HdG dG G WGdGbEG jdG

WdG jQdG EG GOSG HQe

dGh Gh eh OQCG

HdG dG G WGdG

bEG jdG

WdG jQdG EG GOSG HQe

dGh Gh eh OQCG

OGYEG

jCG CG

HfGh WGd dhdG SDG

: geh

OQCG- SGQd jG OQCG ce

e - dG IG H

G - dGh ed HG G

dG - fEG gCdGh eG ce

dcdG ```e YH HdG ```dG G WGdG ```M h```e e Ac ```jdG G```g OG```YG

(AECID) dG LCG e hdG hd fSEG

bEG jdG :HdG dG G WGdG

Democracy at the Local Level in the Arab World: A Regional Report

HfGh WGd dhdG SDd X G L International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance International IDEA (2010)

MGbG hCG LSG hCG dG Lh hCG AGQBG J h .SS hCG Wh de hCG bGe Y jdG Gg j

,a AYCG hdG hCG JQGOEG hCG ,(IDEA) HfGh WGd dhdG SDG f Lh Y g IOQGdG.d dG eG f Lh hCG

:EG LdG j ,LJ hCG e AL hCG QGUEG Gg f IOYEG LCG e aGG Y d

HfGh WGd dhdG SDGInternational IDEA

Strmsborg - SE -103 34Stockholm / Sweden

Tel: +46 8 698 37 00Fax: +46 8 20 24 22E-mail: info@idea.int

Website: www.idea.int

G GQ ,jGjO HQJ :dG

jdG ,aGL dH :YdG

G GQ ,jGjO HQJ :dG J

(ISBN): 978-91-85724-78-9 :d hdG QG bdG

M HfGh WGd dhdG SDG he da V jdG Gg OGYEG

.(AECID) dG LCG e hdG hd fSEG dcdG YHh ,HdG dG G WGdG J .djG eG e g YW dh

.SdG cQG M jfGh WGd dhdG SDG Ye S

jJ dG Lh Y ,a IOQGdG UdGh LSGh AGQBG L dP ,jdG Gg j

HfGh WGd dhdG SDG a ,d dG hCG IG SDG e C SdG

.djG eGh fSEG eG e ch ,(International IDEA)

DISCLAIMERThis Report, its recommendations, conclusions and any views expressed in it,

do not necessarily represent the views of the implementing or funding agencies including the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance

(International IDEA), and the Governments of Spain and Italy.

EXENCIN DE RESPONSABILIDADESEste informe, incluidas todas las opiniones, conclusiones y/o recomendaciones

contenidas en el mismo, no reeja la opinin ocial de ninguna de las organizaciones que lo implementan o nancian, incluidas IDEA Internacional y

los Gobierno de Espaa y de Italia

jJh T

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.jdG Gg YW j g djEG eG

,b Y e H eb ,d HdG G dG ah cQG d AdGh ```dH J c

:gh ,cQe hO eEH j

.hdG Y QcdG jeh e dG IG H .GQG g dG jeh SQGd jG OQCG ce

.MS I Jjeh (AMSED) dGh ed HG G .UCG jdGY dG jeh dG fEG gCdGh eG ce

OYh jCG CG hG eGh dG jH HfGh WGd dhdG SDG Jh

M EG LGNEGh hG Gg KCG cCG IGh IQG J gO c jdG Sj

.OLdG

hDhdG d ```ShCG ```dGh jaCG efH - h```G Ije dL ZQe EG ```jCG ```dH fh

Yd hGQhO ffh ja e EG jCG dH f c .REGh hG S M Y aGTEGh

.hd QGOEGh LdG

Gg YW Y TCG dG HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG ```dG ja ```f CG Of c

YdG d ,```S Sd dG Ijeh QfGR ```M jOf ```dG Ije ```UN IQ```Hh dG

eT b EG jCG ```dH f c .S IQ```H jdG Gg YW ```Vh dG dG

.jdG e HdG dG j aeh IN e eb

Geb jdG c EG ```jG ```dH HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG J GNBG dh G```NCGh

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J dG G ```U e KfG j eG```SGh WGdG dG CG FdG CGH

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f OLh Y jG eCG eb d dGh ,Y aGG ```SSCG OG Jh GMG ```S

.WGO

FdG gG Y```Ve e IMGh Jje Y WGdG J dC```e ```J g e

j e g ```G da .```gd jQh```dG GhOCG aJh ```gjJ Y ```SDG ```f ```dG

HCGO dh .dG EG jdG e G ```U IQGh ```UCG WGdG fG

dG CGe Y J WGdG d IGOCG jJ Y HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG

H IGOCG g G```SG dh .ahG jdG ```dG F```Sh Y dH kIe ,Gh ```JGdG

ALQCG G```dG e jdG kGO```SG dG Y ```e Y Jh ,```e

.SGQ iNCGh Tf WGO j h ,dG

GdG Y b PEG .SCJ e ```SDG d GG gG Qh MCG HdG dG ```T dh

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G FH Yh WGdG LdG YO Ya bEGh AcT e kFGO

.HdG

iG gh CG ,```SSCG G j```e e MGh Y WGdG J h```e GQOG J eh

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dG da of dh .dGh Gh ,eh ,OQCG e c ,fSEG eG b e Qe

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. eh bK IH ,G iG Y WGdG bGh HQ

OG oe G oeShCG dGh jaCG efH je

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9

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8 ......................................................................................................J

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11 .................................................................................................... ee

13 ........................................................................ G WGdG J

13 .................................................. G WGdG Oeh e :hCG

17 ................................ YdG WGdG He dG WGdG :fK

18 .................................................................. JGdG dG CGe :dK

19 ..............................................WGdG J d dG QWEG :HGQ

26 ...................................................................:dG e :eN

26 ...................................... HfGh WGd dhdG SDG dO

32 ............................. GREGh jdG :HdG dG G J

34 ... HdG dG G WGdG J Y LSG RHCG - UN :SOS

dG AGHdG dG G WGdG J he

43 .............................................................................................ee

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47 .............................................................................. OQCG 99 .............................................................................. e 139 ........................................................................... G 179 ............................................................................. dG

G213 ....................................................G iG Y WGdG J dO

233 .................................................HfGh WGd dhdG SDG M

236 .............................................. HQCG GdG jdG G SDG M

243 ........................................................................................ TGG

249 ......................................................................jd J Sa

hCG AG

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hCG AG

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ee

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```SDG J CG j ,Y C```T fCG Y ```Uh e H J ,```d ```WGO IQGOEG ```b EGh

EG aOdG edG ```SdG SQ e J d ,WGe eCG ```Teh FGO ```H dhD```e cG

```SQGh ```SdG J jJ e J dh .WGG Q```L e ec YH ,```jdGh ```dG

OYG X EG k``` ```j dP CG EG .dP ```LM G iCGQ c ,```gJh ```Y ```dG

FdGh ,GQ```dGh dG Y ```dGh ,dGh dGh e```dG e ```SQh ```WGdG

SCG EG c J H ,jdGh JSDGh FGLEG fG L H eJ eAGe Y kSSCG

.Y QG WGdG

id edG IQdG dCe UCG ,QdG Y G d```TCG Q```fGh WGdG dG QJ eh

G dG ```Ua aJh ,JjdhCGh ```JLMGh ```dG J WGdG ```dG

.dG M WGdG dG LGJ dG ,I```G jdG gCG e IMGh J ,d eG```Gh

Y ,```G ```SDG IY```h , j```e Y GQGOEGh eG e jdG J Gdh

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Mf e ```NEG ```VGe I```G J Y dGh ,Mf e dG bGe ```e IO```SG ```H

.iNCG

12

HdG dG G WGdG

EG ```J ```Gh eG```G WGdG CH ,FdG CGH fEG e kbfGh ,dP EG kGO```SG

WGd dhdG SDG HCGO ;JjdhCGh JaKh b e eAJh ,G U e f GPEG

eGdG ,Gh WdGh dhdG OG aQ SEd ,Yh e GhOCG jJ Y ,HfGh

LM ,bh CG eAGe G d ,aOgh e e IQH J Y J EG

CG ,WGdG dG jJ N e ,G jf FQ g d ,```G ```bGhh

WGdG J Y ```J Ggh .Y cCdGh dGh WGdG H FdG HGdG OjEG gh

ZCG Y j F```dG dG e CG Wh .hCG LQdH jJ LM ,```G YJh

fGL j e c G H ```j dG eCG ;Y j```e ``` e ,e

LG iMEG fCG Y ```WGdG EG j ;YLGh bGh jO```bGh ```SdG IG

QOb fCG KCG M f J fd H ,a G gC d ,h YJ j dG dGh

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JGdG UN ,dH gCH WGdG dG J GQOe J ,dhCG gG g e bfG

PEG .g gO```H f dG G i```G Y WGdG J d ```dH G g c ,e

O```G dG EG ```UdG dN e dG jdG g WGd JGdG dG Y CG

,IO M V J j CGh H dG Gg CG EG .eGG d ie aCG

KDJ ,Ic FO GPh ,eg LSG UQ dN e ,G hCG WdG i```G Y AG```S

Y QeCG bGh Y jJ IQU aJ j CG fCT e G WGdG a .iNCG je

eY kUN ,bEG i```G Y QeCG bGd HQG H Q```SG eh ,WdG i```G

.eg ce SGb Jh fGH H dG ,HdG dc eCG j

,```TdG fOQCG G ```g ,HY hO HQC ```WdG jQdG ```e Y EG kGO```SGh ,```g ```e

J jQJ EG k```UCG I```Gh ,dG jQGh HG Gh ,```HdG ```e jQLh

eY HQe e cCG j CG j ,bEG jJ Vh hf ,e c Ie gh H

eG e OY cCG jJ ```H dPh ,HdG G G WGdG ```bGd ```dhCGh

.e IO```SG ch ,Y f eh ,eh gJ dG dG H ,G HdG Gh

```dG e jG ```d ,QG ```G bf ```SJh ,IFGdG HdG g ```SJ eCfh

.HdG Gh fEd IcCG IFa e dP ,G GH e jG ,G GQGOEGh

13

hCG AG :bEG jdG

G WGdG J

G WGdG Oeh e :hCG

dG ,fdG ```WGdG L k```Y j e ```b eh ,edG e ```jY Y jj e i```e ```Y

jGJ ,1989 ```dG dH QG```L ```H kjeQ h ,Ja```dG OG Q```fG QOGH ```e CG```H

WCGh J```SDeh G f jQL M```UEG NOEG Y dG IQh```H jOG G```UCG OJh

G U e dGh GUCG g f bh .HdG dG Jje ac Yh ,JSQh

idG e dG IGOe EG a```VEG , kfMCG eM L eh ,dG jG fG J```SDeh G

,kfMCG ```ST ehe LGJ fc ```e kdZ dG J CG EG .Q```G e dH ```dhdG ```Gh

hG ZQh .IOh```e jW EG kdZ OD```j gh Y ```VdG CG KCG ,GQ```e EG ```J

dG ,dTCGh YGfCG H LQGh NGdG ```dG EG a```VEG ,IOG GQOGh IQG

h ,GMCG ```aCG ```VGe dGR e ,Lh jCG G ```UEG Y CG ,jW ```S Hh

```Sf G eCG H YG GQG g JJh .e ILG eBGh FdG EG ODJ

,hXh ```UH J HdG GdG CG EG ,jhdG EG ```UEG GQOe aH OJ OJ IN

j Ic d```TEG gh .Jh HdG ```WGdG PH ```j e OG```SG ```dG e

H FGJh M J ,IA qHh Y GNh QaCH LGJ h ,G ```dH dJ fCH hdG

CG g ,kFb hj dG ```MdG aGda .eGdEH G j dG WGdG ```UEG IQh```V Hh

kGM d a ,hdGh G L fCGh H ,dG CdG IQGOE c WGdG

.Z hO H e hCG e hCG aK Y

f CG j ,QYG H gNCGh h aK c ```UN e edG IQhH ```dG ZQh

edG FOe ,G e ,WGd CG ,WGdG UEGh WGdG dCe HQe Y

.M WGO ```Y jG e HZ d ```dGh ,ed ```SSCG h```dG e fOCG Gh

dP j CG H a ,H d ```dG M j WGd ```Gh ```SSCG G c GPEa

CdG cQGh dGh ,CGdG jMh ,UdG DaJh IGhGh dG Oe e Y S```SCG Y

ac JYGh ,dhdG KGG Y f dG fG Gh jG e Y EG a```VEG ,dG

,UH j e j CG j g e .HdG GdG a ,KGG J Y bG GdG

.FdG edG OGh SCH SG hO ,G dTCGh Gh SQGh WCGh JdH

VdG eAGe Oe OjEG ,CGG GH dG N e ,QhdG eh H ,G e jh

