Heraldry 1

Heraldry

The German Hyghalmen Roll was made in the late fifteenth centuryand illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the

arms in the crest.

Heraldry is the profession, study, or art of devising,granting, and blazoning arms and ruling on questions ofrank or protocol, as exercised by an officer of arms.[1]

Heraldry comes from Anglo-Norman herald, from theGermanic compound harja-waldaz, "armycommander".[1] The word, in its most general sense,encompasses all matters relating to the duties andresponsibilities of officers of arms.[2] To most, though,heraldry is the practice of designing, displaying,describing, and recording coats of arms and heraldicbadges.

Historically, it has been variously described as "theshorthand of history"[3] and "the floral border in thegarden of history."[4] The origins of heraldry lie in theneed to distinguish participants in combat when theirfaces were hidden by iron and steel helmets.[5]

Eventually a formal system of rules developed into evermore complex forms of heraldry.

The system of blazoning arms that is used inEnglish-speaking countries today was developed by theofficers of arms in the Middle Ages. This includes astylized description of the escutcheon (shield), the crest,and, if present, supporters, mottoes, and other insignia.Certain rules apply, such as the Rule of tincture. Athorough understanding of these rules is a key to the artof heraldry. The rules and terminology differ from country to country; indeed several national styles had developedby the end of the Middle Ages, but there are some aspects that carry over internationally.

Though heraldry is nearly 900 years old, it is still very much in use. Many cities and towns in Europe and around theworld still make use of arms. Personal heraldry, both legally protected and lawfully assumed, has continued to beused around the world. Heraldic societies exist to promote education and understanding about the subject.

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Origins and history

serekh emblem of PharaohRaneb, whose name

appears between the falconand the palace symbols

As early as predynastic Egypt, an emblem known as a serekh was used to indicate theextent of influence of a particular regime, sometimes carved on ivory labels attached totrade goods, but also used to identify military allegiances and in a variety of other ways.It led to the development of the earliest hieroglyphs. This practice seems to have grownout of the use of animal mascots, whose pelts or bodies were literally affixed to staves orstandards, as depicted on the earliest cosmetic palettes of the period. Some of the oldestserekhs consist of a striped or cross-hatched box, representing a palace or city, with acrane, scorpion, or other animal drawn standing on top. Before long, a falconrepresenting Horus became the norm as the animal on top, with the individual Pharaoh'ssymbol usually appearing in the box beneath the falcon, and above the stripesrepresenting the palace.

Shields of Magister Militum Praesentalis II. Pagefrom the Notitia Dignitatum, a medieval copy of a

Late Roman register of military commands

Ancient warriors often decorated their shields with patterns andmythological motifs. These symbols could be used to identify thewarriors when their faces were obscured by helmets. Army units of theRoman Empire were identified by the distinctive markings on theirshields. These were not heraldic in the medieval and modern sense, asthey were associated with units, not individuals or families.[6]

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Three soldiers on the Bayeux Tapestry bearingpre-heraldic shields.

At the time of the Norman conquest of England, heraldry in itsessential sense of an inheritable emblem had not yet been developed.The knights in the Bayeux Tapestry carry shields, but there appears tohave been no system of hereditary coats of arms. The seeds of heraldicstructure in personal identification can be detected in the account in acontemporary chronicle of Henry I of England, on the occasion of hisknighting his son-in-law Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, in 1127. Heplaced to hang around his neck a shield painted with golden lions. Thefunerary enamel of Geoffrey (died 1151), dressed in blue and gold andbearing his blue shield emblazoned with gold lions, is the first recordeddepiction of a coat of arms.[7]

By the middle of the 12th century,[8] coats of arms were being inherited by the children of armigers (persons entitledto use a coat of arms) across Europe. Between 1135 and 1155, seals representing the generalized figure of the ownerattest to the general adoption of heraldic devices in England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy.[9] By the end of thecentury, heraldry appears as the sole device on seals.[10] In England, the practice of using marks of cadency arose todistinguish one son from another; it was institutionalized and standardized by John Writhe in the early 15th century.

The tomb of Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (died1151) is the first recorded example of hereditaryarmory in Europe. The same shield shown here is

found on the tomb effigy of his grandson,William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury.

In the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, heraldry became a highlydeveloped discipline, regulated by professional officers of arms. As itsuse in jousting became obsolete, coats of arms remained popular forvisually identifying a person in other ways — impressed in sealingwax on documents, carved on family tombs, and flown as a banner oncountry homes. The first work of heraldic jurisprudence, De Insigniiset Armis, was written in the 1350s by Bartolus de Saxoferrato, aprofessor of law at the University of Padua.[11]

From the beginning of heraldry, coats of arms have been executed in awide variety of media, including on paper, painted wood, embroidery,enamel, stonework and stained glass. For the purpose of quickidentification in all of these, heraldry distinguishes only seven basiccolors[12] and makes no fine distinctions in the precise size orplacement of charges on the field.[13] Coats of arms and theiraccessories are described in a concise jargon called blazon.[14] Thistechnical description of a coat of arms is the standard that is adhered tono matter what artistic interpretations may be made in a particulardepiction of the arms.

