia Society’s history.

Michele Hiltzik, Senior Archivist

RAC

John D. Rockefeller 3rd in 1956, the year thathe founded the Asia Society.

Doel, Ronald E., Dieter Hoffmann andNikolai Krementsov. “National States and International Science: A ComparativeHistory of International ScienceCongresses in Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’sRussia, and Cold War United States.”Osiris 20 (2005), pp. 49-76.

Dugac, Zeljko. “New Public Health for aNew State: Interwar Public Health in theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes(Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and theRockefeller Foundation.” In Facing Illness in Troubled Times: Health in Europe in the Interwar Years, 1918-1939, edited byIris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner. Frankfurt:Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 277-304.

Fox, Daniel M. “The Significance of theMilbank Memorial Fund for Policy: AnAssessment at Its Centennial.” The MilbankQuarterly 84: 1 (2006), pp. 1-32.

Gasman, Marybeth. “Rhetoric vs. Reality:The Fundraising Messages of the UnitedNegro College Fund in the ImmediateAftermath of the Brown Decision.”History of Education Quarterly 44: 1(Winter 2004), pp. 70-94.

Gasman, Marybeth and Edward Epstein.“Creating an Image for Black Colleges:A Visual Examination of the United NegroCollege Fund’s Publicity, 1944-1960.”Educational Foundations 18: 2 (Fall 2004),pp. 41-61.

Gaudillère, Jean-Paul. “Mapping asTechnology: Genes, Mutant Mice, andBiomedical Research (1910-65).” InClassical Genetic Research and Its Legacy:The Mapping Cultures of Twentieth-Century Genetics, edited by Hans-JörgRheinberger and Jean-Paul Gaudillière.London and New York: Routledge, 2004,pp. 173-203.

Glick,Thomas F. “Dictating to the Dictator :Augustus Trowbridge,The RockefellerFoundation, and the Support of Physics inSpain, 1923-1927.” Minerva 43: 2 (2005),pp. 121-145.

Hall, Marcus. “Today Sardinia,Tomorrowthe World: Killing Mosquitos.” BardPolitik 5(Fall 2004), pp. 21-28 http://www.bard.edu/bgia/journal/vol5/21-28.pdf.

Hess, Gary R. “The Role of AmericanPhilanthropic Foundations in India’s Roadto Globalization During the Cold War Era.”In Globalization, Philanthropy and CivilSociety: Toward a New Political Culture inthe Twenty-First Century, edited by SomaHewa and Darwin H. Stapleton. New York:Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.,2005, pp. 51-71.

Hewa, Soma and Darwin H. Stapleton.“Structure and Process of GlobalIntegration.” In Globalization, Philanthropy

and Civil Society: Toward a New PoliticalCulture in the Twenty-First Century, editedby Soma Hewa and Darwin H. Stapleton.New York: Springer Science+BusinessMedia, Inc., 2005, pp. 3-11.

Janssens, Rudolph and Andrew Gordon.“A Short History of the Joint Committeeon Japanese Studies.” Available atwww.ssrc.org/programs/publications_editors/publications/jcjs.pdf.

Kass, Lee B. “Records and Recollections:A New Look at Barbara McClintock,Nobel-Prize-Winning Geneticist.” Genetics164: 4 (August 2003), pp. 1251-1260.

Kass, Lee B. and Christophe Bonneuil.“Mapping and Seeing: Barbara McClintockand the Linking of Genetics and Cytologyin Maize Genetics, 1928-1935.” In ClassicalGenetic Research and Its Legacy: TheMapping Cultures of Twentieth-CenturyGenetics, edited by Hans-Jörg Rheinbergerand Jean-Paul Gaudillière. London andNew York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 91-118.

Kass, Lee B., Christophe Bonneuil andEdward H. Coe, Jr. “Cornfests, Cornfabsand Cooperation:The Origins andBeginnings of the Maize GeneticsCooperation News Letter.” Genetics 169: 4(April 2005), pp. 1787-1797.

Litsios, Socrates. “Selskar Gunn and China:The Rockefeller Foundation’s ‘Other’Approach to Public Health.” Bulletin of theHistory of Medicine 79: 2 (Summer 2005),pp. 295-318.