```SCH S```G hOh ,UG bGdG ```V dG CGG d ```VQCG OjEGh ,dG CGG ```e ```UG

hCG ```T ```aCG fCH dG MGh P OLh Y ZQh .QGh IF```dG geh ```adG:WGO f OLh Y jG e ,ddG edG gG b CG EG ,WGd U

14

HdG dG G WGdG

.M jOYG hCG jQhO HfG .IdG dh fG Y dG hdG gQhO ```j CG hO ,edG ```SdG ```U Y a GKCJ bCGh ```VQG ```eG

.d Y G

EG AdH hCG ,SdG dG WCG QN dh ,```dGh ffdG dH VQG ```SQ.dG

.jMh SdGh fG G GMG ,f ```e Y ```G c ,jMh ```dGh jO```bGh jjdG ```G G```MG

.dG Uah eh

.adG eGdGh GKDG H jNBG ,jG Y WGdG SQ

dGh jG He dN e dG cG VQCG J Y hdG j ,dP e bfG

hOh ```UG e QWEG Gg ```V ,HdG G G WGdG ```UEG ```S Y

Gg BG M dH dG hGh OG L CG ```W ,M jCG Y e H eCG gh .```H S```G

ee WGO b Y dG ```jG fCG ```VGdG eh .ILG dG EG ODJ ,```G

.e Zh ec H ,H d dG M e ,Mh

,eGe J d FdG FYdG iMEG ,dG Y kGHh dG e ,WGdG Jh

WCG Y dG Hh ,G WGdG c .bMh JLMGh dG J e TJ

,aG S Y PJ ,cQe b EG ,gJ CG dG jdG TCGh dG

EG jdG e WGdG J dHh .ASG hO dG ac J ,M kIOSG e Jh

,IOG dGh ```SGQdG e dG dP Y cCG bh .qG ```SQG EG GQ```dG eh ,dG

J mUHh ,FEG IG CG efH Y IQOdG jdG dG jQJ ,UN H e cf

,AG```S M Y bEGh WdG ,jQdG J cCG a .HdG ```dG M kj```M gOGYEG dG

je ```LGdGh H DWdG ```SCG gCG MCG ```J ,HdG dG ae I```a O```Lh ```Y

dG M Y jQdG g cCJ EG a```VEG ,G WGdG QdGh IO```G M```UEG e

e iNCG We ```e fQe ,d de j```e G G```H e J ```dG A```dG

.dG

,G h j```G ac Y dG gQhO J```SDeh WGdG dG OD```J ```dh

eeh G G jDhQ EG ,Jeh GHh geh ```SCGh gWCG ```J CG d H

```H jdhCGh LMG J d IOL Y N e ,e edG ch JLMGh JjdhC

.A qHh YVe

15

G IQGOEH j e je e H ie WGdG UEG Yh WGdG J h

,WGO WCGh O```e EG kGO```SG G IQGOEG dC```e CG ,dG HdG KCG ```a .```Z hO

ac Yh ,Gh IQGOEG je e MGh c Y H j e c e N e EG J CG

SG jH kGQhe ,(JaOGeh jG hCG jdG) G i```H CGJh . j```G J

hCG cG i```H kAfGh ,(A```dG hCG AGdG hCG ddG hCG bEG hCG ```ac) Lh M i```NCG

GdG ```G H g dGh ,IQ```cG Z iNCG ```Se j```e EG a```VEG ,WdG

Y ```SCGh Je d G IQGOEH ```UG WCG J Y EG .e dGQa cJ J ```dG

dGh ,e CG e Y edG WGdG O GdG SSCG jh ,j```G J L

M```dG e M i```e c AYEG e d ,G j```G H a bdG J c

.WGOh ee H dG CdG IQGOEG SEd ,dhDGh

```UEG Y ```U gCG e ```UN GQb NCjh ,RQH QhH G Gg G i```G jh

,G iG Y G IQGOEa .Od edG IG j Y Te KCJ e d ,WGdG

WGdG SQ ,Y H WGdh G ad k```Ua aJ dG hCG ```SQG J

KCG , ke kGeCG G i```G Y Jh WGdG F```e EG dG j dd .d```TCG

gjJh WGdG SJ f dG e je ,ah c H J e CG QdG

F HQe Y kehO j ,WGdG UEG Y jG CG Gdh .G je H

CG ```d a ,EGh .eG```SGh WGdG AdG Y ```SG gQhOh ```gCGh ,```jcedG

,Mh ITe IS ```SQ e dJ dG WCGh GhOCG jd aJ GPEG ,```H ```f j

eCG CG e KCJ cCGh bCG ```Hh ,c Y JJh JLMGh JM dG QeCG ```j ```Y

.NBG ieh

d Cj dG hCG i```Gh hCG dG ,```G J```H G G CG Y h```dG ```jh

ch .Y ```H ```Y j kGKCJh kHb cCG i```G a ,edG JLM LG kW OdG

e kGAH ,```Y MGe OGeG ```Y e IQGOEH Jj ```e a ,MdG ```MCG ```b SSCG eG aGJ hO J dGh ,edG JM j kGQheh ,jL Odc J

.IadG bGh KH kAfGh ,G IQGOEG gaJ dG jGh

```H G i```G Y WGdG Y jG ```Ve IQ```dG J dh ,iNCG ```Mf ```e

hCG YdGh dG ```H CG ,e```dG e ,WGdG CG ,HQe e dG j ,```UN

dG WGdG CG hCG SQG iJ :G WGd SQe g h .cQ```dG

iJh ,H hCG G hD```dG aH ```Te ```H cQ```eh WGG G```TEG N e J

I```TG cQ```G J feEG e H cCG Gg f```Y G IQGOEG GMh CG fdG ```SQG

g ,IMdG dG ```dG dH gh ,dEG ```f CG WGO ```aCG Ea Yh ,```Jh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

16

HdG dG G WGdG

```SdG QGbEH gQhH ej jdG , QNH ```WGG j M ,```dG ```WGdG

.d eG GQGdGh

H ,G WGd e```dG G Gg ```jEG ```J CG dG ```SSCG gG eh

:j e ,YdGh dG

S```SCG M G G cQ```e J M ,YGh WGG ```SCG MCG G G ```j G J CG fCT e ,a QGdG YU Yh G ```SDa .jG WGG Id

Y ```j M (dG WGdG ```He) cCG ```H I```TG WGdG ```SQ eCG

.iG Gg Y SCG H JU SEG OGaCG

e Qh```Jh QGM b ,dd a```VEG J a ,HfG WGdG e ```j dG G Sc TdGh ,IAdG IXGh OdG QGG g QhdH jh .FGOh

IXGh WGdG GH Hc ```a L MdG b ch .Mh G ```LGj j CG j h .QhdG hO ec jH WGdG GQG SQ :(1991) QGG Y ```J G YdG ```WGda ,WGG ih```d ```SG Qh```dG e

jdG GGh FdG GQGdG M ,G dGh dG H OGh G

.ke fLGj dG edG

Gg e QGS L Hc e k```h .SS aK b G WGdG Y```J dG SdG qJ ,Fg J Ib ,G iG Y dG eG hdG ij ,G CG j Ggh .dOdG jNBG LMGh egH GYGh ,UG fBG JegG QN ,cGQOEGh J G hDdG Y Wd OGaCd ```UdG J WGG cQ```e

Gd .G IQGOEG Y FdGh G G Y kGM hD```dG J d cQ```G J dh

,Yah Y cCG Lh WGdG Gh G WGG CH ,dG

```S M Qhj cQ```G e Ea dd .```dG eY b e QGdG ```U CGe J N e

.G eYh SdG dG H IdG

IdGh d dG WEG CG ,G i```G Y YdG WGdG IYO e hdG ij .YLG adG ```jJh ,Yah IL eM O```jEG ```j CG fC```T e ,d YG

hH j e```Y AHh ,WGG ```H IL bY N ```Y ```J ```WGdG CG PEG

.YG

17

YdG WGdG He dG WGdG :fK

ZGdG Y j M ,d aCG g e jd ```aG S```SCG Y dG WGdG J

Y cdG Y ADg jh .JGUCG Y d adGh WGG LGe ,jNBG RdH

ijh .dSQ jEGh jE SS IOc L c dj M ,G aG FG

dAG CG Jh ,SdG IG Y jG J ```aG g CG dG WGdG IYO

S```SCG Y GQGdG ```U Y b EG YGdG dhCG ```UN ,dP hdG ```jh .```SGh

AH Y SSCG H J ,QGdG Yd GAGLEGh J H b j M ,LEGh aGdG

e ,```dG ZCG IYb CH jdG Gg jh .HfG ```UG Y adG e kH aGdG

J```SS QGbEG Y G IQb e j dG eCG ,ZCG OG```SG ```j e EG ODJ CG fC```T.LEGh aGdG e SSCG Y Nh

YdG WGdG M Y dG WGdG dd ,jbh VGh IQ```H GG c h

cdG iOCG bh .hdG M Y adG N e QGdG U Y ddh ,(ITG hCG fhdG)

WGG H IdG ```SJ EG ,```SdG eGdGh MhdG H bhdGh ```HfG ```Y

EG ODj e ,G dGh YG ``` H e```fGh J N EGh ,G h

CH ,Gg fY G IQGOEG MdG ijh .SdG IG Y OHGh OdG WGG hY

SMEG a Xj dG bdG ,OM g e J G IQGOEG SDe Y```dG j```e

.Jh HQG JLMGh G egG Y G SdG GMCG IQb H

,e```dG G Gg e bfG ,WGdG ```UEGh WGdG dC```e e edG e H dd

dGh dG dG g ,gCG e QdG GHh ,SSCG jY OLh SSCG Y j dG

U jCG CH VGdG eh .IG dG GQGh jdG bGG Y kW dG Hh ,YdG

,j```dG jg H kfRGJ ,dG Y CG d H ,```YdGh YdG d ```J ```jJ

WGdG ```J dh ,Mf ```e kj```Vah k```e kGeCG G IQGOEG Y ```J ```d

Jh ZCG OG```SG ```SCG e EG MCG e c jODG dG ```dGh ,```HfG.iNCG Mf e SdG IG Y hdGh ,G

Y WGdG dCe Y bdG M EG UdG ,SCGh ge e J e c EG GOSG

,J Y dG j dGh .Od edG IG e JGKDe bh jMh gC ,G iG

dG h```T d ```j ```Hh eh bH ,kf```eh k```T ,WGdG AdG Y ```J d

e h ,AdG dP jd dh ,YCG EG ```SCG eh ,jdG M jGdG e ,eG```SGh

.edG dG QG QhO jOCJ

hCG AG :bEG jdG

18

HdG dG G WGdG

JGdG dG CGe :dK

,G G ```NGO e f GPEG EG ,```d eG```SG h```T h WGdG ```SJ ```

h , ```H ```UG adGh gGh dG EG ```Y Wh ```gWCGh ```f ```SGh

,HfGh ```WGd dhdG ```SDd YCG ```dG jh .``` hXh bGh ```e ```Sj

aJh ,J```SDeh G G ```YOh ,WGdG adGh ```SQG WJh ```jH ```SEG

bh bGh e Aj WGdG f J Y d ,d IY```G GO```TQEGh GhOCG

.J aKh

fEG e ,dG M ```WGdG Yd W```f HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG J

H YJh J CG ,WGdG WCGh ```SQGh ```SDGh dGh dG CH G

,UJh Jfe c fc GPEG EG ,eG```SGh QdGh QG```SG SCG d ```j h ,```U

M Y OdGh YG e d ```JGdGh G gdGh dGh adG M ```HCG EG IQ```e

eh WGdG dG ```fe e e CG CH ,G Oa c ```j ,dP j ```eYh .AG```S

c .eOh Y KDj hCG ```e j CG MC j Yd eh ,```U e g ```j

IG j YG ```SQh ,OdG ```j GReG e Y j eh FGa IQO```e

j ,G Oa dh d e ```WGdG dG J eYh .WGdG d ```edG

e Ggh .Y QZ h a AjQ kbOUh ke kYaO ,J CG e c eCG Y adG

.IQhdG Y RdG YdG Y Gh ,FGdG dGh jd G dGh eGSG d j

.WdG/G iDhdGh jdhCGh LMG ```jH eG```G WGdG AH Y CGJ CG H h

Y CGG dP ```J Y kYh ,HfGh ```WGd dhdG ```SDG eb ,G G```g ```eh

g J .Gh WdG ,Jje Y WGdG d eh mIGOCG jH ,bGdG VQCG

.JGeh J h```H iQOCG g e b e ,QeCG ```bGd JGdG dG S```SCG Y ```G