The specific meaning of each element of a coat of arms is subjective.Though the original armiger may have placed particular meaning on acharge, these meanings are not necessarily retained from generation togeneration. Unless canting arms incorporate an obvious pun on thebearer's name, it may difficult to find meaning in them.

As changes in military technology and tactics made plate armourobsolete, heraldry became detached from its original function. This

brought about the development of "paper heraldry" under the Tudors. Designs and shields became more elaborate atthe expense of clarity. During the 19th century, especially in Germany, many coats of arms were designed to depict a

natural landscape, including several charges tinctured "proper" (i.e. the way they appear in nature).[15] This form has been termed "Landscape heraldry". The 20th century's taste for stark iconic emblems made the simple styles of early

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heraldry fashionable again.

The rules of heraldry

Shield and lozengeThe focus of modern heraldry is the armorial achievement, or the coat of arms, the central element of which is theescutcheon[16] or shield. In general, the shape of the shield employed in a coat of arms is irrelevant, because thefashion for the shield-shapes employed in heraldic art has changed through the centuries. Sometimes a blazonspecifies a particular shape of shield. These specifications mostly occur in non-European contexts — such as the coatof arms of Nunavut[17] and the former Republic of Bophuthatswana,[18] with North Dakota providing an even moreunusual example,[19] while the State of Connecticut specifies a "rococo" shield[20] — but not completely, as theScottish Public Register records an escutcheon of oval form for the Lanarkshire Master Plumbers' and DomesticEngineers' (Employers') Association, and a shield of square form for the Anglo Leasing organisation.Traditionally, as women did not go to war, they did not bear a shield. Instead, women's coats of arms were shown ona lozenge—a rhombus standing on one of its acute corners or a cartouche. This continues true in much of the world,though some heraldic authorities, such as Scotland's, with its ovals for women's arms, make exceptions.[21] InCanada, the restriction against women's bearing arms on a shield was eliminated. In Scotland and Ireland, womenmay, under certain circumstances, be permitted to display their arms on a shield. Non-combatant clergy also haveused the lozenge and the cartouche – an oval – for their display.

Tinctures

Tinctures are the colors, metals, and furs used in heraldry, though the depictionof charges in their natural colors or "proper" are also regarded as tinctures, thelatter distinct from any color that such a depiction might approximate. Heraldryis essentially a system of identification, so the most important convention ofheraldry is the rule of tincture. To provide for contrast and visibility, metals(generally lighter tinctures) must never be placed on metals, and colors(generally darker tinctures) must never be placed on colors. Where a chargeoverlies a partition of the field, the rule does not apply. There are otherexceptions - the most famous being the arms of the kingdom of Jerusalem,consisting of gold crosses on white.[22]

The names used in English blazon for the colors and metals come mainly fromFrench and include Or (gold), argent (white), azure (blue), gules (red), sable(black), vert (green), and purpure (purple). A number of other colors –including bleu-celeste, sanguine, tenné and murrey – are occasionally found,typically for special purposes.[23]

Certain patterns called "furs" can appear in a coat of arms, though they are(rather arbitrarily) defined as tinctures, not patterns. The two common furs areermine and vair. Ermine represents the winter coat of the stoat, which is whitewith a black tail. Vair represents a kind of squirrel with a blue-gray back andwhite belly. Sewn together, it forms a pattern of alternating blue and whiteshapes.[24]

Heraldic charges can be displayed in their natural colors. Many natural itemssuch as plants and animals are described as proper in this case. Proper charges

are very frequent as crests and supporters. Overuse of the tincture "proper" is viewed as decadent or bad practice.

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Variations of the field

The field of a shield, or less often a charge or crest, is sometimes made up of a pattern of colors, or variation. Apattern of horizontal (barwise) stripes, for example, is called barry, while a pattern of vertical (palewise) stripes iscalled paly. A pattern of diagonal stripes may be called bendy or bendy sinister, depending on the direction of thestripes. Other variations include chevrony, gyronny and chequy. For further variations, these are sometimescombined to produce patterns of barry-bendy, paly-bendy, lozengy and fusilly. Semés, or patterns of repeatedcharges, are also considered variations of the field.[25] The Rule of tincture applies to all semés and variations of thefield.

Divisions of the field

Divisions of the field.

