HBio Ch 1 PowerPoint PDF 9-12

7/31/2019 HBio Ch 1 PowerPoint PDF 9-12

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Honors Biology

Chapter 1

Themes of Life


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Biology

Bio- = life

-ology = study of

Therefore, biology is the study of life.


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Organisms Living things

Include all six kingdoms:

Animals, plants, fungi, protists, eubacteria andarchaebacteria

What does it mean for an organism to beliving?

More on this later.


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Themes

Recurring ideas that will be presented

throughout the text

Focus on vocabulary for these ideas


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Cell structure and function Structure = how it is built

Function = what it does

Important point how do structureand function reinforce each other?

Muscle cell vs. bone cell

Plant cell vs. animal cell


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Unicellular, multicellular (differentiation)

Uni = one Multi = many

Unicellular organisms the one cell does all ofthe tasks of living

Multicellular organisms if cells aredifferentiated, then the different cell types canspecialize

Differentiation = process of cell types becomingdifferent from one another


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Stability and homeostasis Homeostasis = Stable level of internal conditions

Processes involved may include Water movement Temperature control

Maintenance of concentration of materials

Control of rate of reactions

Generally, consider automatic responses

Generally, not involving behaviors or conscious choices


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Reproduction and inheritance Reproduction = creation of offspring

Inheritance = passing on of traits must involve DNA

(gene = segment of DNA that controls production of one polypeptide)

Sexual vs. asexualTwo cells uniting (fertilization) to form new individual

vs.One cell or cohesive group of parent cells to form new individual

Consider hermaphrodites: male and female together

If self-fertile, need only one parent for sexual reproduction


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Evolution

Definition = a change in a species over time

Notes:

change does not imply more complex orsimpler, just different

species is for the whole group, not for anyindividual

Natural selection most commonly accepted theoryon the mechanism for how such changes occur

Involves survival of the fittest (fitting the environment)


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Interdependence of organisms

WE ARE NOT ALONE!

Ecology study of the interaction betweenorganisms and their environments

Ecosystems the organisms and environment in aparticular area

Eco = house or home


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Matter , energy, organization

Matter = anything with mass and volume

Energy

Many forms (examples?) Transformations

Transfers

No creation or destruction (which law is that?

Heterotrophs vs. autotrophsother feeders vs. self feeders

Photosynthesis and respiration


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Life Can it be defined?

Good question!

Note that no single trait can definesomething as alive or not alive.

Must use a suite of traits to determinestatus.

Different texts use slightly different sets oftraitsgo with it.


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Cells

All living organisms are composed of cells.

A cell is the basic unit of structure andfunction in living organims.

Unicellular vs. multicellular.


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Organization

Organisms are organized in theirstructure and function.

Individual cells are organized.

Cells within multicellular organisms are

organized. Chemical reactions within organisms are

organized.


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Energy use

All organisms use energy.

It takes energy to stay organized.

For Earth, ultimate energy source is the sun.

Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

Movement of energy between organisms andwithin organisms.


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Homeostasis

Stability of internal conditions.

All organisms have limits for the conditionsunder which they can survive.

Use lots of mechanisms to ensure that theinternal conditions stay within the limits.


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Growth (size and number of cells and

development)

Growth can be increase in size of cells, or

increase in number of cells to increase size of

multicellular organism.

Growth can also be a reference to

developmental changes (not size).

Development = changes in organism as it becomes

mature.


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Reproduction

Production of offspring.

Recall need for DNA to be involved.

May be sexual or asexual; some organisms can

utilize both methods.


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Adaptation

Noun; adaptation = feature of an organism

that helps it to survive.

Not a behavioral issue.

Achieve adaptations through evolution.


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Scientific Processes and Methods

Scientific process is fluid.

There is exact listing of steps that must all

occur every time.

Many processes are involved.


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Observe and Collect Data

Observations are made with senses and sometimesuse tools.

Data may be qualitative (descriptive).

Data may be quantitative (number-based). Count (use senses and note each instance)

Measure (use a tool to get some indication of howmuch; consider significant figures); should indicateunits.


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Measure

See note above about measuring.

Use metrics only. Not more accurate, but easier to convert from one size

unit to another.

Length use meters Mass use grams

Volume use liters (not standard, but common)

Time use seconds


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Organize Data

Make graphs, charts, tables, maps.

Always doing so in order to see if meaningful(significant) patterns occur.

Special note:

Graphs -- independent variable on X axis,dependent variable on Y axis.

Ask yourself:

Does variable A depend on variable B?Or does variable B depend on variable A?


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Classify

Grouping information into smaller collections

based on similarities

Taxonomy = science of classifying organisms.


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Hypothesize

Hypo= below or under

Thesis = definitive statement about some phenomenon

Hypothesis a statement that is not definitive aboutsome phenomenon

A testable statement about observable phenomenon

Always involves prediction

Should be testable


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Predict

Always part of a good hypothesis

If..., then.


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Experiment

Should test the hypothesis

Limit the number of variables as much aspossible

Controlled experiment involves at least twoiterations (runs or repeats) of the procedure The control version = version that will serve as a

basis of comparison

The experimental version = changed in some wayfrom the control, and compare results from thisversion to the control


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Analyze Data

More are better

More reliable if they are replicated

Check for patterns

relies on organization of data Significance = the perceived pattern / result is NOT

due to chance

In other words, the results happened because something

caused them to happen statistics

Used to support or refute hypothesis


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Infer

Draw conclusions based on observations

Not directly observed

Very common in molecular biology,

biochemistry, chemistry


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Model

Helps to explain a broad body of ideas and

show how they inter-relate

May be visual, verbal, mathematical


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Develop theory

Theory = proposed explanation of some

observable phenomenon

Why it happens

How it happens

Must be supported by substantial amount of

data

May be revised as new data become available


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Communicate

Share information and ideas

Data

Theories

Visual, verbal, mathematical


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Scientific Method

Observe --> Hypothesize -->Experiment

Support Hypothesis --> RepeatExp. --> Theorize

OR Refute Hypothesis and begin again

Above is typical part of process for a

professional scientist


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Tools and Techniques

Microscopes

Light Microscope use light to form images

Know the parts of a light micrscope

Compound vs. dissecting

Light goes through specimen vs. light bounces off

specimen


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Microscopes (cont.)

ElectronMicroscope use beam of electrons

to form image

TEM vs. SEM

Electons go through specimen vs. electrons

bounce off of specimen


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Microscopes (cont.)

Scanning Tunneling

Computer-generated image based on electron

clouds

Used for surfaces of substances

Atomic view (sort of)


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Microscopes (cont.)

Phase Contrast

Uses light in different phases to create more

contrast in different parts of a specimen


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Cell Culture

Fractionation

Centrifugation Cell culture = grow cells in controlled conditions

(flask, petri dish, etc.)

Fractionation = break cells apart to studyindividual parts (blender is sometimes useful)

Centrifugation = method of separating materialsbased on density or mass

Involves spinning mixtures at high speed


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Chromatography (Paper, Thin layer, Column)

Electrophoresis

Sampling Chromatography = method of separating

materials based on how well they dissolve in asolve and move along a path with the solvent

Electrophoresis = method of separating materialsbased on how well they follow a current ofelectricity through some medium (gel)

Sampling = method of study

Study a small group Apply results to larger group

Example: political polls Or look at 1000 dandelion,s and make inference about ALL

dandelions

Documents

HBio Ch 1 PowerPoint PDF 9-12