```SGQdG e jdG N e ```j c ,Gh MdG e dG dP aGjh ,```SDG iJh

dG N e ,gjJh WGdG AH fG ```f J CG ,G GH G GQO```Gh

bGe j EG a```VEG .e IO```SGh gjJ Y dGh ,IdG bGe j EG O```dG ```JGdG

kM fCG Y ,dM c G G Gj e EG kGO```SG ,d LdG G GbGh ,```dG

.JjdhCGh G G LH j ,d Hbh bGhh

Y WGdG ```J Y S```SCG ```dG g JGdG dG CG```e CH ,dG ``` g ```e

S```SCG Y JGdG dG Y ```Jh .g gO```H f dGh ,G a ,Jj```e ```

c ```G G G AHCG e , ``` b e dG MGeh da ac ```J

Ija ```SH jh ,J G IG ```UJh M aH iQOCG fCG dP .dM

19

e G CdG IQGOEG e edG TCG h ,Y IG adGh ,ah G dG QSG

N e dG Y b j h ,```WCGh HG```dG GfG j dP CG Z . AHCG ```b

J Y CG ,dP e dG Y h .H ```J C J ,dG H Y ```e da

j H fGL J ```H ,Y e IO e J ,```HdG dG ```G ```WGdG

dG Y Ea Gd .Lh VGh ```H G WGdG dM Y d e fCH ```G

VdG Gd HQeh e QOGH fSG N e J ,FG```Y Zh ```eh e Y g

Y Fd J a ,JGdG dG CGe gh CG SSCG CGe EG J dG g CG Wh .GdH

IQhVh H feEG gjEG fe ,ZdGh dGh cG jM e eg Me ,dM c gJ

c dMh hd kGOSG ,gZ e cCG Y cdG j dG VGGh ```VGG jJ

.dG Y a G G IQGOEG Y WGdG AGOCG QJ ieh ,IM Y bGhh

jW Y iNCG IN a ,HdG dG G WGdG J h``` NCG dG eCG

d FdG FYdG MCc ,gjJh GG WGdG dG ASQEG EG eGdG GQOG SJ

,dG Y j``` AJQG Mh ,JLMGh ```dG J e ```TJ ,eG```e J

.G IQGOEG H j a SSCG iGh G bGdG e kbfGh

WGdG J d dG QWEG :HGQ

WGdG d QWEG Y dG -CG

IQOf IgX ,dG e cCG Ad dH gh ,dG e FdG dG dG WGdG J

dG N dG e AfCG Y MJ NCG dG WGd bG LG Jh .jM hCG

d ,WGO fCG dG hdG OY Ic IOjR ```S IjG dCG CG ,j```dG

Y ,dG WGdG G hG Jh .iNCG M TCH dG hdG gOY

J dG GAGLEGh ```SDG H bCG Y H Lj ,```dG dG GH e H 60 ```e ```cCG CG

M ,WGdG G Fb Y dhO 100 e cCG BG LJh .G WGdG YGb bCG

kYJGh kY IG Cd HdG (ICNRD) IOG hCG IjG WGd hdG DG OGORG

,eG G cCJ OGOjh .dG WGdG ```d ic ,1988Y jGH e ```gCGh

k```S fc Y IhY ,JGP M g g WGdG CG Y ,eG Zh ```dhdG ```eGh

G fEG jG e jeh ,dG aeh jO```bG dG e ,eg iNCG GgC

.kdhO H

OJ NGO SCG e ;WGdG d dG dGh j```dG Q```fd ```SCG e jdG gh

hCG fG) GQ```dGh jdGh dG ```ddGh ,IdG YLGh jO```bG ```dG EG

hCG AG :bEG jdG

20

HdG dG G WGdG

FdG fCG g Y LQG ```SCG JJh .GReGh dG bJG EG a```VEG ,(gZ

c f WGdG ```dG Q```fGh ,IQhG hdG e WGdG ihdG QhOh ,hG ```N

```SdG HG Gh ```G G YL ```YO :hdG Nd ```G ```TCGh ,```dG

WGdG G d HG jG jh ,```SDG dG EG dGh ,dhdG AHh ,```TdG

.IdH WGdG fCG MEGh ,FdG fCG e d dG NdGh ,Gh SG

EG LG g ,WGdG dG Gd dGh ```dGh dG Y kGL edG ```UdG eh

WGdG ```Yfh WGdG dG ```Jh Sd ,Y O```YG ,Mh ```da d```SCG

jG ```J ,WGdG ```Sd JG```SG ```e kGOY Gh ```MdG ```J bh .```f

Y IhY ,WGdG SQd dDG jGh YVG jGh SdG HGdGh ```dG

je jJ ,G H h .WGdG M dG CGdG Y```SG Y G GQ```dG

```SdGh OcCG G ```bh .iNCG VGZC ```dP H eo```SG K ,H ```LMG ```J

Mf eh .dG e k```jY Yb ```SJ d ,WGd eY je jH ,iNCG M

,jG J H dG EG ,jdG jQdGh aGG dGh fQG Y dG isOCG ,iNCG

IG IQGOEG EG ```dG CG EG a```VEG .WGdG ```d IOG F```G RGHEG Y ```JQbh

je OLd ```LG IOjR EG iOCG b ,```dhdG fG f Y Wh```G GY```Gh ,dA```Gh

.eGdG hCG dG hCG dhdG ie Y AGS ,WGdG Sd

WGd ```dhdG ```SDG ```eb ,gQ```fGh WGdG ```j GQ```dG ```J ```d H```SGh

Jh hdG JJ kfL QWEG Gg jh .WGdG d jH QWEG jH ,jjG-HfGh

hCG ed ```HdG WdG dG ```a Y G e```dG dG d ,```LQG ```Gh

dGh ,WGd ```SSCG OH GdG H QWEG jh .OcCG ```SDGh G G

jG G```SH QWEG ```jh .WGdG AGOCG M ```SCG e Yh ,H G ```SdG

Yf Y cJ M ,WGdG dH ```U cCG ee Y ```f bdG OYG e ,dG

,QWEG Gg da Y j h .NGdG WGdG ```UEG H HQ dG WGdG

jOHh djEGh de :e ,WGdG fCG e kGL je TCG e eG```SG feEG g

IjL iNCG bS Y dG QWEG Gg d kG```e dG Gj eh .dG```SCGh hdGh ch

.dG e ceCG ,jdH e

dhdG ```SDG ```G ,dhO j```Y e ```cCG WGdG ```J Q```WE ```LdG ```dG ```Hh

M ceh ,IG G WGdG bGe ce e hdH ,jjEG -```HfGh WGd

,QdG J e IOSG EG ,WGdG dM Th ,IG G SEG eL fEG dG QWEG G```g c ```UN ```Vh bh .dG QWEG IdG f Y cCG ```H O```YGh

jQG OG c ,OTQEG dO :WGdG Yf J c jh .g MTh LGe

21

,WGdG J H HdG Sh ,eSG dG hdG GN EG aVEG ,QWEd dG ```UdGh

.dhdG WGdG UEG Yh

-HfGh WGd dhdG SDd SSCG OG ,g Y UG dG QWEG Yjh

:gh ,dG M WGdG Yd ,jjEG

.Uh bh EG WGdG dG EG dG Y .a HfG N e WGdG J .Uh dh ,WGdG SQG fQe .f G NGO e WGdG CJ YO dh ,gjJ hCG WGdG OGSG

g e :dG DhdG Y HLEG WGdG J Y N J dG SSCG dG Jh

fCG Y eM QYGh e H QYG M CG EG hCG ?eM WGOh e H ```WGO i```e

?WGO

HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG J dG G CG EG ,IY H dP Y HLEG h

:j FdG Jfe J ,WGdG d Fb LJ e J ,QWEG Gg L

C ,WGdG J ```H ```SGQdG b dhdG VQCG Y ```j eh WGG j CG j EG dG d QJ Vh Y QbCG j e ,aKh dhdG jQH aGh IG e jd

.WGdG OG

WGG j Y WGdG J Y jH ,iNCG LQN g hCG eG J CG ```.dG dSG cCd adG fdG NCG H dh ,qGh

M ,```dG YdG aQh ,edG IG g```G g WGdG J d FdG dG.kjCG dG AGQBG EG aVEG ,FGQBG Y dH ed HdG J J

.eJ bGeh UEG jdhCG j dG Yj CG H jdG e jY Yb J CGh ,```VGdG WGdG OG e dG je JCJ CG H

QNd ```S dG jdhCG Q```NH ,dG ```Y Y Fd ```dG ```e ,```WGdG

.G LMG H

dG jG IYGe e ,Yf MCG Y c dGh IdG f M dG j.SG dG

dhdG jQJ ```Y GOYG ,d ```e je hCG ```eY ,dG ```Y Y ```FdG Q```j.eCG YSG GPEG dhdG gjeh ,bEG JSQh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

22

HdG dG G WGdG

G ```G Q ```SGh IQ```SGh Tfh QGM Y Y ```dG ```Y ```J.e ddG Y cCdGh ,LSG b Wh Y TQh J dP ,Jfe

.dG QWEG GP EG AGS M Y TdGh SGdG WGdG e c NEG j

,Te H KCdG e G G AHCG J ,g IG G CH dG GHh

bh aKh jQJ e Tj h ,G hCG gH WGdG dG IOL jJh

,WGdG J Q```WEG dEG ```j dG IYdG ```j jdG ```SSCG jCGG EGh .JjdhCGh

H SdG IGhGh ,QGdG U Y Y QG IS hCG QGdG U Y dG HbdG :g

c WGdG LCG e Vf e c OG g ```J M .HbdG J ```SQ jdG dhCG

:gh ,eRh e

.dTh da cCG ,edG GQGdG U Y Y G HbQ CG ,dG HbdG L .Y dG FGdG hCG GGh GQGdG U d dG QMG AdEG G a ,IGhG e SSCG Y WGG M SQ Lh J dG dG Y dG

.gZh G hCG dGh dGh jdGh dGh YLG dH

:g YCG jQcG WGdG jCGG e Sh b S USG Y dG QWEG jh

G GMGh ,WGG cQ```e hH eG Y ```dG HbdG :cQ```G.ddGh G cQH G FSdGh jGh

,jfh IM HfG N e dhD```G hCG edG G jJ Y cQ```G J :jdG.AGQBGh G cJ J jJ S Y j

M ```M c ,IGh```G b Y WGG ah G YG ee J eY :```dG.eH YLG dG ec fCG Y edG SDG QYG gY ,OdG

SDG Y I```TG Zh ,QG eCG I```TG Gh dhD```G dA```e J :dA```G QYG e d ```e ,iNCG ```SDG hCG cdGh A```dGh dc ```SdG ```dG