The field of a shield in heraldry can be divided into more than one tincture, ascan the various heraldic charges. Many coats of arms consist simply of a divisionof the field into two contrasting tinctures. These are considered divisions of ashield, so the rule of tincture can be ignored. For example, a shield divided azureand gules would be perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or itmay be varied. The variations of partition lines can be wavy, indented, embattled,engrailed, nebuly, or made into myriad other forms; see Line (heraldry).[26]

Ordinaries

In the early days of heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were painted onshields. These could be easily recognized at a long distance and could be easilyremembered. They therefore served the main purpose ofheraldry—identification.[27] As more complicated shields came into use, thesebold shapes were set apart in a separate class as the "honorable ordinaries." Theyact as charges and are always written first in blazon. Unless otherwise specifiedthey extend to the edges of the field. Though ordinaries are not easily defined,they are generally described as including the cross, the fess, the pale, the bend,the chevron, the saltire, and the pall.[28]

There is a separate class of charges called sub-ordinaries which are of ageometrical shape subordinate to the ordinary. According to Friar, they aredistinguished by their order in blazon. The sub-ordinaries include theinescutcheon, the orle, the tressure, the double tressure, the bordure, the chief, thecanton, the label, and flaunches.[29]

Ordinaries may appear in parallel series, in which case blazons in English give them different names such as pallets,bars, bendlets, and chevronels. French blazon makes no such distinction between these diminutives and theordinaries when borne singly. Unless otherwise specified an ordinary is drawn with straight lines, but each may beindented, embattled, wavy, engrailed, or otherwise have their lines varied.[30]

Charges

A charge is any object or figure placed on a heraldic shield or on any other object of an armorial composition.[31]

Any object found in nature or technology may

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Ordinaries.

appear as a heraldic charge in armory. Charges can be animals, objects, orgeometric shapes. Apart from the ordinaries, the most frequent charges are thecross—with its hundreds of variations—and the lion and eagle. Other commonanimals are stags, Wild Boars, martlets, and fish. Dragons, bats, unicorns, griffins,and more exotic monsters appear as charges and as supporters.

Animals are found in various stereotyped positions or 'attitudes'. Quadrupeds canoften be found rampant—standing on the left hind foot. Another frequent positionis passant, or walking, like the lions of the coat of arms of England. Eagles arealmost always shown with their wings spread, or displayed.

In English heraldry the crescent, mullet, martlet, annulet, fleur-de-lis, and rose maybe added to a shield to distinguish cadet branches of a family from the senior line.These cadency marks are usually shown smaller than normal charges, but it stilldoes not follow that a shield containing such a charge belongs to a cadet branch.All of these charges occur frequently in basic undifferenced coats of arms.[32]

Marshalling

An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719quarterings of the Grenville Armorial at Stowe

To marshal two or more coats of arms is to combine them in oneshield, to express inheritance, claims to property, or the occupation ofan office. This can be done in a number of ways, of which the simplestis impalement: dividing the field per pale and putting one whole coatin each half. Impalement replaced the earlier dimidiation – combiningthe dexter half of one coat with the sinister half of another – becausedimidiation can create ambiguity between, for example, a bend and achevron.

A more versatile method is quartering, division of the field by bothvertical and horizontal lines. This practice originated in Spain after the13th century.[33] As the name implies, the usual number of divisions isfour, but the principle has been extended to very large numbers of"quarters".

Quarters are numbered from the dexter chief (the corner nearest to theright shoulder of a man standing behind the shield), proceeding acrossthe top row, and then across the next row and so on. When three coats are quartered, the first is repeated as thefourth; when only two coats are quartered, the second is also repeated as the third. The quarters of a personal coat of

arms correspond to the ancestors from whom the bearer has inherited arms, normally in the same sequence as if the pedigree were laid out with the father's father's ... father (to as many generations as necessary) on the extreme left

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and the mother's mother's ... mother on the extreme right. A few lineages have accumulated hundreds of quarters,though such a number is usually displayed only in documentary contexts.[34] The Scottish and Spanish traditionsresist allowing more than four quarters, preferring to subdivide one or more "grand quarters" into sub-quarters asneeded.The third common mode of marshalling is with an inescutcheon, a small shield placed in front of the main shield. InBritain this is most often an "escutcheon of pretence" indicating, in the arms of a married couple, that the wife is anheraldic heiress (that is, she inherits a coat of arms because she has no brothers). In continental Europe aninescutcheon (sometimes called a "heart shield") usually carries the ancestral arms of a monarch or noble whosedomains are represented by the quarters of the main shield.In German heraldry, animate charges in combined coats usually turn to face the centre of the composition.

Helm and crestIn English the word "crest" is commonly (but erroneously) used to refer to an entire heraldic achievement of armorialbearings. The technical use of the heraldic term crest refers to just one component of a complete achievement. Thecrest rests on top of a helmet which itself rests on the most important part of the achievement: the shield.The modern crest has grown out of the three-dimensional figure placed on the top of the mounted knights' helms as afurther means of identification. In most heraldic traditions, a woman does not display a crest, though this tradition isbeing relaxed in some heraldic jurisdictions, and the stall plate of Lady Marion Fraser in the Thistle Chapel in StGiles, Edinburgh, shows her coat on a lozenge but with helmet, crest, and motto.

German heraldry has examples of shields withnumerous crests, as this arms of Saxe-Altenburg

featuring a total of seven crests. Some thalercoins display as many as fifteen.

