IMYANDIKO MFASHANYIGISHO · uturemajambo twayo n’amategeko y’igenemajwi. II. Shaka uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi ku magambo akurikira: a) Inshinzi b) Ikirango c) Ivuga

IKINYARWANDA

IMYANDIKO MFASHANYIGISHO

UMWAKA WA GATATU

Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri

iii

ISHAKIROIRIBURIRO v

II. UMWANDIKO: UBUFATANYE N’UBWUZUZANYE MU MURYANGO 1

NYABURANGA AGURWA IMVURA 19

IZINA RY’URUSOBE 23

IMYITOZO KU MAGAMBO AGARAZA UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU 32

KABUSHUNGWE 37

IBARUWA Y’UBUTEGETSI 41

UMWIRONDORO 44

IGITEKEREZO CYA MATAMA YA BIGEGA 46

INSHOBERAMAHANGA 50

IKINYAZINA MBANZIRIZA 52

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA MBANZIRIZA 54

IKINYAZINA MPAMAGAZI 56

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA MPAMAGAZI 57

INGUFU MU KWIGISHA URUBYIRUKO KWIRINDA SIDA ZIGIYE KONGERWA 58

IKINYAZINA NYAMUBARO 60

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA NYAMUBARO 62

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA MBAZAMUBARE 67

IKORANABUHANGA MU BUVUZI RIRAKENEWE 68

UBURENGANZIRA BWA MUNTU NI INGENZI (Inkuru ishushanyije) 79

INSHINGA NKENE (Mburabuzi) 82

iv

IKINYARWANDA: IMYANDIKO MFASHANYIGISHO - IGItAbO cY’uMuNYeSHuRI

INGIRWANSHINGA 85

ISESENGURANSHINGA 87

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IBANZE 88

INDANGANSHINGA 89

INDANGAGIHE 90

RWANDA NZIZA 94

IMIGANI Y’IMIGENURANO 98

INYANDIKOMVUGO 104

IBITABO N’INYANDIKO ZINDI ZIFASHISHIJWE 106

v

IRIBURIRO

Ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda rufite uruhare runini mu mibereho ya buri munsi y’abanyarwanda, nirwo rurimi ruha abanyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kuranga isi, kugaragaza imbamutima, gushyikirana baganira, bungurana

ibitekerezo, bahanahana amakuru.

Ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda kandi rifite uruhare rukomeye mu kuranga umunyarwanda wihesha agaciro akomeye ku muco we kandi atisuzugura. KUMVA NO GUSOBANUKIRWA IKINYARWANDA ni zimwe mu ngamba zo kurinda umuco nyarwanda ngo hato imico y’amahanga itawumira. Kwigisha ikinyarwanda bihamye rero ni ugushimangira uwo muco.

Iki gitabo kigenewe umunyeshuri wiga mu mwaka wa Gatatu w’icyiciro rusange, Cy’amashuri yisumbuye. Kirimo imyandiko n’ikibonezamvugo bijyanye n’integanya nyigisho yo muri Mata 2007.

Iyo nteganyanyigisho ifite intego yo gufasha umunyeshuri gushimangira ubunyarwanda ashyikirizwa ibyo abakurambere bahanze bakabisigira umunyarwanda wese ho umurage. Bityo akiga ikinyarwanda nibyo kibumbatiye: uko giteye, ubugeni bukirimo, umuco n’imyumvire y’abanyarwanda; akagicengera, ari mu miterere yacyo ari no mu bwiza bwacyo: uko cyemerera ukivuga gutaka imvugo ye. Agahabwa ubushobozi bwo kwirinda kumirwa n’amahanga, ibyiza agisangamo akabyamamaza, ibyo anenga akabikosora, akagikungahaza ngo gihangane n’iterambere isi ihorana.

Imyandiko iri muri iki gitabo yibanda ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira:

v Kwita ku bidukikije

v Kwirinda indwara z’ibyorezo nka SIDA

v Kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge

v Uburinganire

v Gukunda igihugu no kwimakaza umuco w’amahoro

v Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri rusange n’ubw’umwana by’umwihariko

vi


v Iyi myandiko ikazafasha abanyeshuri kwiyungura ubumenyi mu rurimi rw’abakurambere bacu.

Muri iki gitabo harimo n’ikibonezamvugo kizafasha abanyeshuri gusobanukirwa neza imiterere, imivugire n’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda.

Dushimiye abagize uruhare bose mu itegurwa ry’iki gitabo

1

II. UMWANDIKO: UBUFATANYE N’UBWUZUZANYE MU MURYANGO

Umugabo n’umugore bari mu rugo, umugore atetse, umugabo

yicaye hirya yumva radiyo, abana bicaye iruhande rw’amashyiga

Kuvuka heza ntako bisa, kuvuka neza si ibya bose kuko isuku igira isoko, naho umwanda ukagira akazu. Ngayo amahirwe ndusha ab’ahandi njye wavukiye mu gihugu cy’imisozi igihumbi, cyakuzemo ibirunga kikaba gihorana amahumbezi. Igihugu cyeramo amaka n’amahore, aho bahura bagacyura, ababyeyi bagatega ingori buri munsi. Igihugu kitacitse imisanzu y’inkiko, aho barera neza, abonkeje bagacutsa maze bagatuma abadatenguha.