.H dG e kH QG eN Y ej Ach dhDG

edG adG Oe L J eM OLh hO ddG SGh dhDG J :adG.fGh

dG G ```SDG N e ,QG LM H```SG i```e j :H```SG ,eG KCdG ```Y QG IQb ie Y k```e kG```TDe ,gY LMG J ```aJ

.Y IdG hCG bGeh

kMVh cCG H J fCG EG ,SdG dG aH bY IGhG CG CH H :e```dG

23

Y ```j e ``` ,WGdG ```G ```WGG jj ```dG e```dG ```b

.QG WGdG LCG e Vj e h ,

dG Y J G GG -

jdH KCJh ,AcdGh G e jdG ```Jh ,Ieh ```e Y WGdG J Y EG

G hCG dG hCG G```dGh GG dG M dP ,edGh Gh ```WdG eGdG ```e

dG jQJh ,```S i```eh YLG ```cdGh ,jO```bG dG i```eh ,```J ```j ```dG

.dP Zh ,QGSGh dG WGdG

GH QWEG G```g EG O```SH dG Y J ```feEG ,J ```e ZQ ```KCG ```HdG CG EG

j```e Y WGd J d Jh OYG PEG .H M EG Jhe ```h

M fCG e LQN GH h ,Tf iNCGh ```SGQ WGO h ,I```U iNCGh Ic GH

M```dG g CG EG .Ia iNCGh Z GH h ,```jW NGO G```U M e iNCGh ,```jQJjO

dG ,IOG G```G e Y EG ```J H ,Ga e JCJ hdGh G ``` e```dG

:g GG gh .dG Y e IFa cCG LCG e YJEG j

GQGdG ac ```Y ```Jh :dG d edG ILCG jh ``dhCG GQG``dG P``JG-1

jah ,gOYG S dG jGh ,dN gJ ```S dG ```dGh ,dG Y GgCH G

GQGdG e dG EG a```VEG ,d ```edGh GG dGh ,dG ```J ```S dG ```dG

.fG e dG Y dG iNCG edG

```j e gh :``beh Jh h AGQBGh eGh G Lh dG ``Y-2

G L ,```dG Me ```Jh .eE bdG e M```e cCG ```jh ,dG Y ```gL

dG ```SCGh ```VGG aGhh bKe HLCG aJ VH ,```bGh GQGG ```Jh ,AGQBGh

eCG a ,dG Y ```e MG hCG IG g b```J dG bdG eCG .dG Y Y ```J

,eRdG jOGh j```dG OQGGh feEG ```aJh ,X dG ```J dG ```dH h ```SSCG

Y eh NB be e hj a G```d ,dG e hCG IG AKCG Y aGdG ```dG ```jGh

.iNC

edG jdG J j M :G ac cQ NBG ie CG Y hCG Wh De J-3

eGH bEG j ,LSGh UJ e a Oj e Y cCdGh beh ,dG Y Y dG

,AdG hCG DG Gg ,c ```T CHh ,G ac GTEG QhdG eh .```G ```UEG

,JLJ NG Y jObGh SdG TdGh ,G G Tfh ,YEG FSh dP

G```TEG , kfMCG eCG j bh .dG Y IKDGh IKCG dG h ,QGdG ```Uh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

24

HdG dG G WGdG

MGh ```SGdG cQ```G g gCG Jh .```UEG d YGdGh fG e dhdG YG

,G SH QeCG ```Jh MQ```d Ija ```Ua ```j AdG Gg CG M e ,G eCG

dG ```dHh ,dG jJ IOQG```dG L```SG gCG M LEGh ```aGdG A```H ```dHh

.gJh J dGh HG UEG feEGh

:j c WGdG J Y J G GG h

hCG IG

ILCG jh dhCG GQGdG

dG j G j jG Y aGdG dG ja AfG eG QOe j AcdG IQSG eYEG JGSEG J edG QWEG j gaJh eRdG OQGG jJ

fdG IG

Jh h ,G L

LGG SGQOh hCG G OGYEG JJh eGh G j dG jdhCG GP VGG j e dGh dG SC HLCG Y dG dG jd hCG IOG OGYEG

ddG IG

WdG DG

G AcdG L GTEG

25

e Y TQhh eY L J G GG M GQGdG PJGh be UEG efH UdGh LSG HQ fGL c e WGdG J Y Ff J

WGdG J Y Ff -

jQdH kGQh```eh ,e```dG dG jQH CGHG ,Yeh IOe ```WGdG J ```Y ```Ff EG

```f W CG c .HGh HbdG hCG bdG ```jQH kAfGh ,O ```Ve hCG Q G ```UG

jJ f Y BG M dG Q e ``` dh .```jCG Yeh jQdG J jRJh

G hCG G hCG FG jQdc ,e aVEG OGe f G H h ,MGh eT J

g H dG e gh .dG d VG dG VQCG e AH hCG ,dG Y e O fH

jh .bEG jdG EG a```VEG ,IM Y HQCG WdG jQdG e c ```f M ,dc dG

.dG Y Qh e MGh c M e jJ fh OGYEG WGdG J M e OY

dG dSh HSG Y jQOb H G F```SH ,G jQdG jRJh ```f W OJh

Y ```SSCG ```H cJ ,Y jJ ```e jRJh ```f EG ,ec jQdG ```f :e ,L

N e ,bQCG EG jh L```SG J a j hGL ```f EG ,```UdGh L```SG

dG aT e dG IQh```V g g j e CG EG . k```e Y e IO b J c AYEG

kG```j dG cCHh ,dG Y Y j e c jRJh ```f j H ,FdG JGN M eH

Jh QGbEGh J Y FdGh ,QGdG ```d dUh e dGh , f ```ShCG Y ,kah

.gGhH YbEGh ,WGdG UEG eGH

IO MGbGh ```UJ Z```U EG G jf dG Y O```J CG j ,iNCG ```Mf ```e

iDhdG ```e k```h ,dG Y Ff EG kGO```SG ,```WGdG ```UEG ```fN ```J ,```VGhh

e EG j G```d .MhG ```UEG Ld e ```j ,Gh WdG ```gGh

CG Y cCdG ```e H Gdh .``UEG LCG e ``J Y fCG ```Y gO```H f dG ```dG

H ,dN e J d Wh hCG J d aJ j ,keY kGQWEG fc hJ ```G ```G

e H d ,e IO```SG cCG h ,JLMGh J bGd ```eAGe

WGdG UEG eGH J LH J b dG bG j dP ,jd WGdG bGd

.IOG

hCG AG :bEG jdG

26

HdG dG G WGdG

dG e :eN

HfGh WGd dhdG SDG dO -1

,HY hO HQCG IG G dGh dG e OY G WGdG J he d

e ke Hh ,gOYGh gjJ dG IOG G EG kGO```SG ,```UJh MGe ac

cP c ,JGdG dG S```SCG Y G g Jh .HfGh ```WGd dhdG ```SDG b

Hbh ,UCH Fb Qhh dSCG Y J ,LQN Me hCG He EG J H ,HS

```G S```SCG Y HdG dG WGdG d dG g J h . M Y d

e J J IeL fSG N e ,G bGGh AGQBG ```SG W e CG hCG ,F```MEG

Y hCG kGY gQNG j ```b ,IO eR fBG LdG ```UQ Y J ,fGe a ```b

,G AGG e ```a Y EG g G JGdG dG ```e ```J ,dP Hh .```b Z

Y SGQO Vh Y dG J h .dGh gG h ```dG OH hj jdG

H SCH M```e Y ,Gh ```G QGG CGe Y J EGh ,a JGdG JGN Y J

c IFdG dG dHh ,AGQBGh LdGh bGG ```UQ dG g N e jh .edG e

dG ,Y```VG e C hCG ,fG J e C A```SG CG hO Jah Jfe ,

H G WGdG bGh d ,jM hCG jQhVh eg fCG Y G G AHCG a ij

.dG dHh L

G CH f fCG EG ,VdG GP d dEG AdG Ic iNCG e OLh feEG ZQh

g e dEG jh gGj c QeCG bGh Y dG Yh JQGL KCG b ,dG g G

WGdG IG ```UJh j aH hKDjh hKCj jdG dhCG CG :hCG LQdH H e

.LQG hCG WdG hCG G AG```S ,dG b e ```J dh ,J (kW HZ hCG)

H H ```M EG ```J JQGLh G Y CG ```Y ,WdG ddHh ,```cCdG ```h

G e J h .1GQdG e GdG e jdG h , e

Y ,Jje Y WGdG d ,HfGh WGd dhdG SDG b e G

jh ,J WGdG bGh J e IOSG WGG dG IGOCG fCG.SQG Uh SdG U Y UEG H G JjdhCG

IGOCG ,G i```G Y ```WGdG d ```HfGh WGd ```dhdG ```SDG dO ```T

G edGh d ```Sh ad kSSCG ```J bh .dG Y d ```FdG

Gj ,KG d Y cdG N e dPh ,JOLh G WGdG ie d ,G

dG WGdG :gh ,```VG Y G i```G Y WGdG ```SSCG

dG cQ```G) YdG WGdGh ,(G dhD```Gh ```SdG GMCGh HfG)

27

jh .(LEGh aGdG Oe EG IG ```SdG ```U Yh eG Zh gCG Gh

,YdGh dG WGdG SDe e c d (IOG J) YdG dG e EG ddG

J EG ddG ```jh .bGdG VQCG Y G ```WGdG H ```UG ```SQGh dGh

jd ,Y UJ EG jh ,LSG USG H G GO```TQEGh F```dG H

.dG Y Ff EG OSH G WGdG je h

:G WGdG J dd LG - CG

i```G Y gJ j J EG ,dG M WGdG jH G dG e ```J

f fd ```ddG ```LH j ```e M```U dG ```SGQdG dZ N e ```j ```c ,```WdG

dhdG G ```H gJ dG j```dG ```dG N e dP ```j c .WGdG dG

e d ```dH G g ch ,(FREEDOM HOUSE) ```Shg hja ```SDe ```e ,```G

hdG hCG ,OdG hCG ,jdG dG je hCG ,fEG H G iNCG dGh SGQdG

QhO EG kGf ,WdG i```G Y WGdG J ```gCG ZQh .gZh dG G```TDe hCG ,```dG

.G WGdG je Y AdG d M b bdG CG EG ,JGP H dhdG

dhdG ```SDG ```dc) WdG i```H ```UG dG F```Sh ```S ddG G```g ```U ```bh

G LCG e ,(Handbook on Democracy Assessment -dH UG HfGh WGd

e YCG LQO edG ```SDG aJ M ,IOG dY WGO A```SQEG Y dG jJ k```eb

J dG GQGdG cCG KCJ GP kJU WGG h ,YLG d HSGh dhD```G

.edG JM Y

a EG ,G WGdG J Y HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG ```Jh

Gg eh .G iG Y YGdG IQGOEGh (cQG) YdGh dG je jJ gC Y

SDG bJh .2G iG Y WGdG M dO ```H ,2001 S ```SDG eb G

JSDe d MG feEGh ,IUG G WGdG M SSCG ge EG dN e

SQG M ,```UG ```SGQdG H N e edG eCG H aJ EG a```VEG ,J```SQh

.dG M G e Y LdG WGdG

e jdG Hh ,G Gg HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG H N e ```JG bh

LM OLh ,fG hdGh G IQGOEG ```Lh ,G G eh ,iNCG dhdG ```G

e jd ,UN H LM gh .G iG Y WGdG d Lf ```Sd e

e Ye Y ```b e ,Yh G WGdG ```SQGh ```SDG IOL J ```dN

SCG e Y EG ```j SG Y ddG ```j dd .gZh G ```SdG YdG

hCG AG :bEG jdG

28

HdG dG G WGdG

bG e Gfd ee M Y J ,G VGG M YRe ,dG GQhCGh

, c LGJ dG HdG gCG Y cdGh ,G WGdG dGh SDG IdG

dG j Y ,QGdG U IY```e j ,gjJ EG eGdG ```UdG W EG a```VEG

,OG YCG dG j ,JSQh fh SDG Y jJ dN e dG

.QGSH IG G G LMGh HSG cCG ,eY G IQGOEG L gh CG

:ddG d j dG QhGh G -

dG IS ie J CG ,G iG Y WGd bO J J FdG dG j

ad keGMG j dG SdG IGhG CGe ieh ,QGdG Uh edG GQGdG KCJh

WGd ```SSCGh eg fe J EG S```SCH ddG ```j dd .A```SG hO ```WGG