The crest is usually found on a wreath of twisted cloth and sometimeswithin a coronet. Crest-coronets are generally simpler than coronets ofrank, but several specialized forms exist; for example, in Canada,descendants of the United Empire Loyalists are entitled to use aLoyalist military coronet (for descendants of members of Loyalistregiments) or Loyalist civil coronet (for others).

When the helm and crest are shown, they are usually accompanied by amantling. This was originally a cloth worn over the back of the helmetas partial protection against heating by sunlight. Today it takes theform of a stylized cloak hanging from the helmet.[35] Typically inBritish heraldry, the outer surface of the mantling is of the principalcolor in the shield and the inner surface is of the principal metal,though peers in the United Kingdom use standard colourings regardlessof rank or the colourings of their arms. The mantling is sometimesconventionally depicted with a ragged edge, as if damaged in combat,though the edges of most are simply decorated at the emblazoner'sdiscretion.

Clergy often refrain from displaying a helm or crest in their heraldicachievements. Members of the clergy may display appropriate head wear. This often takes the form of a smallcrowned, wide brimmed hat, sometimes, outwith heraldry, called a galero with the colors and tassels denoting rank;or, in the case of Papal arms until the inauguration of Pope Benedict XVI in 2005, an elaborate triple crown knownas a tiara. Benedict broke with tradition to substitute a mitre in his arms. Orthodox and Presbyterian clergy dosometimes adopt other forms of head gear to ensign their shields. In the Anglican tradition, clergy members maypass crests on to their offspring, but rarely display them on their own shields.

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MottoesAn armorial motto is a phrase or collection of words intended to describe the motivation or intention of thearmigerous person or corporation. This can form a pun on the family name as in Thomas Nevile's motto "Ne vilevelis." Mottoes are generally changed at will and do not make up an integral part of the armorial achievement.Mottoes can typically be found on a scroll under the shield. In Scottish heraldry where the motto is granted as part ofthe blazon, it is usually shown on a scroll above the crest, and may not be changed at will. A motto may be in anylanguage.

Supporters and other insignia

The coat of arms of Ukraine uses a lion and aCossack as supporters.

Supporters are human or animal figures or, very rarely, inanimateobjects, usually placed on either side of a coat of arms as thoughsupporting it. In many traditions, these have acquired strict guidelinesfor use by certain social classes. On the European continent, there areoften fewer restrictions on the use of supporters.[36] In the UnitedKingdom, only peers of the realm, a few baronets, senior members oforders of knighthood, and some corporate bodies are grantedsupporters. Often, these can have local significance or a historical linkto the armiger.

If the armiger has the title of baron, hereditary knight, or higher, hemay display a coronet of rank above the shield. In the UnitedKingdom, this is shown between the shield and helmet, though it isoften above the crest in Continental heraldry.

Another addition that can be made to a coat of arms is the insignia of abaronet or of an order of knighthood. This is usually represented by a collar or similar band surrounding the shield.When the arms of a knight and his wife are shown in one achievement, the insignia of knighthood surround thehusband's arms only, and the wife's arms are customarily surrounded by a meaningless ornamental garland of leavesfor visual balance.[37]

Differencing and cadency

Left: the armorial badge of the Australian Schoolof Armour. Right: the armorial achievement ofWilkins of Blackwater, an example of moderncomputer-generated heraldic art. The design

reflects the armiger's long association with theRoyal Australian Armoured Corps and is an

example of allusion with differencing.

Since arms pass from parents to offspring, and there is frequently morethan one child per couple, it is necessary to distinguish the arms ofsiblings and extended family members from the original arms aspassed on from eldest son to eldest son. Over time several schemeshave been used.[38]

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National styles

An example of an attributed coat of arms.Medieval officers of arms attributed this coat toJesus, though he lived a good millennium before

the development of heraldry.

The emergence of heraldry occurred across western Europe almostsimultaneously in the various countries. Originally, heraldic style wasvery similar from country to country.[39] Over time, there developeddistinct differences between the heraldic traditions of differentcountries. The four broad heraldic styles are German-Nordic,Gallo-British, Latin, and Eastern.[40] In addition it can be argued thatlater national heraldic traditions, such as South African and Canadianhave emerged in the twentieth century.[41] In general there arecharacteristics shared by each of the four main groups.