Loyer, Emmanuelle and Lodovic Tournès.“Les exchange culturels Franco-Amèricainsau xix siècle: pour une histoire des circula-tions transnationales.” [Franco-AmericanCultural Exchange in the NineteenthCentury:Toward a History of TransnationalCirculation] L’histoire Culturelle duContemporain (2005) pp. 171-192.

McNiel, Donald, Jr. “The Rich, Sometimes,Are the Best Medicine.” The New YorkTimes, December 11, 2005, sec WK, p. 3.

Murard, Lion. “Health Policy between theInternational and the Local: Jacques Parisotin Nancy and Geneva.” In Facing Illness inTroubled Times: Health in Europe in theInterwar Years, 1918-1939, edited by IrisBorowy and Wolf D. Gruner. Frankfurt:Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 207-245.

Muscarà, Luca. “Territory as aPsychosomatic Device: Gottmann’s KineticPolitical Geography.” Geopolitics 10: 1(Spring 2005), pp. 26-49.

Opinel, A. and G. Gachelin. “The RockefellerFoundation and the Prevention of Malariain Corsica, 1923-1951: Support Given tothe French Parasitologist Emile Brumpt.”Parassitologia 46 (2004), pp. 287-302.

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AArrttiicclleessAbraham,Tara. “Nicolas Rashevsky’sMathematical Biophysics.” Journal of theHistory of Biology 37 (2004), pp. 333-385.

Anderson,Warwick. “Between Race and Ecology: Malaria and EnvironmentalKnowledge in the Colonial Philippines.”In Colonial Pathologies. Available online at:http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/EnvirPol/ColloqPapers/Anderson2004.pdf

Anderson,Warwick. “Going Through the Motions: American Public Health andColonial ‘Mimicry.’” American LiteraryHistory 14:4 (2002), pp. 686-719.

Andrews,Thomas G. “‘Made by Toile’?Tourism, Labor, and the Construction of theColorado Landscape, 1858-1917.” The Journalof American History 92:3 (2005), pp. 837-863.

Baick, John S. “Cracks in the Foundation:Frederick T. Gates, the RockefellerFoundation, and the China Medical Board.”Journal of the Gilded Age and ProgressiveEra 3:1 (January 2004).

Bestor,Victoria Lyon. “The RockefellerBlueprint for Postwar U.S. – JapaneseCultural Relations and the Evolution ofJapan’s Civil Sector.” In Globalization,Philanthropy and Civil Society: Toward aNew Political Culture in the Twenty-FirstCentury, edited by Soma Hewa and DarwinH. Stapleton. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 2005, pp. 73-96.

Boardman, Margaret C. “The Man, the Girland the Jeep. AIA: Nelson Rockefeller’sPrecursor Non-Profit Model for PrivateU.S. Foreign Aid.” PROFMEX 6:1 (2001).www.isop.ucla.edu/profmex/volume6/1winter01/01boardman1.htm

Brauckmann, Sabine. “The Virtue of BeingToo Early: Paul A.Weiss and ‘AxonalTransport.’ ” History & Philosophy of LifeSciences 26 (2004), pp. 333-353.

Cohn, Deborah. “‘Ridiculous Rather thanSecure’: Carlos Fuentes and the McCarran-Walter Act.” Review: Literature and Arts ofthe Americas 38: 2 (2005), pp. 314-327.

Creager, Angela N.H. “The Industrializationof Radioisotopes by the U.S. AtomicEnergy Commission.” In The Science-Industry Nexus: History, Policy,Implications, edited by Karl Grandin, NinaWormbs, Sven Widmalm. USA: ScienceHistory Publications, 2004, pp. 141-167.

Creager, Angela N.H. and Jean-PaulGaudillière. “Experimental Arrangementsand Technologies of Visualization: Cancer asa Viral Epidemic, 1930-1960.” In Heredityand Infection: The History of DiseaseTransmission, edited by Jean-PaulGaudillière and Ilana Löwy. London andNew York: Routledge, 2001, pp. 203-241.

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Ortoll, Servando and Annette Ramírez deArellano. “Diego Rivera, José María Sert,y los Rockefeller : una historia con cuatroepílogos.” JILAS-Journal of Iberian and LatinAmerican Studies 10: 1 (July 2004), pp. 1-21.