```SDG e c J j M ,``YdG WGdGh ``dG ``WGdG :g ,```G

:dG dG j c ,e c X SQG/dGh

G WGdG

`

```

dG

``

SD`

dG

cQG Y,IQSG ,ee)

(QGdG U

HfG dGHfGG)

(G

SDeG G

(eG Zh gCG)

WGdGYdG

WGdGdG

SdG SDGSdG GMCGG)

(G

G IQGOEG SDe(IQGOEG ,AYCG ,jdG ASDhQ)

WGd dG dG J EG ``dG WGdG SDH UG AG ```jh

.Yh Y W k```MH ,iNCG dG ```SDGh ```SdG GMCG EG j PEG ;```G

, ieh ,G iG Y XdG gh ,```SdG GMCG OY qj fEa dP EG a```VEG

29

J Y SQG/dH ``UG AG jh .HfG ```dG dGdGh jG i```eh

,OU H NdG LJ Ld ,G i```G Y e```G HfG dG M```U ie

.JQGOEGh HfG dG e c gGf ieh

G IQGOEG ```fG ie J Y ``YdG WGdG ``SDH UG A``G ``jh

e J dG G QGhOCGh ,gJh SdG Vhh GQGdG U WGG Y Y FdGh

SQG/dH UG AG jh .edG GQGdG KCdH G G ```e dN

Gh G IQGOEG b e IG WGG GTEGh cQe FShh W J SSCG Y

.YJ H SdG Vh d JGP J H dG ch ,G G

:ddG DhdG Y HLEd ddG j ,QNHh

hCG de hCG ,IR fCG Y kdM gQYG dG WGdG dG ```UY g e?Ta

?VG e IOG dGh ShQdG g eh ?HdG UEG Y Ya ie g e IQGOEG jd gPJG jNBG AcdGh G d dG dG GG g e

?G iG Y WGO cCG J , d eGe

H eAGe j dGh ,Y ```H d MhG F```G Y RJ dG G dG GQhCG eCG

bCG Y a ,IOe IQH JLMGh aG G G e MGh c bGh e G

:ddG VGGh

jd dG QWEG :hCG dG

ObGh GGh YLGh jQdG dG e GAL WGdG H G F```G J

```dG dP O dG F```G H jM Y dG j ```Hh . ```Sh H H ```UG

,WGdG dG EG EG OdG YLG MdG e aCG je LCG e ,jJh

bYEGh YLG dG ```J EG ODJ GKCJ e d iNCG fGG H Rh Y dG j

jO```bG dGh ,```dG Y c iNCG F``` Ea ```dP EG a```VEG .```WGdG ```dG

Y WGdGh G IOL Y jCG gKCJ ,dG Ua aGJh ,OdG NO eh ,YLGh

dG) jG dGh HjEG fGG j EG ,ddG e AG Gg j Gd .IUCG ac

:ddG fGG J N e ,dG Gg (G

H G fGh aGG 1^1

YLG bdGh fdG cdG :aGdG 2^1

hCG AG :bEG jdG

30

HdG dG G WGdG

jdG dGh jObG/YLG IYdG 3^1YLG dG GTDe 4^1

dG WGdG :dG dG

GMCG EG ```j PEG ,G ```WGd dG ```dG J EG ddG ```e AG G```g ```j

OY dP EG a```VEG jh .```Yh Y ```W kMH ,i```NCG ```dG ```SDGh ```SdG

dG dGdGh jG ieh G, ieh G iG Y XdG gh ,SdG GMCG

:dG dG Y AG Gg dG VGe RJh .HfG

SDG :hCGQG

fdGh WdG QWEG :hCG

DhGOCGh HfG dG :fK

SdG GMCG f :dK

G dhDG :HGQ

SQG/dG :dGQG

HfG IQGOEG :hCG

NdG cQe :fK

YdG WGdG :ddG dG

,WGG Y dG MfG :g ,SSCG fGL HQCG N e WGd G IQGOEG

LM HSGh ,JGAGLEGh dG H aT ,IGhG e SSCG Y ee afEG

YJ WGO dah ,```fGG g J Y ddG e AG Gg ```jh .```WGe

:j e EG dG N e dPh ,G iG Y Lf

SDG :hCGQG

YdG WGdGh G dG :hCG

fG IGhG/gGdG adG WGG LM HSG

31

YEG FShh dhdG YGh UG dGh G G :fK

aCc ```UGh edG IQGOEG W H G Y ,jGe ```Hh edG hD```d jG IQGOEG J

dhDG H a cQGh hdG je J Y ,ddG e AG Gg jh .d JGSEG

,G ce jDhQ Z```d ,WGGh G G GObh ,```SdG GMCGh G

H GQGdG YUh ,YG aGdG AGQh dGh ,H a eG OJ Y dGh

.HfG GQYG Y kGHh ,SdG dG QN dP c .hJ

SQG/dG :dGQG

WGG QL e UGdG FShh TCG :hCG

WGG QL e UGdG Y :fK

Y WCGh JGN j Y F```YCGh G IY``` ,kGeh keg keY jDhdG e ```VCG

G IObh G dhDG H cGdG ie J Y ddG e AG Gg j Gd .G

C jDhQ Y dG fhJ N e ,G IQGOE edG dhDG SMEG ,G

.MG UdG e IOSGh YLG G ,G dG S

dG GQOGh GASG :dK

UdG EG dG e :HGdG dG

UdG ```e EG dG Y FH fGh ,FdG U```SH UN LJ AL Y ddG ```j

Y HLEG gCG cCG A```G fCG ,G WGdG J Y LdG ```UdG QYG h .```dG

J ,IO i```NCGh eY MGbG dG ```Y cQ```G j M ,ddG ```MhG ```VGG

Y Y FdG e j ,Y Hh .G iG Y WGdG G IQGOEG h jJ EG

```J CG j Wh .dG Y kGH kY ke NCJ ,dG h bGh ```UJ U```SG ,dG

H```dGh ,```Vh H gd eRdG edG GdG j j ,Yh dG fH ```UdG

:dG dG Y UdG jRJ j Yh .J Y JG dGh ,e ING FdGh ,LGJ dG

EG dGh ,```G dG GPh ```dG ddG hCG GG gh :dG i``G GQ``N

.FdG dG V Qa H d HdGh ,fCG hCG SdG kf b GJ

aVEG ,FdG SdGh fGdG MUEG J b dG GG gh :SG iG GQN

gaJ Y dG j dG ,OQGG e je EG gJ j b dG hCG ,jgL jQGOEG GJ EG

.J hd SSCG c

hCG AG :bEG jdG

32

HdG dG G WGdG

dG jgL jJh ,```eg M```UEG J J dG GG gh :jdG iG GQ``N

Y aGe hCG kGQGbEG J fc EG a```VEG ,dY dJ gJ Y Jjh ,J```SDG/dG

.jgL jh jQGOEG MUEG NOEG J hCG ,WdG iG

GREGh jdG :HdG dG G J -2

e Y d ```JQOe ,HfGh ```WGd dhdG ```SDd HdG g QYG ```

J fCGh k```UN .IFGQ H fCG Y ,```HdG dG G i```G Y WGdG ```J

,WGdG AdG ```Y kGL dG i```G Gg Yh ,NGdG eh JGdG dG dC```e I```Te

jh ,jcedG dC``` dG Ve Y jG j dG i```G gh .G i```G gh CG

CG EG .WdG iH ```fG H ,```b Z Y hCG kGY eEG ,c ```T ```H dgEG EG eCG

Gg QYG H NCj CGh H ,WdG UEG eGH Y dG CG M ,kV kbJ gEG dP

j dG WGdG dG j dh ,YCG EG ```SCG e AdG Y J d ,G i```G

.G G ieh jcedG dCe Y J dG edG FG Z

Y dG J j ,bOh e H gREG dG WdGh G dG jQJ e ```JG ch

e L j eCG Vhh ,G dG Y VYG dG dGh H```dG e ,bGdG VQCG

jdG J UJ e je Y WG feEG Y dG Hh .IQhVh gCG cCG dG Y

Y Y FdG IYe j dP qY ,g ```H cP ```V ,Gh WdG jQdG

:dG dJh ,ShQdGh dG ASG ,IjL J

Ic H```U dG a H ```Lh M ,KJh ```fdG QO```e Y ```G H```U GQGOEGh GMdG b e kUCG gOGYEG Y hCG gaGJ Y H ,KG fdG Y G

H edG ```YLGh jO```bG G d c Z Me ```e ,```G G

,```SdG Z eGh fdG ```H G```SG N e dP dG H ```Yh .```G

,jdG dhD```G e jdG A```YCG d ```dG bdG jW ```Y Y ```G hCG

jQc ,iNCG QO```e Y OYG c .d```SG LCG e jcG G H ```JGh

.gZh (UNDP) FEG IG CG efH Y IQOdG jdG dG

,QGOEGh G OdG jH ```G eG e dG Y ```G e dG H J G ```dG H i```d JeG ```dG ```V EG k```W a```VEG ,a```dG ```d ```dPh

Wd gOGSG Yh ,dhDG G H ```SQ b dG WdG Hh ,J```SDeh

.fGh aH eCG e

,fGG GAdG Y N ,eCGh jQGOEG dGh OdG H GG dG a H LGh SdG Z FSdG EG kfMCG G dG Ch .jCGQ S dG QH JGh

33

jjdG fdG H Y MCG e c O```YG c ,fGG dG AGLEGh ```fdG

.G IMdG dG jd

dG ```VGG e WdG H```SG Y ```YJh G ```dGh dG H NCJ. JGP H dG Y J Y jU H e CG VJ EGh ,Y MhG

CG ,HG jdG jdhCG M ```G G H dG aGdG Zh bGG H```V Tf WGG e OY bh Vh ?jf GPe :Oe H DhJ Y HLEG Y IQdG M

HH Je Z fCch ,dGh WGdG H QNG e fCG Y fMj e M CG YCG EG ```SCG e ```UEG Y aO Lh M jdG J hCG ,dG ```H Kh

.a MGh H J CG dG Cch ,dH

H KdG dG dGh ,G iG Y FGOCG Vh WGdG HdG KGM T A```SGh dG da EG eCG kGc kj ;d```Th dG Y Yf EG a```VEG ,Y

,G bGH G jGQOh G dG A```YCG GN ```SCG bh .gQh ac

.d kbe c e G e ba jQH hd ,Y dGh jdG g Rh

gcCGh IG dG gCG e ,g IG G dEG J dG JGdG dG dCe J Qh

J CG Y IOdG L PEG .dG eCG kM kj ```T dG fGG gCG e dHh ,```SM

fGL H ,bGd QeCG FN GQOEG Y dG c gH e ZdG Yh ,dhO SDe

je EG J J V J hCG kfMCG Y Gh ,fGH G IQGOEG Y e

,LQG AGQBG J J MCG e c dG Y j ,iNCG Mf eh .VH kUCG f

NGO e HdGh ,G dGh AGQBG J Y j dG bdG , SCh kGb hCG kYW

,G Gg Yf Ib g cCG dG j bh .ahXh fhD```H iQOCG G G

MGUh ICGLh H e edGh ,G AHCG Y j dG dG Lh J EG k```Uh

J ,Mh bN Wh WGO jJh ,QeCG bGh d EG J fCG EG kGOSG ,eJ

Ff Y KDj d eCGh ,gJ AKCG dG Y LGh gh .ASG hO G e

.Y dG MUEG UdGh ,Y LdG jQdG e edG ch

eCG ,aJ dG jd dG dG dP ,jdGh HdG ac ZQh ,M jCG Y

Ie Y ,a dG ```Y d a HY GH HQCG A```fG Y dG Y ``` qM ```dG

Y WGdG dG bGh M eT IQ```U Jh H c dG ,G ```dGh jdG e

e eYe ,OGaCGh SDG e jdG OL CH ,c dP ZQ dG ,a G iG

SCH M ```SG hDhO Y Hh .i```S gJ ,G WdGh G ```dG b e G

.```dG NBG kf ```d jdG Gg JCj ,KdGh GGh ```dG dG ,edG ```e ```H

dG dh .G K GN J CG ,hCG Ic dG dG g ```SG H eCfh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

34

HdG dG G WGdG

,UN ```H WdG GDG N e H ah ,G```G gJ AKCG dG ```Y b ```dG