German-Nordic heraldry

Coats of arms in Germany, the Scandinavian countries, Estonia, Latvia,Czech lands and northern Switzerland generally change very little overtime. Marks of difference are very rare in this tradition as are heraldicfurs.[42] One of the most striking characteristics of German-Nordicheraldry is the treatment of the crest. Often, the same design isrepeated in the shield and the crest. The use of multiple crests is alsocommon.[43] The crest is rarely used separately as in British heraldry, but can sometimes serve as a mark ofdifference between different branches of a family.[44] Torse is optional.[45] Heraldic courtoisie is observed.[46]

A Danish coat of arms in the German-Nordic tradition

Dutch heraldry

The Low Countries were great centres of heraldry in medievaltimes. One of the famous armorials is the Gelre Armorial orWapenboek, written between 1370 and 1414. Coats of arms in theNetherlands were not controlled by an official heraldic system likethe two in the United Kingdom, nor were they used solely bynoble families. Any person could develop and use a coat of arms ifthey wished to do so, provided they did not usurp someone else'sarms, and historically, this right was enshrined in Roman Dutchlaw.[47] As a result, many merchant families had coats of armseven though they were not members of the nobility. These aresometimes referred to as burgher arms, and it is thought that mostarms of this type were adopted while the Netherlands was arepublic (1581–1806). This heraldic tradition was also exported tothe erstwhile Dutch colonies.[48]

Dutch heraldry is characterised by its simple and rather soberstyle, and in this sense, is closer to its medieval origins than theelaborate styles which developed in other heraldic traditions.[49]

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Gallo-British heraldryThe use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctivefeatures of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the smallbrisures playing a very minor role). It is common to see heraldic furs used.[42] In the United Kingdom, the style isnotably still controlled by royal officers of arms.[50] French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules ofconstruction under the Emperor Napoleon.[51] English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than otherEuropean countries.[43]

Latin heraldryThe heraldry of southern France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy is characterized by a lack of crests, and uniquely-shapedshields.[52] Portuguese and Spanish heraldry occasionally introduce words to the shield of arms, a practicedisallowed in British heraldry. Latin heraldry is known for extensive use of quartering, because of armorialinheritance via the male and the female lines. Moreover, Italian heraldry is dominated by the Roman CatholicChurch, featuring many shields and achievements, most bearing some reference to the Church.[53]

Central and Eastern European heraldry

Austria-Hungary Coat of Arms (1850. -1918.)

Eastern European heraldry is in the traditions developed in Bulgaria, Serbia,Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia. Eastern coats ofarms are characterized by a pronounced, territorial, clan system — often,entire villages or military groups were granted the same coat of armsirrespective of family relationships. In Poland, nearly six hundred unrelatedfamilies are known to bear the same Jastrzębiec coat of arms. Marks ofcadency are almost unknown, and shields are generally very simple, with onlyone charge. Many heraldic shields derive from ancient house marks. At theleast, fifteen per cent of all Hungarian personal arms bear a severed Turk'shead, referring to their wars against the Ottoman Empire.[54] [55]

Modern heraldryHeraldry flourishes in the modern world; institutions, companies, and private persons continue using coats of arms astheir pictorial identification. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the English Kings of Arms, Scotland's Lord LyonKing of Arms, and the Chief Herald of Ireland continue making grants of arms.[56] There are heraldic authorities inCanada,[57] South Africa, Spain, and Sweden that grant or register coats of arms. In South Africa, the right toarmorial bearings is also determined by Roman Dutch law, inherited from the 17th century Netherlands.[58]

Heraldic societies abound in Africa, Asia, Australasia, the Americas, and Europe. Heraldry aficionados participate inthe Society for Creative Anachronism, medieval revivals, micronationalism, et cetera. People see heraldry as a partof their national and personal heritages, and as a manifestation of civic and national pride. Today, heraldry is not aworldly expression of aristocracy, merely a form of identification.[59]

Military heraldry continues developing, incorporating blazons unknown in the medieval world. Nations and theirsubdivisions — provinces, states, counties, cities, etc. — continue building upon the traditions of civic heraldry. TheRoman Catholic Church, the Church of England, and other Churches maintain the tradition of ecclesiastical heraldryfor their high-rank prelates, religious orders, universities, and schools.

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See also• Attitude, for the poses of heraldic beasts• Cadency, for the practice of differencing a coat of arms for each family member• Charge, for common symbols used in heraldry• Heraldic flag, for banners, standards, pennon and so forth• Heraldic authorities, a list of official authorities governing heraldry• Herladic societies, an extended list including non-official heraldic authorities and societies• Law of Arms, for laws and customs of heraldic practice• Mon, for the Japanese emblems likened to heraldry• Vexillology, for the practice of flag design• Byzantine heraldry• Dutch heraldry• English heraldry• Finnish heraldry• French heraldry• Irish heraldry• Scottish heraldry• Socialist heraldry

External links• Heraldry drawing software [60]." Chris Puncher.• Family Names from the Burke's General Armory [61]. The Heraldry Site.• European Heraldry [62]. EuropeanHeraldry.org.

References

Print• Boutell, Rev. Charles. Boutell's Heraldry. John Brooke-Little, ed. London and New York: Frederick Warne,

1983.• Burke, Sir Bernard. The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of

Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967.• Dennys, Rodney. The Heraldic Imagination. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1975.• Elvins, Mark Turnham. Cardinals and Heraldry. London: Buckland Publications, 1988.• Fairbairn, James. Fairbairn's Crests of the Families of Great Britain & Ireland. New York: Bonanza Books,

1986.• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory.• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles and Graham Johnston. A Complete Guide to Heraldry [63]. London: TC & EC Jack,

1909.• Humphery-Smith, Cecil. General Armory Two. London: Tabard Press, 1973.• Innes of Edingight, Malcolm. Scots Heraldry. Third ed. London: Johnston & Bacon, 1978.• Le Févre, Jean. A European Armorial: An Armorial of Knights of the Golden Fleece and 15th Century Europe.