Ortoll, Servando and Annette Ramirez.“Julián Marías, James Benítez y LaFundación Rockefeller.” Estudios: Filosofía,Historia, Letras 76 (Spring 2006), pp. 7-44

Palmer, Steven. “Saúde Imperial eEducação Popular : a Fundação Rockefellerna Costa Rica em uma perspectiva centro-americana, 1914-1921” [Imperial Healthand Popular Education:The RockefellerFoundation in Costa Rica in a CentralAmerican Perspective, 1914-1921]. InCuidar, Controlar, Curar: ensaios históricossobre saúde e doença na América Latina e Caribe, edited by Gilberto Hochman and Diego Armus. Rio de Janeiro: EditoraFiocruz, 2004, pp. 217-248.

Parisi, Daniela. “Sailing the Atlantic toStudy Economics: Rockefeller Philanthropyand Pioneering of Specialization in theUSA.”The Working Paper Series ofInstituto de Teoria Economica e MetodiQuantitativi 39 (October 2004).

Proser, Adriana. “Abby Aldrich Rockefellerand Lucy Truman Aldrich: Sisters,Confidantes, and Collectors.”Orientation 37:1 (Jan. /Feb. 2006).

Quevedo, Emilio. “No One Knows forWhom He is Actually Working! TheIndirect Role Played by the RockefellerFoundation in the Shift from Poor LawMedical Relief to the National HealthService in England, through the LondonSchool of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

(1913-1948).” In Facing Illness in TroubledTimes: Health in Europe in the InterwarYears, 1918-1939, edited by Iris Borowyand Wolf D. Gruner. Frankfurt: Peter Lang,2005, pp. 365-408.

Rasmussen, Nicolas. “The Drug Industryand Clinical Research in Interwar America:Three Types of Physician Collaborator.”Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79:1(Spring 2005), pp. 50-80.

Riethmiller, Steven. “From Atoxyl toSalvarsan: Searching for the Magic Bullet.”Chemotherapy 51 (2005), pp. 234-242.

Rodríguez-Ocaña, Esteban. “InternationalHealth Goals and Social Reform:The Fightagainst Malaria in Interwar Spain.” In FacingIllness in Troubled Times: Health in Europein the Interwar Years, 1918-1939,edited by Iris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner.Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 247-276.

Rose, Anne C. “Putting the South on thePsychological Map:The Impact of Regionand Race on the Human Sciences duringthe 1930s.” The Journal of SouthernHistory 71: 2 (May 2005), pp. 321-356.

Rozum, Molly P. “ ‘The Spark that Jumpedthe Gap’: North America’s Northern Plainsand the Experience of Place.” In OneWest, Two Myths: A Comparative Readeredited by Carol Higham and RobertThacker. Calgary, Canada: University ofCalgary Press, 2004, pp. 133-147.

Rutherford, Malcolm. “‘Who’s Afraid ofArthur Burns?’The NBER and theFoundations.” Journal of the History ofEconomic Thought 27: 2 (June 2005),pp. 109-139.

Shepherd, Chris J. “Imperial Science:TheRockefeller Foundation and AgriculturalScience in Peru, 1940-1960.” Science asCulture 14: 2 (June 2005), pp. 113-137.

Slater, Leo B. “Malarial Birds: ModelingInfectious Human Disease in Animals.”Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79:2(Summer 2005), pp. 261-294.

Stapleton, Darwin H. “A Lost Chapter in the Early History of DDT:TheDevelopment of Anti-Typhus Technologiesby the Rockefeller Foundation’s LouseLaboratory, 1942-1944.” Technology andCulture 46: 3 (July 2005), pp. 513-540.

Tournès, Lodovic. “Les èlites françaises etl’amèricanisation: le rèseau des boursiersde la Fondation Rockefeller (1917-1970).”[The French Elites and Americanization:The Network of the Fellows of theRockefeller Foundation]. RelationsInternationales, No. 116 (2003) pp. 501-513.

Tournès, Lodovic. “Le rèseau des boursiersRockefeller et la recomposition des savoirsbiomèdicaux en France (1920-1945).”[The Network of Rockefeller Fellows andthe Renewing of Biomedical Knowledge in France] French Historical Studies 29:1(Winter, 2006) pp. 77-107.

Zylberman, Patrick. “Mosquitoes and the Komitadjis: Malaria and Borders inMacedonia (1919-1938).” In Facing Illnessin Troubled Times: Health in Europe in the Interwar Years, 1918-1939, edited byIris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner. Frankfurt:Peter Lang, 2005, pp. 305-343.