```SdG G e c QL gG Y```SG dGh ,HQCG GdG e MGh c gY dGh

,JUJh dG jQJ d ,MCG cCG ,ZQ GhHCG jdGh ,QGdG Uh SdG Zh

e j kGaM ``` ;WGdG ```UEG eGH e IO```SG Y kY QYG ```H ```gNCGh

.HdG GdG e jG ,WdG hCG G iG Y AGS ,JGdG dG Y

dG G WGdG J Y LSG RHCG - UN :``SOSHdG

cGHh ,HfGh WGd dhdG SDG ,e Y GPh IFGQ e EG kGOSG

HQCG G WGdG ```J Y e hCG MG ```g J e 3fe e HQCG ```e ```eJ

WGdG bGd ```dhCG HQe fc hj ```dG ,bEG jdG G```g FdG ```Jh .```HY hO

Y a Jf ```dG ,JGdG dG W```f Fd kGLe k```VYh ,HdG G ```G

Y J dG g C```H g cdG H Qj .dGh Gh ,```eh ,OQCG ```e c ```eh

fGL J jh .```dM c G G AHCG H j ```dG JGdGh YdG ```dG S```SCG

jh .YdGh dG H WGd eT e e kbfG ,G WGdG IG

.iNCG L e bGdG VQCG Y dGh SQGh ,Mf e SDGh WCG e c dG

Y eEG Qb OHG kGY g hf ,jdG Gg e HdG dG Y cCdG h S ch

,dEG UJ dG UdGh LSG SGQOh ,HQCG GdG dG Y Ff fQeh

jEG EG dP jh .G G NGO e JGdG dG CG Gdd IOL dh dPh

b KCJ CG hO ,G dG a dEG UJh ,dG Y Y Y VGhh ec IQ```U

.feh dG jQJ M a OhOQh QdG LJ ,Y H hCG H ,Oj

AfG H EG ,dG ja eCG J dG FG H Y g cCdG ```V a ,J e ZQh

dG QNG Y CG FG J ee h .LGeh WdGh G jQdG Vh e

,dM c HQCG) F```U fc H c dG ```Y aG```SG dG G ```dGh

GgCG gCG e MGh g```S bh .( S N dG ```T M ```e GY e

e MGh c G WGdG bGd ```VGh GQ```H hG gh CG ,h```d g```UQ dG

bh .H c G dGh ```dG Y Y dG N e dPh ,HQCG G```dG

M , N ```dG qe b IQ```G ```dG CH ,G jQdG ```SGQO N e ```fLh

dGh dG j``` H a hJ We h ,jdGh ```G QeCG bGd IQ```U YCG fCG

Y Uh ```UJh FH H c G jQdG hN ZQh .e ```H fGL

H M EG HQJ G jQdG CG EG ,UN ```H Y f dG G ```dG J fCG

35

```UJ Y dH kIce ,G i```G Y WGdG bGh M edG JL```SGh ```FH

.G G jG Y e ,dG WdG iG Y dGh UEG jdhCG EG J e bCG

OQh e ,Wh jJ Lh H d G jQdG U dG ja Y eCG Gg S bh

c M j ,dP N FdG dG dh .bOh H ee VYh ,jQdG J

e UCJ ,c M EG H```e FGYh H```U e J ,Jh JLCGh G GQGOEG

SCdH J ,jcG eG id M SQh GAGLEGh WCGh f Z M

.fGH G IQGOE FQh Y Gc H dGh ,ce Mh Y

OY H```Jh QJ OLh , WdG jQdG LGe N e ,iNCG Mf e ```JG dh

IQhdH ODj dPh .GdG g```UQ dG H```dGh jdhCGh egG e H SCH

GP ,gcJ Qhh ```U NG ZQ ,NBH hCG H ```J fc dG ```UdG H```J EG

dG QGOEG G e fG H ,WGdG UEG eGH J IQhH OG G

qe LGe N e h .G hDT IQGOEG FdG jdGh G e EG G d

keb G ,G G id jU IOGQEG Y ,ASG hOh kL J fCH ,WdG jQd

Ya cCGh cCG IS G J AYEG fC```T e gh .J```SQh jcedG ```SdG

iQOCG ,G G g C .dG V gQhOh feh ,edG Yh JM j Y

Jh bh JjdhC ah JLMGh ```TJ dG G Y dG Y kIQb cCGh c```

d j h ,``` f ```ShCG Yh , j```T ```ShC IFa cCG ```j h ,```YH

.G jdGh eGSG SCG

CG ,FdG dG Q ```T jdG WGdG dG ```T Y Rj H```dG dG CG Mfh

dG jJ EG hC```d ```dH LG J .YdG WGdGh dG ```WGdG ```gh

```H dG gG dG a Y dG IQh```Vh ,Y ```H HfG WCGh dGh

G cJ J ,dG e H SDe dP Y j H ,cQGh WGG M

WGdG ```U Y eCG .WGG Q``` IQO```G Zh IG G LdGh ``` ```dG

G hDT IQGOEGh iDhdG ```Vh dG cQ```G ```S jJ IQh```V Y EG a ,YdG

ZQ HfG gh CG ,gge e a MGh e Y WGdG dG J H ,G

cGT e G G d Iafh SGQh VGh WCG Z EG g fG fh .gCG

UJ e CGHG ,dG CdG IQGOEG ,AGS M Y WdGh G ,gZ hCG G dG e a

H cGdH kAfGh ,OdG i```H kCGH jG Y IO```e cG```dG gh .edG JM

jHdG SDGh UG dGh g Hh ,```G ```dG eh H a G G e

EG J WCG jC ,d ```VG G ac h edG dG d G ```eh .```gZh

dch ,G ```G hD```T e C```T CG IQGOEGh eh d ,```dG GQOH j e ```Jh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

36

HdG dG G WGdG

idG SdG GASG ASH ,kfMCG WdGh G iG Y dG ASG e Z

.jQSdG hDdH hCG dG SCGH kGM UG

dG FG e Y g ,UdGh LSG VGSG Y kGHh ,J e EG aVEH

:G G S Y eh ,G WdGh G jQdG ,iNCH hCG H ,gQGJ j

gQhOh ,```jcG ```dG e beh ,```G IQGOEG ```H ```UG jdG ```j dC```e EG dG M EG dG e jcedG dC fG GQhVh ,dH j a G

hCG H jQdGh SGQdG e dEG UJ dG edG LSG gCG e ,jdGh G

ac ,jcGh G H Sh ```S OLh M Y ,e jQdG H cDJh .NBH

j a k```UN ,kc J EG ,MCG e c G IQGOEG QhO ```J dGh ,Hj eh

j h .dG Y a KCJ GMEG fC```T e ,bGdG VQCG Y M ```S ```SQ

cCG e ,G IQGOEG jT c G IQGOEd G jdG j ```VdG Y Y

QhO M ,AGS M Y dGh ```SdG ,WdGh G iDhdG H```V M jQdG H Y

d LGhORG :UG Gg gcP dG eCG eh .G gQJh G IQGOEG

dG Gh ,dG dG Y Pj dG G dG G) ```e G IQGOEG

ie Y G ```dG AfG hCG ;(a Q```SG G QhO ```j Oj dG G

H e Z FQ OLh Mh ,```S c i```e EG ```UdG hO ,dG jjG

e jdG eO H hCG ;a S YCG Y P```jh ,G jjG YCG SCGj e

G IQGOEG jJ dd J ```S d```TEG e Y f eh ,OQCG G ```dG

G dGh jcG dG H edGh FdG SdG dG HJh OJ hCG ;gQhO Jh

.G G gQhOh fe e INCG g J OJ dGh

dG SCe IQhV Y kMEG dG jQJ e f ,S e e ```e ```H dG ASDhQ S M hCG ,SdG dG e d G QGhOCG e Gh ,G dG

Ff ODJ HfG f L hCG ,```Te Z ```H G hCG G a ,G

IQhH VGdG dG dP jh .NdG Q G IOGQEG Y jU H dG EG

dG jOG feEGh ffdG WCGh GhOCG ac e ,G G dGh ```dG

iG Y jQGOEG ILCG Y Mh a GTEG SQ e ,G jf

IG jdG Sd J hCG ,iG Gg Y G hDd J e H J e ch ,G

.jcG dG b e

JQGOEGh ,HfG dG fGL h ,H G HfG dGh HfG Ve PSG G dG a ac b ```e ```VGhh UN gG Y ,bGdG VQCG Y Jh

IOYEG EG LH ```H G HfG dG CH h```dG ij ,Mf a .d ```N ```dG

37

fd ,dG dG f e e ```U OYG Y dG IQh```V EG Y e Me e ,f

Ff j dG ,dG dG EG OdGh FdGh dG dG bGh e G HfH

Gg Y SdG GMCG QhO J Y jh ,Ja G d dG cdG

J dGh ,G HfG dG IQGOEH J L de g iNCG MGf eh .iG

ASGh Hfd dG dG J M ,dG ASH jdG d G e

IOYEH dGh OfG e J F```YCG d```SGh cJ CG EG ,HfG e dG GH

HfG dGh dH ```G ```G CG ,U```G Gg cP jG eh .H dG

,cQG Y hdG EG G e c ODJ ,dG jQJ d dG dGh ,Y H

c .WdG i```G Y HfH fQe ,G HfG NdG cQ```e ```f J hCG

G e e a QhO J EG G e c ODJ ,H G ```HfG ```dG CG

.UN H dG a hCG ICGG hCG ,IdG dc ,gQM h G

cQeh ICGG QH j e ,A```SG hO dG jQJ ac d bJ dG F```G eh J edG IQ```dG CG PEG .dG i```G Gg Y dG ```Mh ,G ```dGh IQGOEG

J h fe a ,HdG G iNCG jG Y h ICGG QM IQ```U Y kGc

e cCG ```bh .QGdG ```Uh G IQGOEG Y ```T GQh```Vh JLMGh ```M ```Y

i```G Y d F Y ```G ICGd aJ dG G UdG dB```V Y jQdG

eh ,ddGh GOdH j e eh ,ObGh YLG e ,eh IjY SC ,G

CH fd adG e fCG EG .ICG```d G dG d HfG dG ```eAe H ```j

IL Ff M b ,G H i```G Gg Y (```G) F```dG JdG f J bGe Y Jh ```h ,IL Hc ```YJ EG IYd G ```Y j ,```eh

f e N M ,G INCG G HfG ke M e gh .iNCG jeh

OQCG INCG jdG HfG hCG ,Ad G (jG) G dG Ye e %12

.%20 dG J H M

NGdG WGdG Zh ,G iG Y Y H gQhO dBVh SdG GMCG ```V e ```J M ,k HG GQGdGh ```dGh WCH eCG ```j eY k```UNh ,```a

c Y c cHh ,jd QGdG Y```U Wh Jh Y jb jc ```SdG idG

e LGJh Q```fG dP Y ```jh .G i```G ```M Y WdG i```H j e

jh c . k```UCG ```V K gh ,G i```G Y ```SdG GMCH edG dG j```e

dG QGhOCG e ke ```j c ,jdGh jF```dG dG Wh WCd QG```SGh Q dP Y

FGh F```dG hCG ,dG ```G d hCG ,OQCG jF```dG ```dG H ```J ,YdG WGdG jh ,JYh dG WGdG e c Y dP jh .```e

.fhDT IQGOEG G G a cQe feEGh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

