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Grammar and usage Grammar and usage
unit1
The form of the Present perfect tense
We form the present perfect tense with
have/has and the past participle of the v
erb.
have (has) + 过去分词
The disappearance of Justin __________
(make)Kelly very unhappy.
has made
We use the present perfect tense to talk about
things that happened in the recent past, but
are connected to the present.
Note:
The uses of the present perfect tense
I ____________ (not see) Justin since
last Friday night.
have not seen
We also use the present perfect tense
to talk about something that started
in the past, and is still happening
now.
Note :
1. We ___________ (study) English for
about five years.
2. They__________ (live) in the south
since their daughter was born.
3. I_________ (read) your article three
times. It’s well written.
4. The student __________ (finish) her
homework already.
have studied
have lived
have read
has finished
5. Eric_________ (go) back to his
hometown today.
6. The police________________ (just
finish) searching the area.
has gone
have just finished
We use the present perfect tense when
the exact time of an action is not clear
or important. We use it with time
expressions such as:
already ever for just lately never
recently since yet
already, yet, for, since
We use already for affirmative
statements and yet for negative
statements.
We use for + a period of time and
since + a point in time.
We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that were completed only a short time ago. In this case, just is used. Pay attention to the position of just.
Note:
He has just gone out.(=He went out a few minutes ago.)We use the present perfect tense here to tell others that he isn’t here now. I have just heard the news. (Now I know the news.)
We can also use the present perfect
tense for repeated actions, that is, we
use the present perfect tense with the
time expressions once/twice/three
times…
Tom has rung up three times this
morning. (Now it is still in the
morning.)
Tom rang up three times this morning.
(Now it is not still in the morning.)Actions occurring in an incomplete period
might be indicated by today or this
morning/afternoon/ evening/ week/
month/ year/ century or all
day/night/week, all the time, always etc.
Look at the following sentences and point
out what tense or tenses are used in them
and the reasons why they are used.
1. We have studied English for about five years. We began to study it five years ago.2. They moved to the south in 1990 and have lived there since then.3. Eric left home last year and has just
come back.
4. Justin has been away from home for
several days. He disappeared last
Friday.
5. They bought this house three years ago
and they have lived here since then.
6. My brother went to see my grandpa
last week. He has visited him three
times this month.
1 ‘_____ you _____ my pen?’ ‘Yes, I it on your desk just now.’ (see)
2 ‘_____ you ____ dinner?’ ‘Yes, I ____ it with Mary.’ (have)
3 _____the postman_____ yet this morning?
____ the postman_____ this morning? (come)
Have
Have had
Did
Have
The present perfect tense and the past
simple tenseseen
come
come
had
The present perfect tense is normally used
for an action which lasts throughout an
incomplete period, but with the past
simple tense, we use time expressions
which a fixed point in the past.
We haven’t seen Justin for a week. (He is still missing.)Justin disappeared last week. (It may mean that this week Justin is here.)He has smoked since he left school. (He still smokes.)He smoked for six months.(It means that he stopped smoking then.)
Sometimes, however, the action finishes
at the time of speaking.
It has been very cold lately but it’s just
beginning to get warmer.
On meeting someone, you may say: I
haven’t seen you for ages. (But I see you
now.)
1. Tom has had a bad car crash.(He’s probably still in hospital now.)
Tom had a bad car crash.(But he’s probably out of hospital now.)
2. The lift has broken down.(We have to use the stairs.)
The lift broke down.( But it’s probably working again now.)
For a past action whose time is not definite
and often has a result in the present.
(2) saw (3) has visited (4) loves
(5) hasn’t visited (6) has swum
(7) has never met (8) has dived
(9) has found (10) hasn’t found
(11) Has, been
Read the diary entry and then complete it
using the correct forms of the verbs in
brackets.
The form of the Present perfect
continuous tense
We form the present perfect continuous
tense with have/has been and the
present participle of the verb.have (has) +been + doing
1. I ________________ for an hour and
he still hasn’t turned up. (wait)
2. I’m so sorry I’m late. _____ you
____________ long?
have been waiting
Have
The uses of the Present perfect continuous
tense
been waiting
Note:We sometimes use the Present perfect
continuous tense to talk about actions
that started in the past and are still
continuing, or have just finished but are
still connected to the present in some way.
Present perfect or present perfect
continuous tense?
Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge.
Li Jia has been reading a book about Sto
nehenge.
In the first sentence, it means the action r
ead isn’t still continuing, and Li Jia know
s what the book is about now, but in the s
econd sentence , it means the action read
is still continuing.
I’ve cleaned the house.
I’ve been cleaning the house.
Read Point 1 on page 10.
I ____________Egypt twice this month. (visit)
I__________________ Egypt for two months.
(tour)
The present perfect continuous tense can’t be
used with time expressions such as twice or how
many times, because in this tense the action is
continuous, not stopped and started again.
We can use the present perfect tense for
repeated actions, and the present perfect
continuous tense for non-stop actions.
have visited have been touring
______________ have you swum in the lake?_________have you been swimming in the lake?
How many times
How long
how many times/how long
We usually use the present perfect tense to ask questions beginning with how many/much, and the present perfect continuous tense to ask questions beginning with how long.