Founder’s Hall, the first building on the campus of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, now the Rockefeller University, in 1906 and 1968. This yearmarks the centennial anniversary of the building along York Avenue in Manhattan. Originally called Central Laboratory and later named in honor of John D.Rockefeller, Sr., the building initially housed all the laboratories of the Institute. Among the early scientific investigations carried out in the building were studieson such diseases as spinal meningitis, tetanus, and tuberculosis, as well as biochemical research into the hydrolysis of proteins in mineral acids, and work onpurine metabolism. Founder’s Hall was designated a National Historical Landmark in 1974 and added to the National Register of Historic Places.

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BBooookkss aanndd DDiisssseerrttaattiioonnss Anthony, David H. III. Max Yergan:Race Man, Internationalist, Cold Warrior.New York: NYU Press, 2006.

Avery,Vida L. “A Fateful Hour in BlackHigher Education:The Creation of TheAtlanta University System.” Ph.D. disserta-tion, Georgia State University, 2003.

Boulton, Monica. “The Politics ofAbstraction:The Tenth Inter-AmericanConference, Caracas,Venezuela, 1954.”Master’s thesis, University of California,Irvine, 2005.

Brison, Jeffrey D. Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Canada: American Philanthropy andthe Arts and Letters in Canada. Canada:McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006.

Cassidy, David C. J. Robert Oppenheimerand the American Century. New York:Pi Press, 2005.

Cotter, Joseph. Troubled Harvest:Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico,1880-2002. Westport, Connecticut:Praeger Publishers, 2003.

De Grazia,Victoria. Irresistible Empire:America’s Advance through TwentiethCentury Europe. Cambridge,Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2005.

Emin-Tunc,Tanfer. “Technologies of Choice:A History of Abortion Techniques in theUnited States, 1850-1980.” Ph.D. disserta-tion. Stony Brook University, 2005.

Fedunkiw, Marianne P. RockefellerFoundation Funding and Medical Educationin Toronto, Montreal and Halifax. Montrealand Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen’sUniversity Press, 2005.

Flamm, Michael W. Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s. New York:Columbia University Press, 2005.

Franks, Angela. Margaret Sanger’s EugenicLegacy: The Control of Female Fertility.Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland &Co., 2005.

Gasman, Marybeth and Kate Sedgwick, eds.Uplifting a People: Essays on AfricanAmerican Philanthropy and Education.New York: Peter Lang, 2005.

Gaudilliere, Jean-Paul. Inventer laBiomedecine. La France, l’Amerique et la Production du Vivant (1945-1965).[Inventing Biomedicine: France, Americaand the Production of the Knowledge ofLife] Paris: La Decouverte, 2002.

Gilpin, Patrick J. and Marybeth Gasman.Charles S. Johnson: Leadership Beyond theVeil in the Age of Jim Crow. Albany: StateUniversity of New York Press, 2003.

Gradmann, Christoph. Krankheit im Labor:Robert Koch und die medizinischeBakteriologie [Disease in the Lab: RobertKoch and Bacteriological Medicine].Göttingen, Germany:Wallstein Verlag, 2005.

Gross, Michael. 740 Park: The Story of the World’s Richest Apartment Building.New York: Broadway Books, 2005.

Humphreys, Joshua M. “Servants of SocialProgress: Democracy, Capitalism and SocialReform in France, 1914-1940.” Ph.D.dissertation, New York University, 2005.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. A Feeling for theOrganism: The Life and Work of BarbaraMcClintock. New York:W. H. Freeman and Company, 1983.

King, Marjorie. China’s AmericanDaughter: Ida Pruitt, 1888-1985. HongKong:The Chinese University Press, 2004.

Lawrence, Christopher. Rockefeller Money,the Laboratory and Medicine in Edinburgh1919-1930: New Science in an OldCountry. Rochester, New York: Universityof Rochester Press, 2005.

Lawson, Dorie McCullough. Posterity:Letters of Great Americans to TheirChildren. New York: Doubleday, 2004.

Lemov, Rebecca. World as Laboratory:Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men.New York: Holtzbrinck Publishers, 2005.

Li, Alison. J.B. Collip and the Developmentof Medical Research in Canada: Extractsand Enterprise. Montreal/Kingston:McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003.

Linton, Derek S. Emil Von Behring:Infectious Disease, Immunology, SerumTherapy. Philadelphia: AmericanPhilosophical Society, 2005.