Eds. Pinches and Anthony Wood. London: Heraldry Today, 1971.• Louda, Jiří and Michael Maclagan. Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1981.• Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, G. Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law

and Law of Nations. Edinburgh: Heir of Andrew Anderson, 1680.

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• Moncreiffe of Easter Moncrieffe, Iain and Don Pottinger. Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated. London andEdinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1953.

• Neubecker, Ottfried. Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill, 1976.• Nisbet, Alexander. A system of Heraldry. Edinburgh: T & A Constable, 1984.• Parker, James. A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1970.• Paul, James Balfour. An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in

Scotland. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons, 1903.• Reid of Robertland, David and Vivien Wilson. An Ordinary of Arms. Second vol. Edinburgh: Lyon Office, 1977.• Rietstap, Johannes B. Armorial General. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967.• Siebmacher, Johann. J. Siebmacher's Grosses und Allgemeines Wappenbuch Vermehrten Auglage. Nürnberg: Von

Bauer & Raspe, 1890-1901.• Wagner, Sir Anthony R. Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms. London: Her Majesty's

Stationery Office, 1967.• Woodcock, Thomas and John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. New York: Oxford University

Press, 1988.

References[1] American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. ISBN 0618082301.[2] Stephen Friar, Ed. A Dictionary of Heraldry. (Harmony Books, New York: 1987), 183.[3] Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, (Thomas Nelson, 1925).[4] Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk & Pottinger, Simple Heraldry (Thomas Nelson, 1953).[5] John Brooke-Little. An Heraldic Alphabet. (Macdonald, London: 1973),2.[6] Notitia Dignitatum, Bodleian Library[7] C. A. Stothard, Monumental Effigies of Great Britain (1817) pl. 2, illus. in Wagner, Anthony, Richmond Herald, Heraldry in England

(Penguin, 1946), pl. I.[8] Beryl Platts. Origins of Heraldry. (Procter Press, London: 1980), 32.[9] Woodcock, Thomas & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), 1.[10] Wagner 1946:8.[11] Squibb, George. (Spring 1953). "The Law of Arms in England". The Coat of Arms II (15): 244.[12] Jack Carlson. A Humorous Guide to Heraldry. (Black Knight Books, Boston: 2005), 22[13] David Williamson. Debrett's Guide to Heraldry and Regalia. (Headline Books, London: 1992), 24.[14] Arthur Fox-Davies. A Complete Guide to Heraldry (Grammercy Books, New York: 1993), 99.[15] Fox-Davies (1909). pp. 74-5, 88.[16] William Whitmore. The Elements of Heraldry. (Weathervane Books, New York: 1968), p.9.[17] Government of Nunavut. n.d. About the Flag and Coat of Arms. Government of Nunavut, Iqaluit, NU, Canada. Accessed October 19, 2006.

Available here (http:/ / www. gov. nu. ca/ Nunavut/ English/ about/ symbols. shtml)[18] Hartemink R. 1996. South African Civic Heraldry-Bophuthatswana. Ralf Hartemink, The Netherlands. Accessed October 19, 2006.

Available here (http:/ / www. ngw. nl/ int/ zaf/ prov/ bophutsw. htm)[19] US Heraldic Registry (http:/ / usheraldicregistry. com/ pmwiki. php?n=Registrations. 20060825L)[20] American Heraldry Society - Arms of Connecticut (http:/ / americanheraldry. org/ pages/ index. php?n=State. Connecticut)[21] Stephen Slater. The Complete Book of Heraldry. (Hermes House, New York: 2003), p.56.[22] Bruno Heim. Or and Argent (Gerrards Cross, Buckingham: 1994).[23] Michel Pastoureau. Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition (Henry N Abrams, London: 1997), 47.[24] Thomas Innes of Learney. Scots Heraldry (Johnston & Bacon, London: 1978), 28.[25] Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (2004). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 101. ISBN 1417906308.[26] Stephen Friar and John Ferguson. Basic Heraldry. (W.W. Norton & Company, New York: 1993), 148.[27] Carl-Alexander von Volborth. Heraldry: Customs, Rules, and Styles. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1981), 18.[28] Stephen Friar, Ed. A Dictionary of Heraldry. (Harmony Books, New York: 1987), 259.[29] Stephen Friar, Ed. A Dictionary of Heraldry. (Harmony Books, New York: 1987), 330.[30] Woodcock, Thomas & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), 60.[31] John Brooke-Little. Boutell's Heraldry. (Frederick Warne & Company, London: 1973), 311.[32] Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk and Don Pottinger. Simple Heraldry, Cheerfully Illustrated. (Thomas Nelson and Sons, London: 1953), 20.[33] Thomas Woodcock & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), 14.[34] Edmundas Rimša. Heraldry Past to Present. (Versus Aureus, Vilnius: 2005), 38.

