HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 12 ADULTHOOD Section 1: Young AdulthoodYoung Adulthood Section 2: Middle AdulthoodMiddle

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE

1

Chapter 12ADULTHOOD

Section 1: Young Adulthood

Section 2: Middle Adulthood

Section 3: Late Adulthood

Section 4: Death and Dying



2

Chapter 12Chapter 12



Stages of Adulthood

Young Adulthood (early adulthood)- 20-40 yrs old

Middle Adulthood (40-65 yrs) Late Adulthood (65+)

3




Young Adulthood- Physical

People reach physical peak in their 20s. Faster, stronger, better coordinated At height of cognitive powers Health habits are important during this time.

Time to try new ways of doing things and relationship with parents start changing.

4




Young Adulthood goals in males and females

Becoming independent and individuals (separate from parents and peers) was said to be a goal for young adult men (1994)

Women were less concerned with seeing themselves as separate, independent individuals. More interested in creating relationships. (Gilligan 1990-1991)

Generalization of women, remember some not all and this is changing as society changes.

5




6


Question: What are the characteristics and issues of young adulthood?

CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES OF YOUNG ADULTHOOD Reassessment of what course in life they have

chosen Urge to settle down when in their thirties Formation of marriage and intimate relationships

Section 1: Young Adulthood



Levinson’s stages of Adulthood

Levinson’s stages of Adulthood Early Adult Transition (age 17-22) Entering the Adult World (22-28) Age 30 Transition (28-33) Settling Down (33-40) Mid-Life Transition (40-45) Entering Middle Adulthood (45-50) Late Adulthood (60+).

7




Levinson’s stages

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/levinsons-stages-of-adult-development-theory.html#lesson

8




Reassessment:

In 20’s, Choosing course in life that is exactly right for them, often reevaluate the decision in early 30’s. Is this really what they want?

In 30’s may start new careers. Women might think about their biological clock ticking Women might feel overwhelmed with work and home

responsibilities Can women have it all?

9




Settling Down

Mid to late 30’s– settling down or “planting roots” Increase the financial and emotional investments

they make in their live Promotions and pay raises if employed long enough Focused on advancing careers and gaining stability

in personal lives

10




Developmental Tasks of Young Adulthood

Exploring adult role Becoming independent Developing intimate relationships Adjusting to living with another person Starting a family and becoming a parent Assuming the responsibilities of managing a home Beginning a career or job Assuming some responsibilities in the larger community Creating a social network of friends a coworkers

11




Marriage and Intimate relationships

Important part of adolescence and young adulthood is Identity

Who you are and what you stand for (values) Identity brings personal stability Erik Erikson’s key task for young adulthood is forming of

relationships (intimacy v isolation) Relationships can be difficult to sustain when one or both

of the people involved lack personal stability.

12




Marriage and Intimate relationships

Intimate relationship- not necessarily a physical relationship, but a trusting, close friendship with another person in which one can be honest without fear or rejection.

13




Marriage Census

14




History of Marriage

Western cultures: Men played dominant role in marriage and in society

Known as a Patriarchy system This has changed and spouses are now more

likely to be considered equal partners in marriage

15




History of marriage

Marital roles: still changing Traditional roles: husband is the breadwinner and wife is the homemaker Now some couples share the roles or even reverse them. Reasons to marry: Love did not become widespread until the 1800s.

1600s and 1700s—arranged marriages by parents, and would usually benefit both families.

Orderly transition of wealth from one family to another and from one generation to the next

Today central goals in most marriages are companionship and intimacy. Feeling of security and opportunities to share experiences and ideas with someone special. Most young adults strongly believe marriage should be a lifetime commitment.

16




Choosing a spouse

What are qualities/factors you think you would look for in a spouse?

17




Choosing Spouses

Ethnicity/Race Level of education Social class Religion

18




Choosing a spouse

In the US people tend to be like their mates in race and religion A study finds that 8.4 percent of all current U.S. marriages

are interracial, up from 3.2 percent in 1980. Majority of marriages between people of the same religion Marital partners also tend to be similar in physical

attractiveness, attitudes, personality traits, and intelligence

19




Choosing a Spouse

Tend to choose partners who are near their own age Meet in school, marry each other tend to be similar ages. Most men are 2-5 years older than women they marry. Being similar to your spouse does not necessarily mean

your marriage will be more successful, than if you were opposites.

20




Reading

Read and answer the questions from the reading “Making Relationships Work”

21




Divorce

When Marriage doesn’t work… Many marriages end in divorce

22




Divorce

Variety of factors caused the divorce rate to rise from 1970- 1990. Obtaining a divorce easier now Financial independence of women Thought that marriage is easy and constantly gratifying.

Divorce has many financial and emotional costs for people involved Property and income usually divided Women usually granted custody of children Fathers mostly pay for child support and alimony Can be hard for people going through divorce, but can also be a time of

growth and renewal.

23




Children of Divorce

Divorce can be difficult for children of all ages When both parents share an interest in their children, children tend

to fair better Children may develop low self esteem, anger, they may blame

themselves for the divorce May have trouble trusting the commitment of relationships as

adults Troubles may not stem from just the divorce but the changes that

follow: moving, step-families, etc.

24




25


Question: What are the changes that occur and the issues that are faced in middle adulthood?

CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES FACED IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Generativity – the ability to create, originate, and produce Transition – a period when people’s perspectives change in a major

way that usually occurs somewhere between the ages of 40–45 Empty-Nest Syndrome – the feelings of emptiness and loss mothers

and fathers sometimes feel after their children have left home

Section 2: Middle Adulthood



Middle Adulthood

40-65 Most people tend to lose the strength, coordination,

and stamina that they once had in their 20’s. Gradual decline- not obvious People can work on their health and strength

during this time

26




Developmental Tasks of Middle Adulthood

Helping one’s children make the transition from life to the outside world Strengthening one’s relationship with one’s spouse Helping make the world a better place by assuming leadership roles in social and

civic activities. Achieving mastery in one’s career Adjusting to the physical changes that occur in middle age Making decisions about how to spend one’s “second adulthood” Pursuing one’s passions Coping with one’s ageing parents

27




Generativity

According to Erikson- Generativity is the greatest challenge for middle-aged adults

Generativity– the ability to create, originate, and produce Adds meaning to life and helps maintain and

enhance self-esteem

28




Mid-life Transition

Midlife transition- 40-45 Lived about half their lives– years they have left Turning point Generational shift– losing a parent, now the head of the family Women tend to go through mid-life transition around 35.

Why? People may acknowledge dreams they had when they were

younger might not come true

29




Midlife Crisis or Age of Mastery

Midlife transition may trigger a second reassessment – Midlife Crisis

Can be a positive thing– new career, new hobbies, creativeness, new interests.

Middlescience: A period of searching that in some ways resembles adolescence Search for a new identity or a Second adulthood

30




Empty Nest Syndrome

Empty-nest syndrome- the feelings of emptiness and loss mother and sometimes fathers supposedly feel after the children have left home to establish their own lives.

Contemporary research Marriages and other parts of parents lives may become

happier Increased freedom and new opportunities

31




Menopause

Menopause- end of menstruation usually occurs in a woman’s late 40’s or early 50’s.

Decrease in hormones- estrogen and progesterone Women no longer produce egg cells that can be fertilized Other body changes occur Hormonal changes may cause discomfort

Hot flashes fatigue and mood swings Psychological changes are often more important than the physical changes

May feel less attractive Less of a woman

32




Menopause

Men– decline in hormones around 40-50 years old Gradual drop off Loss of strength, weight gain, reduced energy, and

decreased fertility Could be from gradual loss of human growth

hormone rather than a diminishing in testosterone.

33




34


Question: How do people’s lives change in late adulthood?

HOW LIVES CHANGE IN LATE ADULTHOOD Physical Changes – wrinkles, skin folds,

decline in sense of smell, slower reflexes Cognitive Changes – memory ability declines Social Changes – new decisions such as

retirement and where they should live

Section 3: Late Adulthood



Late Adulthood

65+ Physical changes

Wrinkles Decline of the senses Reflexes and reactions become slower Bone become more brittle (risk of falling)

35




Late Adulthood-why do people age?

Why do some people seem to age slower than others?

2 theories Programmed theories maintain that aging is a result of

genetics Cellular damage theories maintaining that aging occurs

because the body’s cells become worn out and damaged

36




Cognitive changes

The great majority of older people have no serious decline in intellectual skills

Some memory loss happens, but most isn’t serious

The more serious cognitive changes do occur dementia and Alzheimer’s disease

37




Cognitive Changes

Dementia: serious loss of cognitive functioning Major losses in memory Speech problems Unable to perform simple tasks Dementia after 65 is Senile Dementia, most cases occur in

people over 80. Longer a person lives the more time dementia will show

up.

38




Cognitive Changes

Alzheimer’s Disease: most common cause of dementia

Effects 10% of people in the US over age of 65 Alzheimer’s disease like other kinds of dementia

is connected with aging but it is not a normal part of the aging process

39




Alzheimer’s Disease

40




Cognitive changes

Causes of Alzheimer’s is unknown Heredity Viral infections Aluminum poisoning

41




Social Changes

Retirement- about 65-70 yrs old Grandparenthood- different from parenthood Living arrangements

42




Successful aging

Ego integrity– the belief that life is meaningful and worthwhile even when physical abilities are not what they used to be. Able to accept his or her approaching death as part of life.

Positive outlook : blaming aches and pains on old age vs specific causes. A study of 1400 people aged 70+: Those who blamed the problems on aging were more likely to die sooner

43




Successful Aging

Financial security Good health Supportive relationships All contribute to the likelihood of successful

aging

44




Developmental Tasks of Late Adulthood

Adjusting to physical changes and keeping or becoming physically active

Maintaining concern about other people so that one does not become preoccupied with one’s own physical changes

Shifting interests from work to retirement or leisure activity Adjusting to changes in financial status Establishing fulfilling living arrangements Learning to live with one’s husband or wife in retirement Adjusting to the illness or the death of one’s spouse

45




46


Question: What are attitudes and issues related to death and dying?

ATTITUDES AND ISSUES OF DEATH AND DYING Hospice alternative, euthanasia, living will The Funeral – usually reflects religious beliefs Bereavement – the mourning process

Section 4: Death and Dying



In your composition book…

What is death? What is your greatest fear about dying? How would you want others to describe you

after your death?

47




Stages of Dying-Kubler-Ross

Denial– ex: dying person might think, “it can’t be me. The drs. Diagnosis must be wrong

Anger– ex: People in this stage might think “it’s unfair. Why me?” Bargaining –Ex “I’ll be kinder if I can just live to see my grandson’s

graduation” Depression – “the person may despair and wonder “What’s the use

of living another day Acceptance – The person reasons, “I’ve had a good life. I’m ready to

die”

48




Euthanasia- greek “Good Death” Controversial Living Will- legal document Hosptial vs Hospice Bereaved- mourning

49




50




51


Question: What stages are characteristic of young adulthood?

Young Adulthood

Reassessment Settling Down Marriage and Intimate Relationships

Documents

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 12 ADULTHOOD Section 1: Young AdulthoodYoung Adulthood Section 2: Middle AdulthoodMiddle