Lübken, Uwe. Bedrohliche Nähe: Die USA und die national-sozialistischeHerausforderung in Lateinamerika, 1937-1945 (Threateningly Close: The USA and the National Socialist [Nazi] Challengein Latin America, 1937-1945). Stuttgart,Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004.

Mackowski, Maura Phillips. Testing theLimits: Aviation Medicine and the Originsof Manned Space Flight. College Station:Texas A&M University Press, 2006.

Mittelstadt, Jennifer. From Welfare toWorkfare: The Unintended Consequencesof Liberal Reform, 1945-1965. Chapel Hill:The University of North Carolina Press,2005.

Moberg, Carol L. Rene Dubos, Friend ofthe Good Earth: Microbiologist, MedicalScientist, Environmentalist. WashingtonD.C.: ASM Press, 2005.

Morris, Charles R. The Tycoons: HowAndrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould and J.P. Morgan Invented theAmerican Supereconomy. New York:Times Books, 2005.

Oshinsky, David M. Polio: An AmericanStory. Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press, 2005.

Quevedo, Emilio, et al. Café y Gusanos,Mosquitos y Petróleo: el Transito desde la Higiene Hacia la Medicina Tropical y laSalud Pública en Colombia, 1873-1953[Coffee and Worms, Mosquitos and Oil:The Transition from Hygiene to TropicalMedicine and Public Health in Colombia,1873-1953]. Bogotá: National University ofColombia, 2004.

Riley, James C. Poverty and LifeExpectancy: the Jamaica Paradox. NewYork: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Santesmases, María Jesús. Severo Ochoa:De músculos a proteínas. Madrid, Spain:Editorial Síntesis, 2005.

Schafft, Gretchen E. From Racism toGenocide: Anthropology in the ThirdReich. Urbana and Chicago: University ofIllinois Press, 2004.

Schneider, Laurence A. Biology andRevolution in Twentieth-Century China.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & LittlefieldPublishers, Inc., 2003.

Segal, Howard P. Recasting the MachineAge: Henry Ford’s Village Industries.Amherst, Massachusetts: University ofMassachusetts Press, 2005.

Snowden, Frank M. The Conquest ofMalaria: Italy, 1900-1962. New Haven and London:Yale University Press, 2006.

Wallace, Max. The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich. New York:St. Martin’s Press, 2003.

Weindling, Paul J. Nazi Medicine and theNuremberg Trials: From Medical WarCrimes to Informed Consent. Houndmills,Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacmillanLtd., 2004.

Wilcox, Clifford. Robert Redfield and theDevelopment of American Anthropology.Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2004.

Wilsey, H. Lawrence, ed. How We Care:The Centennial History of BaylorUniversity Medical Center, Baylor HealthCare System 1903-2003. 2 vols. Dallas:Baylor Health Care System, 2003.

Yrjälä, Ann. Public Health and RockefellerWealth: Alliance Strategies in the EarlyFormation of Finnish Public HealthNursing. Åbo, Finland: Åbo AkademiUniversity Press, 2005.

Non-ProfitOrganizationU.S. Postage

PAIDPermit 91006

White Plains, NY

Rockefeller Archive Center15 Dayton AvenueSleepy Hollow, NY 10591-1598e-mail: [email protected]://archive.rockefeller.edu.

The Rockefeller Archive Center Newsletter is anannual spring publication of the Rockefeller ArchiveCenter. It is intended to highlight the diverse range ofsubjects covered in the collections at the Center andto promote scholarship in the history of philanthropy.

If you wish to be added to the mailing list toreceive free of charge the print version of future RAC Newsletters, as well as Research Reports fromthe Rockefeller Archive Center each fall, please notifythe Rockefeller Archive Center. Both publications also are available online from the Center’s website.

Both the Newsletter and Research Reports are edited by Erwin Levold and Ken Rose, and designedby Mitelman & Associates Ltd.,Tarrytown, NY.

The Post Office and Moose Store at Menor’s Ferry, near Jackson Hole, Wyoming, ca. 1945, with the Chapel of the Transfiguration in the background. Photo byCrandall Studios for the Grand Teton National Park. The role of Rockefeller philanthropy in conservation and the environment is among the topics to be studied by this year’s recipients of RAC grants-in-aid.

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Globalization Newsletter 2006