38

HdG dG G WGdG

Y G GQGOEGh dG fG F j e Y UN H dG jQJ e bJ ,d HSGh jdGh G JLMG j Y JQb dHh ,G WGG QL

,edG hCG MG G d edG dG dP LhCG eh .LG dG G aJh

WCG a J dG G Mh .NBH hCG H H cQGh gQ```M WGd dGh

G dG L QH WGG M Y hCG G J e J IQhV Y dG

dG b e L CG HG j bdG Hh .G Gd edG G Oj M ,G

.VQCG Y H dG dG hdG aJh ,H G YJ hCG G Gg H G

```FdG fGL H k```UNh ,G WCGh ```dG Y a```d edG ```T dG OGYEH ```j a ke ```G g c ,G ```dG ```j Y ```dG ```KCdG GP ```edGh

Mj PEG .gjJh jh ```H ```dG Wh ,Heh gJh gQGbEGh G ```fGG

h .U```G GH eGh QGd ,AG```S M Y gZh G ,```G ```dG QMG

kUNh ,adG gCH G Yd Zh F```T GcG Y e f e dP ```j b

gQhd ,fG Gh ```G ```dG Yh Q```b EG dP Ojh .fGc ```VGe

.UG Gg dG YdG

Y G G e QM CG ,YdG QhdG M ```S k```e QYG h j EG , kV GR e (HT eh jG G ASH Q) G iG Y aNG

eCG ,G dGh G J H cGdG VGh V dP Y jh .fa H

G dG F```e Wh G M e ```Tj ,cCG kGQhO FYEG fC```T e dG

dG dGh cG```dG QhOh Q```M dB```Vh UG dG Y Gg jh .```WGdGh

a .AG```S M Y H ,G GWCG e C bGdG Gg f CG R```j h .```G

G dG J H ,cQd FG WCGh IQOd J ,UG dGh G G

ShCG GME ,FG AGLCGh WCG aJ IQhH Yh JSS Z dHh ,Yh Q```H

g cCdG ```V h .G G fe Hh H ,f ```ShCG Yh cG```T

jdGh ffdG WCG eAe Y hCG Z M ,WdGh G jQdG e OQh e Y

```SG LGh ,d d eRdG jGh M```G aJ Yh ,G G QhO ```H ```dG

.QL H e FdG jJ hCG ,WCG J jJ Y d

JGSEG G H j e ,cGdG j```e ```V Y LdG FdG NCGh gCG e hDdG ```J Y fc hj G dG Cch ,G e ```VGdG ```G iDhdGh

.dGh SG jG Y dH Te JQG hO ,edG fBG

e ,G i```G Y dG G```TDe e dG d gP k```Ua dG Y ```T d LGdG Me dP Y fh .MGUh bO H bGdG jh J Y IQOb If N

i```e Jh ,eCGh dG e JQG N e ,kjJ G L dG G```TD dG

39

```SCG eh .gZh ,eeCGh dG jYQ hCG ,dGh HdG hCG ```dc ```SSCG eN J

fRGe ke e %2,1) G iG Y GQSG dBH j e bGdG Gg N edG

adG FSdG e G dG Yh ,G fGG j bh ,(2007/2006 dG

Y j CG fC```T e dGh ,VG dG gQhH ```VG d J dG ,jOGh ```ffdG

,ddG e ```JQG ,MCG e c ```d ch ,J ```e jh .IQcG G```TDG ```

H UdG hCG idG G f NGdG IdG e JQG dHh ,```dG a id ```UNh

jcG dG gG Y P```J ```UdG CH G G AHCG e hdG ijh .UN

.eG dG dM e hGh Y Ua Y d MdG PG a dHh ,jYh

G dG Y dC```e ,UN ```H G Q```dG ```d Yh ,jQdG e jdG QJh ,jdG jf EG H UdGh e e dGh Heh H dG ch ,ih```dG ```V

e jdG J ZQh .dhD```G b e egh JLMH kj```U kegG WGG j H

dG eGH jdhCG e fCG Y e edGh ,bGdG VQCG Y J CG EG ,dCG d dG

.gEG e j GR e ,UEG SSh edG

fdGh Gh eG e dG EG UdG HU ,G dG a e Y cCG eCG ```e ```H gaJ Vj dGh ,F```MEG hCG ```YLG hCG jO```bG AG```S ,```edG

dHh ,```SGh dA```G Y IQdG GfG MCG e c ```j eG ```Zh .```G

QMG OLh VGdG eh .UEGh jdG SEGh ,QGdG U Y Y IdGh HG

G b e gaJh ```eG J dhD``` N gEG hCG ,Lh M ```ed ```c

WCG aJ ,OQCG A```SH fCG ,dG Gg cdH Qjh .j```G Yh ,```SdG

j e hG f fG c ,ed UdG M H J ```VGh ffb

.dAG Y QObh YGh EG UdGh ,QeCG H

dG G H```dG ,gjJh dG dGh O```bG ```dG Y jQdG e ```j dG gG ```Y ,MCG ```e c LdG eCG ,```fG Gg ```G G ```e ```J

Z EG aVEG .iNCG G Gh jdG M Y ```UdHh Gh WdG i```H a

IQOG eH eEd adG dG MdH G dG Yh ,jcedG SdG

AHdG ,AG e FdG eG aH dG jce cP ,G S Y h .CdG Gg

aQ H ,UG dG e cGdG bCG Y hCG G YhCG GQOe Zh ,JG hCG

.(OQCG JGh AHdH j e ,GASG H OLh e) AGOCGh YdG je

,gZh ```SdG G YEG F```Sh b e FGdG gG ,eYEG i```G Y ```jh e YEG Z ,G dZ jh .G iG M Y WdG iH

dSG d J dG hCG ,dGh OLdG e dG ffdG WCG Z hCG ,G hD```dG

.OLh M Y jMh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

40

HdG dG G WGdG

H Se AYh fCG Y eJ ,G dGh GQGOEG CG ,J eg c H cCG a . ke ddG dCc ,G G b e YLGh jO```bG ```G

ODJ dGh ,IQGOEG I```LCG ```J Y LdG G ddG I```gX OLh Y ```G ```jQdG

dG XdG gdH j e EG dHh ,G dG feh H QGVEG EG gQhH

Y bCG Y hCG ,G GAdG ```V EG ,iNCG Mf e jQdG H bJh .G

EG LG j ```e gh .H MGh ```HG GAdG ```SG Y G ```dG IQ```b

JOb hCG ,G GQGOEG ILCG ed AGS ,```dGh jQdGh gCdG eGH

.dP Z hCG e AYCc

,J dG G ```dG e e J dG LddG IdG EG fG f kG```NCG ,j```dGh MGdG dG e hCG dG jf e ```UCG dG eCG ,G Gg G gNCJh

Hh ,dG ```H e ```UGJh ,G G jJh J eCG Gc M FY ```j

,Gh G G ac eJ gCG EG g IQTEG Qh .dHh JSh JGQGOEG Hh

EG jGe Hh Cj ```dG L CGh k```UN ,eCG Gg e e IQh```c ,```dGh ```SdG

e c ,G IQGOEG hD```T e ```dG ```b ,G jG ```UGdGh ffEG ```J

. ke eh OQCG G jQdG H e JG c ,TdG YdG WGdG ge

g CG EG ,dG jQJ dEG UJ dG UdGh LSG ```eh W fc eh

Dh```dG Wh ,GdG e j```U bh EG i```S ,fcCGh ```S c ,J dG

dG g CGJh .gQhh Jje ac Y WGdG dH AJQGh ,UEGh jdG VH

Qbh kbfG , jDhQ Jh ,NEG hCG ```dG bGe j N e ,G i```H

. d G dGh iDhdG IQG GREGh dG bh ,FdG IdG bGe e eEG

,2010QjCG e SOdG Y fOQCG UdG G bEG DG cQG Y cCG e Ggh

L```SG gjCJ GWCG ``` HCG bh .bEG ```jdG Gd hCG IO```G ```b

Y jcDe ,DG AKCG UJ VY dGh ,HQCG WdG jQdG dEG UJ dG UdGh

NCG EG G GdG QGdG ```Uh G ac IYO N e ,L dGh J IQh```V

SJ EG dP jh .d FGh jdG G OjEG Y dGh UdGh L```SG H

dG jcedG ```Sd a Lc ,G IQGOEG M j```c ,Jh G ```dG QhO

cQG cCG bh .keY fG dG je Yf Ib jW Y ,G H Oj

QZ eh VGh H dG ,G SDGh fG G e c IYO Y bdG f

QGSd ,dG hG Gg J Y Y dG HfGh WGd dhdG SDc ,Y

i```G Y G IQGOEGh WGdH G GQOG YO ```Y cdGh ,H```e d YH

Vhh ,dG Y Ff Y e d ,G HG Y YO ```UNh ,gC G

41

bGe HdG g J EG a```VEH ,eNh cQG G G ``` ,dG ```Ve

.HdG Y iNCG GHh jeh

hCG AG :bEG jdG

dG AG

G WGdG J he

HdG dG

43

dG AG

G ```WGdG J h```e

HdG dG

ee

dd .JGdG dG CG``` dG GdG Y ,jdG e AG G```g jGH kGO cCdG ```e ```H

Ff e HdG dGh L```SG EG dG ,eEG Qb Q```NGh ```SEG Y fJ

Gg CG Y cCdG Hh .dGh Gh eh OQCG e d gOGYEG dG HQCG WdG jQdG

WdG jQdG OQh kAahh ,HdG Y G WGdG bGd ```dhCG HQe EG d ```jdG

e Y ,SSCG H AG Gg ```j CG fNG a ,H c G dG a ```Vh dG

,GdG ASC HCG JdG M,jQdG g kM OQSh .HQCG WdG jQd eTh aGh

f dG dG h```e EG H G edG Gh ```FG e Y VY H ```dPh

LGeh Meh Uf EG kGOSG gOGYEG b G g CG EG IQ```TEG Qh .O```H

```H 4WdG jQdG e``` aGhh ac IQ```U J fCG e d dPh ,G dG a

.dEG UdG dG UdGh LSG gCH j e kUNh ,edG

b e a```G dbCG MCc QYGh ,HdG ```dH ,JC```f eh ,FGdG egG e k```bfG

WGd ```dhdG ```SDG eb ,WGdG I``` kYO G dG GY```G ac ```d

dG LCG e hCG Ic ,HdG dG G WGdG J h```e Ia ```VH HfGh

dcdG id ```SDG Lh bh .d RdG OG jdG aJh ,```bGdG VQCG Y J ```feEG ```Y

k```UN kegG ,f```SEG LQG IQGRd HdGh ,(AECID) dG LCG e hdG hd f```SEG

.HdG dG J IQOh ,JGP H YdGh JGdG dG

44

HdG dG G WGdG

WGd dhdG ```SDG eb ,aJ dG jdG OhM QYG H kGNCGh ,dP EG kGO```SG

Y Y ```eh j```c ```SDe c J H , j```T ```SDe e bdH ,HfGh

e Y AH HQCG G```dG QNG h .dG Y ```T dG HQCG GdG ```e H c ```dG

CG eCf ,hCG I```c dPh ,G IQGOEGh ```WGdG ```UEGh dG GQO```e ```e ```JHCG

Y kYh .```G GH e jG ```J Y J ```a j ,```e GN ```J

G WGdG J Y J ,YCG IQcG dG O keGdGh ,```dG Y G```gCG

:ddG jdG jGh GG EG kGOSG ,ASG hH cQG GdG

WGd dhdG SDG eb dG G EG kGO```SG GG dG da ac J T dG GdG bGh e eAGeh jJ dG dG dO N e ,gjH HfGh

QWEc e edG Y ,dG Y Y FdG j ddG CG ,```cdH Qjh .dG ```Y

j KDJ fCH hj aVEG F```eh fGL jC dG N e a OQh e ```SGh ,Y

.J G iG Y WGdG dG

kGOSG ,(eN IMh VCG M e A```SH) jH H c GMh HQCG QNG WGdG bGd ```eEG Qb Y IQ```G G H ,```Y e ```je EG

hJ bGe Y G ```J H G GMdG QNG Y Lh .dG Y G

.e d GG bGdGh dG eh YLGh jObG hdG M e

b e QeCG bGd JGdG ```dG CGe EG kGO```SG , IMh c GG dG j ```dh GTH ,H c dG he Y aGh jdG ```SDG eb ,```UH iQOCG g e

