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Human evolutionHuman evolution
Waikato university siteWaikato university sitehttp://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/
HumanEvolution.shtmlHumanEvolution.shtml
Main pointsMain pointsRapid changes as new fossils are found and Rapid changes as new fossils are found and re-evaluated every yearre-evaluated every yearHuman and chimp diverged about 7mya in Human and chimp diverged about 7mya in AfricaAfricaPut lineage is ‘bushy’, with many different Put lineage is ‘bushy’, with many different species in existence at the same timespecies in existence at the same timeAncestors of modern humans evolved in Ancestors of modern humans evolved in AfricaAfricaHomo erectusHomo erectus populations left Africa about populations left Africa about 1.5 mya and moved rapidly across Europe 1.5 mya and moved rapidly across Europe and Asia (out of Africa theory)and Asia (out of Africa theory)
Early (Miocene) apesEarly (Miocene) apes
Apes evolved in Africa 20 mya (Apes evolved in Africa 20 mya (proconsulproconsul) ) Monkey-like traits – backbone, pelvis and forelimbMonkey-like traits – backbone, pelvis and forelimb17mya land bridges to Eurasia allow migration 17mya land bridges to Eurasia allow migration out of Africa and divered into at least eight out of Africa and divered into at least eight groupsgroups13 mya – major climate change in Eurasia. 13 mya – major climate change in Eurasia. Apes that survived – in SE Asia (ancestors of Apes that survived – in SE Asia (ancestors of Urang-utan) and in Africa (ancestors of African Urang-utan) and in Africa (ancestors of African apes)apes)human evolution\human_odyssey.pdf
Earliest hominins – already Earliest hominins – already ‘bushy’ lineage‘bushy’ lineage
Orrorin tugenensisOrrorin tugenensis – 6mya, Kenya, – 6mya, Kenya, bipedal, ape-like caninesbipedal, ape-like canines
Sahelanthropus tchadensisSahelanthropus tchadensis – 6-7 – 6-7 mya, Chad, might not be bipedal, mya, Chad, might not be bipedal, ape-like skull and dentition, forest ape-like skull and dentition, forest environmentenvironment
Ardipithecus ramidusArdipithecus ramidus – Ethiopia, 4.4- – Ethiopia, 4.4-5.8 mya, forest environment, 5.8 mya, forest environment,
AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines - gracile - gracile
A. anamensisA. anamensis – 4.2-3.9 mya. Probably bipedal, – 4.2-3.9 mya. Probably bipedal, ape jaw and teethape jaw and teeth
A afarensisA afarensis (Lucy, foot prints) – 3.9-3 mya, (Lucy, foot prints) – 3.9-3 mya, fully bipedal, intermediate human-ape fully bipedal, intermediate human-ape dentition, face and cranium ape like, cranial dentition, face and cranium ape like, cranial capacity 375-550cccapacity 375-550cc
A garhiA garhi – 2.5 mya, Ethiopia, 450cc cranial – 2.5 mya, Ethiopia, 450cc cranial capacity, capacity,
A. AfricanusA. Africanus – 3.2-2 mya, bipedal, 420-500cc – 3.2-2 mya, bipedal, 420-500cc cranium,cranium,
AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines – robust – robust ((ParanthropusParanthropus))
All have sagittal crest, large jaw, heavy All have sagittal crest, large jaw, heavy skull, thick enamel on molarsskull, thick enamel on molars
P. robustus – 2-1.5 mya, 530cc cranium, P. robustus – 2-1.5 mya, 530cc cranium, tough, coarse food, might have used toolstough, coarse food, might have used tools
P.aethiopicus – 2.6-2.4 mya, heavy face, P.aethiopicus – 2.6-2.4 mya, heavy face, large crest, 410cc cranium, large crest, 410cc cranium,
P. boisei – huge molars, massive built face P. boisei – huge molars, massive built face and jaw, highly specialised hard food dietand jaw, highly specialised hard food diet
Cut marks on bones –evidence Cut marks on bones –evidence for animal butchering using a for animal butchering using a
tooltool
Trends in human evolutionTrends in human evolution
Cranial capacityCranial capacity
BipedalismBipedalism
Skull – Skull – dental arcade dental arcade
facial anglefacial angle
Sexual dimorphismSexual dimorphism
Rib cageRib cage
BipedalismBipedalism
Appears very early- (Maybe up to 7mya)Appears very early- (Maybe up to 7mya)
Gradual change (walking, followed by Gradual change (walking, followed by running)running)
Earlier genus – position of foramen magnumEarlier genus – position of foramen magnum
Evidence from pelvic structure, knee and foot Evidence from pelvic structure, knee and foot structure structure
H. erectus – very efficient movement – very H. erectus – very efficient movement – very narrow pelvic outlooknarrow pelvic outlook
Wider pelvic outlet (in Wider pelvic outlet (in SapiensSapiens) might be ) might be adaptation to larger infant head sizeadaptation to larger infant head size
Cranial capacityCranial capacity
Gradual increase in cranial capacityGradual increase in cranial capacity
Early Early AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines similar to similar to
modern chimp (Around 400cc)modern chimp (Around 400cc)
Later Later australopithecinesaustralopithecines about 550cc about 550cc
Homo erectus – 510-1225cc (within Homo erectus – 510-1225cc (within
modern range)modern range)
NeanderthalNeanderthal (1450cc) larger than (1450cc) larger than HomoHomo
(1350cc) reflect difference in body size.(1350cc) reflect difference in body size.