Heraldry 13

[35] Peter Gwynn-Jones. The Art of Heraldry. (Parkgate Books, London: 1998), 124.[36] Ottfried Neubecker. Heraldry: Sources, Symbols, and Meaning. (Tiger Books International, London: 1997), 186.[37] Julian Franklyn. Shield and Crest. (MacGibbon & Kee, London: 1960), 358.[38] http:/ / www. baronage. co. uk/ jag-ht/ jag008. html[39] Davies, T.R. (Spring 1976). "Did National Heraldry Exist?". The Coat of Arms NS II (97): 16.[40] von Warnstedt, Christopher. (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe". The Coat of Arms XI (84): 128.[41] Alan Beddoe, revised by Strome Galloway. Beddoe's Canadian Heraldry. (Mika Publishing Company, Belleville: 1981).[42] von Warnstedt, Christopher. (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe". The Coat of Arms XI (84): 129.[43] Thomas Woodcock & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), 15.[44] Neubecker, Ottfried. Heraldry. Sources, Symbols and Meaning (London 1976), p. 158[45] Pinches, J.H: European Nobility and Heraldry. (Heraldry Today, 1994, ISBN 0-900455-45-4, p. 82[46] Carl-Alexander von Volborth. Heraldry: Customs, Rules, and Styles. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1981), p. 88.[47] J.A. de Boo. Familiewapens, oud en nieuw. Een inleiding tot de Familieheraldiek. (Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie, The Hague: 1977)[48] Roosevelt Coats of Arms: Theodore and Franklin Delano (http:/ / americanheraldry. org/ pages/ index. php?n=President. Roosevelt) at

American Heraldry Society. Accessed January 20, 2007.[49] Cornelius Pama Heraldiek in Suid-Afrika. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1956).[50] Carl-Alexander von Volborth. Heraldry of the World. (Blandford Press, Dorset: 1979), 192.[51] Thomas Woodcock & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), 21.[52] von Warnstedt, Christopher. (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe". The Coat of Arms XI (84): p.129.[53] Thomas Woodcock & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), pp.24-30.[54] von Warnstedt, Christopher. (October 1970). "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe". The Coat of Arms XI (84): pp.129-30.[55] Thomas Woodcock & John Martin Robinson. The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. (Oxford University Press, New York: 1988), 28-32.[56] See the College of Arms newsletter (http:/ / college-of-arms. gov. uk/ #newsletter) for quarterly samplings of English grants and the Chief

Herald of Ireland's webpage (http:/ / www. nli. ie/ h_arms1999. htm) for recent Irish grants.[57] See the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada at this page (http:/ / www. gg. ca/ heraldry/ pub-reg/ main. asp?lang=e&

welcome=true)[58] Cornelius Pama. Heraldry of South African families: coats of arms/crests/ancestry. (Balkema, Cape Town: 1972)[59] Stephen Slater. The Complete Book of Heraldry. (Hermes House, New York: 2003), p.238.[60] http:/ / www. puncher. co. uk/ gen_herald. php[61] http:/ / www. luz-herald. net/ free/[62] http:/ / www. europeanheraldry. org[63] http:/ / www. archive. org/ stream/ completeguidetoh00foxdrich