G AHCG e MH N V ja AfH ,HfGh WGd dhdG SDG e

, GNh Q```h ,Ye N OG```aCG e ja c ```Jh .dM c ```G

dG ja ```j CG G c dhMh .(A```fh LQ) YLG dG I```YGe EG a```VEG

hCG G G e c AG```S ,G IQGOEG edG e ,bCG Y kGMGh kG```Y

,GG dH hdG b G dG AYC fh .G IQGOEG SG jQGOEG MCG

.aGgCGh eh dG UJ M jQJ IQhO

SGQO dh ,jdG GG ```G hCG CGdG ```SG Y Y dG Y J dh E ```TCG HQCG RhJ eR Ia G```G dG a YCG ,```dM c QeCG ```bGd ```e

e TCG ```d GG dG Ia OGeG dC```e Jh .G gjQJ OGYEGh dG da

FbO dG ```dG d ```S fCG M ,G dG e ```jgG ```LhCG ```MCG

.fBG AGQBG UQ Y dG e J CG hO ,bGdG VQCG Y Heh QeCG

G GMdG L qe J H dH G dG a edG ,J e EG kGOSG LGG ```SGQOh ,bdG GP FKdGh ```eG L ```N e dG CGHh .```gQNG ```dG

45

HdG dG G WGdG J he

hO YGh O```dG j```G Y ,G G FG```T H A```dG EG a```VEG ,```MG

dG A```YC JGdG GQdGh Gd ch .```d MhG ```VGH JQhh ,A```SG

hGh ,bGdG ```SG k```c kQhO ,J Q```eCG FH ```adG ```jGQOh ,```G

hGh ,eH dG EG c M EG dP ```SCG bh .G ```UdGh L```SH

.IMh c WGdG bGd G jDhdG U e J jQH

Jh ,H Y dG G I```MdG j jJ OGYEH G dG a e ```ja c b ```bh Vd SSCG fc ,J LSG EG Nh ,QeCG Fbh ```UQh ,dG Qh L EG

NGO e J ```fH L R``` fCH dG ```h .bGdGh ```dG ```UdG e ```Y

G G F```Shh ,IdG bGe e IO```SG d JGdG jDhQ ```Y Jh ,G ```G

,jJ eR QWEG Y ```UdG J jRJ h .dM c G WGdG ```dG bG

.jdG iGh SG iG Y d dG eh ,jdG iG Y g e Oj

Ie Heh FGO Hh ,G dG a e GTH ,dhO c jdG SDG ebh OQh e EG fe j Wh jJ ```VH ,HfGh WGd dhdG ```SDG b e

OQf dG WdG ```jQdG CH ,dG dP Y AH ```h .dhO c G ```jQdG ```

IOSd IOL dhh ,dhO c G jQdG Y J g ,fOCG aGdG Je

.dhO c Y H G WGdG bGd HQeh ,dG Y e

dh J ,g G WGdG J Y e ILG FdG CG EG k,GNCG IQ```TEG Q

aeh ```dG bGe jh ,gjJh ```e IO```SGh G WGdG I```dG bGe ```j

LQdH h```TG G Gj e EG kFGO O```SH ,d G G G```bG dHh ,H```SCG

Y kY ,G G ```U e HdGh ,eG```G WGdG e je f dG aO hCG

.dGh QgORG e aCG je d ,WGdG SQGh SDG jJ

:HQCG d WdG jQdG e

e c G WGdG J M WdG jQd aGh ```e Y ddG ```dG

.FSC HCG JdG M ,dGh Gh eh OQCG

OQCG G WGdGjdG NGO e If

47

OQCG G WGdGjdG NGO e If

ee j M ,kj ddG dG GH SCG e OQCa ,jdG dG H fOQCG G J

,bEG hG :gRHCG eGY ``` dP ALh .dG LEG e %83 j```G ```dG

ObG efGh ,dhdG RL Jh ,idG G cJ dG LQGh NGdG GdGh

.dG ObG OQCG

LQHh ,kJeN kGQhO J ```dGR M ,G ```Sd cGe EG QdG jdG ```J HdG aGh aG H G ```SdG dG ce Gj h .kaKh kjJ kGQhO bCG

.G cg Y jQGOEG jcG Z EG j ,NGdG IQGRd

```S j a ,G WGdG jJ eCG keg kFY jd fG fh fb ```j e e d Vjh ,Y feCG A```YCG ```fh eCG fG M e ```UdG

eG GTEG jdG HfG ih ,Gg .AGdG bEGh ```UG jO```bG dG

gGfh j eRdG f```dG EG dG J ```c ,Y ```G HbdH ``` oj h ,edG

.HfG

gQfG ie kh ,G G e OY kSJ dG e e OQCG T jOhH jh ,IdG G Hh ```UdG kGce GR G G QhO CG EG ,GG

Hh .V dGR G G eh jdG H e bdG Ea Yh .GWCG e

.G G eh jdG H e cGdGh hdG gCG GQOEG V g ,Y

IQdG aZ e ```SDG J M ,jdH UG dG bY Y MG GP Jh c```dG dZ CG c .IdG Gh ```UdG QN jdG f IOh``` GQhO Y```dGh

JdhD Jh ,YLG Sd J ,UdG QN aGh G edG fOQCG

.e Zh Se IQH G G YLG

G Hh UdGh TLh Gh e :gh ,HQCG ShQG G H ce S OLh ZQh dYEG e OLh ```M e ,a IG Yf G```TDe ```VGH J G g CG EG ,```fOQCG

48

HdG dG G WGdG

dG ```Se J EG a```VEG ,eCGh ddGh dG e JQGh ,```fOCG NO eh ```YCG

.WdG iG Y VGaG

M ,jdG WJQG e keY ibCG UdG e HQCG G g JQG CG jCG Md LfEG ```e aJ h , ```SGdG gKCG aG I```G dG jQ```e ```

.dG Id YLG

aJ Y EG OJ ```SC ,jOhh a edG GA```dG ```V HQCG ```ShQG G J Gh edG YdG e Y hCG Aa OLH ```J dG dG dG hCG aGG

LG ```M e dG j```dH ```J ```SC dP Ojh .```gZh M```dGh ```FGGh

QGOEG cG ```e ```e aGe Y ```G edG YLG Y j M ,```dGh

jYQh YO Y jdG e aVEG keY ,fjGh dG OQGG V j c .(aG)

.YLGh adG WdG

:ee h ,UdG e Y SGQdG LN bh

fSGh ,JGdG LGGh d Se dBG OYG EG jdG UdG YO :TG iG Y

,dG d dG dG ```gCJh ,G ```G G je jd G eGh AG```H

.eH gaQh jh jd fhdG bGG jJh

jG ah jdG dG fG fCGh jJ jJ EG SGQdG YO :SG iG Y

d AYCGh ASDhd TG fG CGe OYGh ,HfG gGdGh a```dG d dhdG

YO c .Hfd e S J CG Y ,AGdGh UG dGh Y a ,jdG

```SCG Y jdG dG ```J eCG dG ah ,jd ```dG edG GQGb dG IOYEG EG

a jdG OQGG jJh ,jd dG QhdG jJ EG SGQdG YO c .WGOh Y```Ve

.jdG QOGch AYCG gCd ,IG ```UCGh eG e eJh dOJ bY ebEG jW Y

eG fCGh YGb jJh ,```H edG jJh ,jdG G bY ```jJ EG a```VEG

,jQ```SG jQ```G j ,jd iG jW Jh JG```SEG jDhQ IQHh ,G M G

G jdGh YLGh jObG GgCd ie SSCG Y d eRdG aGG jh

.G g

e ,jQGOEG jced YGdGh jG SdG G e IOSG EG SGQdG YO :dG iG Y

Sd cGe gQYH dG gQhH J d ,jdG dS IRG SdG ```J LCG

G G SS ASQEGh ,eGG G d ```SS jH SGQdG ```UhCG c .G

dGdGh AGOCG IOLh dAGh adGh G WGdGh jQGOEG jcedG Y FdG ,```TdG

dG SDe e YLG cGdG YGb ASQEG Y ```UdG M c .YLG d ```dH

49

YLG ```FN e I```e ,H ```UN jgh ad je c jJh ,G Gh UG

Y JY```eh ,JLMG ```SGQOh G G G jH gG EG YOh .```UG ```jQJh

.H Vd JGSEG N Vh

jd dG QWEG :hCG dG

H G fGh aGG :hCG

:UG jg Y jd dGh GG bGdG KCJ (1)

,aGG fG d dG QhdG EG IUG fOQCG GdGh d dGh jQdG jdG j

jQGOEG eGdGh YLG jQdG EG a```VEG ,GdGh G g jJ ,OQGGh bG ```SCGQ Yh

IY e YLGh aGG jg J ,Ic je12 dG OQCG LJ .eCGh ```SdGh

cGe g ```Se IHh je 93 OQCG LJ c .ad ```jQGOEG cGe fc ```gCG ;```eGY

,aGL CG KK Y kGUe kjM kfSG ```T dG fOQCG GdGh G RJh .jd

WGdG J M dG ```SGQd fOQCG e HQCG QNG h .AG```dGh ```dGh G :g

bG Mf e WdG i```G Y G e WCG d ,eh ```UdGh TLh G g ,G

.GdG dGh dG jdGh GG

Y J .bdG ddG fOQCG AGd kGce Jh ,Y T c 72 H Y G je J

jG be ```JQG M ,jO```dGh jQ```Sh GdG e H G HJ ,jOhMh dhO ```W ```e

.jG jg e k```eg kfL ```j ,I```UG ```SdGh YLG GMCG gQhH GG

```UdG Y c 220 H Y ,```G H AG```dG ```Sh G f Y e ```je ```Jh

e Y J M ,HG fOQCG AGd kGce Gg GG be ah e je Jh .Y

fOQCG G MCG jJh b UdG h .eh jO```dH G HJ dhOh jOhM W

SG GG b Jh ,e c 20 H Yh Y T ```T EG J M ,IC```dG jG

b TL je h ,Gg .AbQdGh Y H HJ UGe T Yh ,G e H

```U HJ GP L W e TL e ```J M ,jdG fOQCG ```d kLP ```gOQGeh

.hCG LQdH a YGQR YS ,YGQd

OQCG G WGdG

jdG NGO e If

50

HdG dG G WGdG

edG IG Y ``gKCGh dG SG Ph G``G ``bGdG (2) :YLG bdGh

bdGh edG IG Y ```VGdG gQKBG ,```dG ```SG CGh ,aGG GOG cJ

dHh ,QJh fEG j bG KCJ Ib dP jh .IUG fOQCG G YLG

H jhG```dG GdGh G H ```SG KCJ a .edG IGh YLG bdG bGh

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d```SGh IdG G e dH be ```H fJ dG G J hCG ,```jQ e EG ```dM ```dG

.LdGh IdG L

G e Oba ;SGQdG dhJ dG G P kfMCG NGeh HQCG CG h

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51

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52

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56

HdG dG G WGdG

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57

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60

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dG G ```Hh .%25 ```H Ta ,%31,6 IOjR ```H G d ,%53,5 ```H IO```jR ```a

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ac ee Y ,INCG ```dG N HQCG G e c Y MG fdG ```J h .3,6 TLh

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61

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63

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S feEG OLh e ,NdG J N e dJh NdG hL Y ```VGYG e

Y ```VGYG gh .dG g kb gQGb ```jh ,jGdG EG ```eG ```VGYG

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65

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G eCG .SdG GMCd aCG jCG j fCG ZQ ,HM hCG jFY d d G j

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d gDe e ib e g j dd ,HfG eSEG dG L M Wbh ,G

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67

c H G dG C ,dG dG jQJ e ke```fG cCG a ,1999 dG HfG eCG .eM

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