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Importance of Oceanography and Hydrography Research in Kenya
Charles Magori
KMFRI
Mombasa
Oceanography and Hydrography Department
This Department deals with physical, chemical, biological and geological oceanography of the inshore, near shore and offshore waters and support bioprospecting in these waters.
Undertake hydrographic surveys.
Sea level data, sedimentation and mathematical modeling.
Responsible for research on sustainable use and protection of aquatic resources in marine waters.
Monitor and document the physical (including geological) and chemical characteristics (including pollution and nutrient dynamics) of the various aquatic ecosystems to discern natural and/or human induced changes.
Undertake studies on the interrelationships between biota and their aquatic environments in relation to fisheries, aquaculture and conservation of biodiversity.
Promote Integrated coastal Zone Management (ICZM) approach in the management of coastal and marine resources.
Offshore Observations • NIOP, 1992 – 93 (RV Tyro) Studied the effect of the monsoon on the climate system in the northern Indian Ocean. • SWIOFP Cruises, 2011 - 2012 CTD profiles
A Seabird 911 CTD plus is used to obtain vertical profiles of temperature, salinity and oxygen
• ASCLME Cruise (cancelled) • Seismic vessels • Delineation of outer continental shelf • KenSea
Nearshore Observations • Sea Level monitoring • Oceanography of inshore areas • Shoreline change studies • ASCLME MEDA process
Currents - Offshore
NEM-Current systems SEM-Current Systems
Source: Nguli 2006
Continental shelf of Kenya Bathymetry
Source: Nguli et al, 2006
Map of Kenyan coast showing the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with the agreed extension
Upgraded Mombasa KMFRI GLOSS Tide Station
Lamu KMFRI GLOSS tide station
Mombasa
Lamu
11-Dec-1998 30-Jan-1999 21-Mar-1999 10-May-199929-Jun-1999 18-Aug-1999 07-Oct-1999 26-Nov-1999 15-Jan-2000-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Residual: Red; Observed: Blue; Predicted : Magenta
15-Dec-200103-Feb-2002 25-Mar-2002 14-May-2002 03-Jul-2002 22-Aug-2002 11-Oct-2002 30-Nov-2002 19-Jan-2003-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Residual: Red; Observed: Blue; Predicted : Magenta
Sea-level trends at KMFRI Mombasa station
y = 1.9621x - 533.43
2700
2750
2800
2850
2900
2950
3000
3050
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
Se
a-L
evel
(mm
)
LAMU SEA LEVEL, DECEMBER 26, 2004
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (Hour), De ce mbe r 26 2004
Se
a L
ev
el
(m)
Lamu Tide Station
Indian Ocean Tsunami Travel Time
KMFRI Research Vessel RV Mtafiti
Aquadopp RCM Aanderaa RCM
Population density, Elevation and SLR
Digital Elevation Modeling (DEM)
0 10 20 30 40 50-2
-1
0
1
2
Time (hours)
Wat
er le
vel (
m)
0 10 20 30 40 50-1
0
1
2W
ater
leve
ls (m
)Neap
Spring
0 10 20 30 40 50-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
Time (hours)
Velo
citie
s (c
ms-1
)
Modeling results for Mtwapa creek
Blue – Observed Red - Predicted
15 20 25 30-150
-100
-50
0Temperature Profile
Temperature (oC)
De
pth
(m
)
30 32 34 36-150
-100
-50
0Salinity Profile
Salinity (PSU)
De
pth
(m
)
30 32 34 3618
20
22
24
26
28T-S Diagram
Salinity (PSU)
Te
mp
era
ture
(oC
)
CTD Casting Ugwana Bay
National Oceanographic Activities
• AMESD e-station
• Biodiversity assessment of critical coastal habitats.
• Enhanced regional collaboration between ocean and climate experts to improve climate forecasts
• Hosting the national oceanographic data base (KeNODC)
• Hosting regional ocean teacher academy (OTA)
• Capacity Building in Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region.
• UN Regular Process that aims to assess both the state of the environment and the impacts of key human interactions with ocean ecosystem including socio-economics.
• State of the Coast Report for the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region (ICZM Process).
• preparation of the State of Marine Environment (SME) Report for Kenya.
Challenges
• High cost of marine observations platform and equipment (e.g. Research Vessel, CTD, ADCP, etc)
• Inadequate scientific and technical capacity in the areas of Physical Oceanography and Coastal Hydrology
• Develop capacity to make our own survey charts
• Piracy in the WIO region
ASCLME planned cruise in 2009 to study EACC and SC cancelled
Potential Areas of Collaboration and Opportunities
• Joint oceanographic (physical, chemical, biological and geological)
cruises between KMFRI and VLIZ teams onboard RV Mtafiti.
• Topographic and bathymetric mapping (MBES) – bathymetric charts.
• Hydrographic surveys for the inshore areas (creeks, bays lagoons, and nearshore and some parts of the outer shelf in order to add to the GEBCO data, improve navigation and for model development to mitigate erosion, pollution (oil/sewage), tsunami inundation and early warning, maritime transportation in, into/out of harbors.
• Enhanced ocean surface, sub-surface and atmospheric observations to further understand these processes to improve the ocean forecasting.
• Deployment of drifting buoys and Argo floats for integrated observations.
• Capacity building in Oceanography (Internships, MSc. and PhD. courses for young Scientists).
• Satellite oceanography and climate change (SST, SSS, Sea state, altimeter, etc.