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsHeraldry  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=365002187  Contributors: 3 Löwi, 908129, A Clown in the Dark, A8UDI, Abdulka, AdamW, Adamw, Adashiel, Aelffin,Aervanath, AgentPeppermint, Agricolae, Ahoerstemeier, Akhilleus, Albatalpa, Alci12, Alerante, Alex:D, AlexiusHoratius, Alphachimp, Altenmann, AndonicO, Andres, AngelOfSadness, Angela,Anklefear, AnonMoos, Ant, Aperium, Apollonius, Arkantosstevius, Arkhaios, Arthur R, Arz1969, Ashley Y, Avalon, Avono, AxSkov, B4hand, BD2412, Baronnet, Ben Liblit, Berek,Bestlyriccollection, Betacommand, Big Adamsky, Bill the Greek, Blue520, Bodders, Bomac, Bonsaman, Bootrix2, Boven, Branddobbe, Brian Brondel, Brion VIBBER, Bryan Derksen, C. L.Marquette, CKD, CSvBibra, Calum Hutchinson, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Capricorn42, Cecil R. Humphery-Smith, Celithemis, Celtus, Charles Matthews, Choess,Cjpuffin, Clngre, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Compro, ComputerGeezer, Conversion script, Cousteau69, Cyopardi, Czyrko, D. F. Schmidt, Dancingwombatsrule, Daniel C. Boyer,DanielCD, Danny, Darth Panda, Dave1973, Daveydweeb, DeadEyeArrow, DerHexer, Derek Andrews, Derek Ross, Dermar130, DevastatorIIC, Dfrg.msc, Diak7, Diderot, Dina, Diogenes99,Djinn112, Dogface, Dominus tenebrarum, Doops, Doradus, Dr pda, DrHollisCollier, DrKiernan, Dreilyn, Dsmdgold, Duja, Dvatel, E Wing, EALacey, ERcheck, Ed g2s, Ednan, Ehrentitle, Eixo,El C, Emperorbma, EncycloPetey, Enviroboy, Erebus555, Esn, Evadb, Evertype, Evrik, Fagstein, FiP, Fiveless, Forlornandshorn, Francs2000, Fresheneesz, Froto79, Funandtrvl, Fuzzypeg, G-W,GSI.Secretary, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, Gardar Rurak, Garryq, Generalseven, George Burgess, Giler, Gilliam, Gimmetrow, Girlfawkes, Gjks, Glenn, Goodnightmush, Graham87, Grandiose,Gregory Benoit, Grendelkhan, Grimoalda, Grutness, Gustav von Humpelschmumpel, HJKeats, Hadrian89, Halibutt, Hashar, Haukurth, HawkFest, Hayden120, Hbent, Hectorthebat, Henrygb,Heraldic, Herbivore, Histrion, Hmains, Hu12, Husond, Ian Spackman, Idiot 6821, Inge, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, Isaac, Isnow, IstvanWolf, Itai, J.J., JDM1991, JDiPierro, JSellers0, Jacky 100,James086, Janet Davis, Jarry1250, Jasonuhl, Jebba, Jeepo, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jennavecia, JeremyA, Jerry, Jmabel, Joelr31, JohnOwens, Johnathan Tsui, Johnbrillantes, Johntex, Josh Parris,K.C. Tang, KABLABLABLOO, Kan8eDie, Keilana, Kimon, Kittybrewster, Knorrepoes, Kpalion, Krsont, Kungfuadam, LHOON, Laurascudder, LeeNapier, Leesonma, LightAnkh,LightHorseman1216, Lisasmall, Lobsterthermidor, Lokal Profil, Lord Emsworth, LordDextershire, Luccas, Luna Santin, Lupin, MER-C, MPerel, MajorStovall, Majoreditor, MarcK, MarcusWendel, MarmadukePercy, Marnanel, Marnen, Martin451, Matthew Woodcraft, Mattis, Maycoll F. Vieira, Mb1000, Merovingian, Merry, Metamorf, Miaow Miaow, Mich Taylor, MichaelHardy, Michael Slone, Michael Snow, Mijkal, Mike Dillon, Milejerkovic, Mkill, Mksmith, Modeha, Montrealais, Morven, MrDolomite, Mschel, NAHID, Nandesuka, NawlinWiki, Ncox,Neckro, Neutrality, Nikkimaria, NixonB, NormanEinstein, Olivier, Onomatopeia, OrangeDog, Ospalh, PKM, Pakalomattam, Palnatoke, Parkwells, Patstuart, Pauldanon, Pdambaek, Pedant17,PeterReid, Pierre1209, Piotrus, Pit, Pizza Puzzle, Pm215, Poccil, Psiphim6, Pyrop, Quadell, RainbowOfLight, RattusMaximus, Rcsheets, Recury, Rellis1067, Retodon8, Reyk, Riana, Rjstott,Rockhall, Rockvee, Rodolph, Romanm, Ronhjones, Rosser1954, Roux, Rune.welsh, SGS, Sabbut, Sam Hocevar, Sandwich Eater, SandyGeorgia, Sardur, SavantEdge, Sbrools, Science4sail,Septegram, Signalhead, Silly Dan, Silsor, SimonP, Sleigh, Slowpokeiv, Smuj 99, Snowmanradio, Snowolf, Sotakeit, SowelBlack, Spark240, SparrowsWing, Sschlimgen, Stbalbach, Steifer,Stephenb, Sweetness46, Taawisuomainen, Talshiarr, Tamfang, Tancarville, Tarquin, Telso, Terot, Thatguyflint, The undertow, TheCatalyst31, These, ThreeDee912, ThuranX, Tide rolls, Tierlieb,Til Eulenspiegel, Timeu, Timms, Toby Bartels, Tomas e, Tpbradbury, Trevor MacInnis, Treygdor, Triwbe, Trueblue74, Trusilver, TylerDurden1963, Ulf Heinsohn, Unyoyega, Urhixidur,Username1025, Valdemarasl, Valentinian, Veledan, Victoriaedwards, Vikingdiscuss, Violetriga, Webgeer, Wereon, Wetman, What no2000, Wik, Wilhelm meis, XJamRastafire, Xn4, Xufanc,Yakudza, Yopie, Yorkshirian, Yvesnimmo, Zaxo1994, Zeborah, Zlobny, Zoe, Zoicon5, Zuez101, 591 anonymous edits

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