A state verb or an action verb
I have had this camera for five years.
(state verb)
I have taken photos of UFOs with this
camera. (action verb)
I have been taking photos of UFOs with
this camera. (action verb)
An action means something happening
or changing. A state means something
staying the same. Some examples of
action verbs are do, go, and play. Some
examples of state verbs are like, know
and exist.
A state verb doesn’t mean an action,
so it can’t be used in a continuous
tense.
They’ve always had a big garden.
How long have you known each
other?
He’s been in hospital since his
accident.
always, never, yet, already and ever
can’t be used in a continuous tense.
I’ve never visited Paris.
I’ve already been to Paris.
Answers on page 11
A (1)heard (2) been doing (3) been
researching (4) been doing (5) started
(6) done (7) read (8) found (9) started
(10) been doing (11) been making
1. He has been waiting at an underground station.
2. They have been traveling in an UFO. It looks like a saucer.
3. They probably have talked to animals or plants on the earth as well as creatures on other plants.
4. They have visited Mars, Venus, Jupiter and some other planets.
Sample answers on page 11 part B
How long have you learnt English? Or
How long have you been learning
English?
It has snowed for a long time.
It has been snowing for a long time.
Both present perfect tense and
present perfect continuous tense
An action which began in the past and is still continuing or has only just finished can, with certain verbs, be expressed by either the present perfect or present perfect continuous. Verbs which can be used in this way include expect, hope, learn, lie, live, sleep, sit, study, wait, want, rain, etc.
1. ___ that dress when I first saw you
at the station?
A. Were you wearing
B. Have you worn
C. Did you wear
D. Do you wear
即时训练
2. ―Kate doesn’t look very well. What’s
wrong with her?
― She has a headache because she ___
too long; she ought to stop work.
A. has been reading B. had read
C. is reading D. was reading
3. “Tell the students to stop shouting.
We ____ our essays .”
A. write
B. have been writing
C. are writing
D. have written
4. My uncle, Sam, __ manager of the
firm.
A. has just made B. is just being made
C. has just been made D. is just made
5. This is the first time the students __ to
Hyde Park.
A. have gone B. have been gone
C. have been going D. are being gone
6. She ______ her mother’s work since
she was admitted into hospital.
A. is doing B. has been doing
C. has done D. has been done
7. It ___ every day so far this month.
A. is raining B. rains
C. has rained D. has been
rained
高考链接1. I haven’t heard anything from him yet.
(P8)
[ 考点 ] 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响,句中可以没有具体的时间状语。肯定句中用 already ,否定句和疑问句中用 yet 。
[ 考例 1] —_____ you _____ him aroun
d the museum yet?
—Yes. We had a great time there.
( 江苏 2007)
A. Have ; shown B. Do ; show
C. Had ; shown D. Did ; show
[ 点拨 ] 此句强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响,即:是否已经带他参观了博物馆。
[ 考例 2] We _____ our new neighbors yet,
so we don’t know their names.( 上海 200
6 春 )
A. don’t meet B. won’t meet
C. haven’t met D. hadn’t met
[ 点拨 ] 此句表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响。
2. My friend Jack has just sent me an e-m
ail, telling me about his travels around th
e world.(P8)
[ 考点 ] V-ing 短语作后置定语,表示 V-i
ng 形式和被修饰的名词之间是主动关系。
[ 考例 1] Peter received a letter just now
_____ his grandma would come to see hi
m soon. ( 四川 2007)
A. said B. says
C. saying D. to say
[ 点拨 ] saying 修饰 a letter ,相当于 wh
ich said ... 。
[ 考例 2] Don’t respond to any e-mails _____ personal information, no matter how official they look.( 天津 2006)A. searching B. askingC. requesting D. questioning[ 点拨 ] 句意:不要答复任何索要个人信息的电子邮件,不管他们看上去有多正规。search 和 ask 后面应加介词 for ; request意为“询问”; question 意为“提问,盘问,审问”。故选 C 。
3. Kelly: Sorry I’m late. Have you been w
aiting long?
Mavis: Yes. I’ve been waiting for an hour.
(P9)
[ 考点 ] 现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始的动作到现在为止一直在进行,且可能持续下去。有时含有不耐烦、责备等感情色彩。
[ 考例 1] —I have got a headache.
—No wonder. You _____ in front of that
computer too long. ( 江西 2007)
A. work B. are working
C. have been working D. worked
[ 点拨 ] 由语境可以看出 work 动作开始于过去,持续到现在,对现在还有影响,且含有责备的口吻,所以用现在完成进行时。
[ 考例 2] Cathy is taking notes of the gra
mmatical rules in class at Sunshine Schoo
l, where she _____ English for a year. ( 湖南 2007)
A. studies B. studied
C. is studying D. has been studying
[ 点拨 ] 句意:凯茜正在阳光学校的课堂上做语法笔记,她一直在那里学英语,到现在已经一年了。
Homework
Part C1 and C2 on page 88 in Workbook
Review Task part