Skull morphologySkull morphology
Dental arcade from U (chimp) [with cheek Dental arcade from U (chimp) [with cheek teeth parallel] to V (human)teeth parallel] to V (human)
Decrease in size of teeth (molars ) Decrease in size of teeth (molars )
Decrease in crest and ridges (sagital – Decrease in crest and ridges (sagital – diet, nuchal – posture)diet, nuchal – posture)
Facial angle becoming flatter (to vertical in Facial angle becoming flatter (to vertical in Homo) Homo)
Other trendsOther trends
Reduce sexual dimorphismReduce sexual dimorphism
Rib cage size and shape:Rib cage size and shape:Funnel (Funnel (A. afarensisA. afarensis))
Barrel shape (Barrel shape (HomoHomo))
Funnel shape accommodates the large gut Funnel shape accommodates the large gut needed for a herbivore (eg – gorilla). Barrel needed for a herbivore (eg – gorilla). Barrel shape and hips – indication of meat in diet.shape and hips – indication of meat in diet.
Homo floresiensisHomo floresiensis
Discovered 2004, in IndonesiaDiscovered 2004, in Indonesia
18,000yo remains18,000yo remains
Tiny – adult female 1 m tall, cranial Tiny – adult female 1 m tall, cranial capacity 380cc,capacity 380cc,
Tool maker and userTool maker and user
Mix of traits:Mix of traits:Primitive – low cranium, brow ridges, bipedal Primitive – low cranium, brow ridges, bipedal
(narrow pelvis)(narrow pelvis)Advance - flat face, Advance - flat face,
Theory – a dwarf form of H. erectus, a case Theory – a dwarf form of H. erectus, a case of dwarfism on islandsof dwarfism on islands
Homo neanderthalensisHomo neanderthalensis
230,000-30,000 ya, ice age, in Europe and 230,000-30,000 ya, ice age, in Europe and middle eastmiddle east
Robust and heavily builtRobust and heavily built
Cranial capacity – 1450cc Cranial capacity – 1450cc
Skull – elongated, receding forehead, weak Skull – elongated, receding forehead, weak chin, large nasal cavitychin, large nasal cavity
Complex tools (Moustarian)Complex tools (Moustarian)
mDNA evidence – not closely related to mDNA evidence – not closely related to Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
Cultural evolutionCultural evolution
ToolsTools
FireFire
ShelterShelter
ClothingClothing
ArtArt
Cooperative behaviour (hunting)Cooperative behaviour (hunting)
Domestication of plants and animalsDomestication of plants and animals
Tools (I)Tools (I)
Only stone tools surviveOnly stone tools survive
Chimps – modified twigs and rocks, learnt Chimps – modified twigs and rocks, learnt behaviour, regional culture, pre-meditationbehaviour, regional culture, pre-meditation
A. gahri – 2.5 mya A. gahri – 2.5 mya
H. habilis - Oldowan culture [cobble H. habilis - Oldowan culture [cobble stones, one or more flakes knocked of one stones, one or more flakes knocked of one side]side]
H. erectus – Acheulean culture[sharper, H. erectus – Acheulean culture[sharper, straighter edges, smaller flakes removed, straighter edges, smaller flakes removed, worked from many sides, range of uses]worked from many sides, range of uses]
Tools (II)Tools (II)
H. sapiens (archaic)H. sapiens (archaic) and and H. H. neanderthalensisneanderthalensis - Mousterian tools - Mousterian toolsStone core is shaped before flakes are Stone core is shaped before flakes are
removedremovedRange of usesRange of usesSome have tang at the end that suggests a Some have tang at the end that suggests a
wood or bone handlewood or bone handle
Upper palaeolithic industryUpper palaeolithic industry
Modern Modern H sapiensH sapiens
Africa – 40,000 – 12,000yaAfrica – 40,000 – 12,000ya
Wider range of material, regional variationWider range of material, regional variation
Uses – fishhooks, harpoon points, needles Uses – fishhooks, harpoon points, needles ……