Nkibaho nasanze mama na data babana neza, bakunda abana no kubagira, bakunda umurimo, bakunda umuco ubaranga, bakunda ukuri, banga ubuhemu, banga mpemuke ndamuke, banga igitotsi mu jisho rizima, badategereza ibitangaza

2


bahinnye amaboko, badategereza umwijima bashaka kujujubya abiyushye akuya, badakanurira amaso ak’imuhana kaza imvura ihise, birinda kubeshya, birinda guhemuka, birinda kwiheba ijuru rihingutse, baharanira kuvuga rumwe n’abavandimwe, baharanira gufatanya n’inchuti. Uwo muco ndawutora, nkunda gutega amatwi ibiganiro byabo n’imisango, nkabakurikira mu murima, iteka nkishimira kubwirwa ko ndi inkubaganyi nigana ibyo data akora. Ngaterwa ishema no gushimirwa guherekeza uwambyaye mu bitaramo by’akazi ka muntu no mu ruhame aho bamuhamagariye kunga inchuti, gukiranura abavandimwe cyangwa ku rubanza rumarwa n’inzoga. Bityo nsanga usanze atabaza sekuru.

Uko data yabaga ateye ikirago mumiseso yizeye ko adusize mu bitotsi, narahagurukaga nkamurungurukira mu myenge y’urusika rwakingirizaga ku gakinga aho nararaga, nkabona afashe isuka aho yabaga imanitse nkumva ko agiye mu murima. Mama yabaga atamutanze kubyuka, bakabadukira rimwe, we agafata ikibindi nkumva ko agiye ku iriba kuko yahindukiraga ikibindi acyujuje amazi. Yamara kugitura agafata imyeyo amaze gutereka inkono ku mashyiga no kumbyutsa ngo ncanire.

Ubwo ku mutima nkibwira ko abagore aribo bavunika cyane kuko nyuma yiyo mirimo yose no kutugaburira ibiryo bihiye mama yafataga isuka agasanga data mu murima amushyiriye n’uruhembo. Bikantera kwibazamuntu niba data ashobora kuvoma, cyangwa kwikorera ikibindi ntakimene, dore ko ntari nakamubonye akora uwo murimo numvaga ari uw’abagore gusa.

Nkibaza impamvu mama ariwe uteka wenyine buri gihe, data yiyicariye kandi nawe ntacyo byari kumutwara, ndatse ibiryo bigashya nta ngorane ahuye nazo.

Sinibuka umunsi imvura yaragwaga mama arwaye, aryamye hafi y’amashyiga ku gasika, abavandimwe banjye bankurikira dupfumbase amashyiga kuko umuriro wari muziko wari muke cyane, mbona data afashe inkono arayoza ayitereka ku mashyiga, ashyiramo amazi n’ibiryo, nyuma yicara mu mwanya mama yicaragamo atetse, aracanira, ibyo kurya bihiye aratugaburira. kuva uwo munsi nishyiramo ko umuntu ari nk’undi, ko batandukanywa gusa n’ummuteto uterwa no kwishyikira kwa buri wese ku giti cye. mbona ibyiza ari ugufatanya bityo uwize umwuga mugenzi akora akaba yiteze iminsi mibi, mpita ntinyuka kubaza data niba ubusanzwe hari

3

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

abagabo bateka kandi bakarurira abana n’umugore. Mama aho aryamye icyo kibazo cyanjye kiramurakaza maze anyuka inabi, ati ‘’sigaho kurimanganya wa nshyomotsi we!’’

Ubwoba n’ikimwaro bimfashe nitegereza data wamaze umwanya yiyumvira akaza kumbwira mu ijwi ryoroheje ariko ritari ryiza agira ati ‘’ikibaza umubyeyi wese ni ukubyara utazageza ingobyi imugongo kuko umuntu amenya uko yaruhije abamubyaye iyo yaruhijwe nabo yabyaye’’. Narabyaye namwe muzabyara, umunsi wo gohogorora uhurirana n’ishya ry’ibigage, imisemburo ifuha mu ntango. Dutumira incuti n’abavandimwe, kubadufashije twongeraho abasheshe bo mu muryango wacu, uruhembo rujyana n’umyganura.

Abari aho mamaze gushira inyota data aterura ijambo ashimira abamufashije umugore we arwaye, arisoza yifuza ko ejo ubwo bufatanye bwasugira bugasagamba mu bantu. Uko abatumirwa bagenda bakuranwa mu magambo basubiza invugo yabanje, bose bakagusha ku giterezo cyiza cyo kwibuka gushimira uwabanje ubuntu, ineza kimwe no gutura abakuru umuganura bakishimira uwo mutima mwiza w’ababyeyi banjye, babifuriza kuzasiga uwo muco utamwaye mu bato.

Imyaka nari mfite ntiyanyemerega gufata ijambo imbere y’iyo mbaga, bituma ndifatira mu mutima wanjye nibaza impamvu abari aho bose banezerewe.

Byavuye mu gitabo cya RUGEMA, A, Rwemerikije ibuye si umugati, Urup. 5 - 13

I. KUMVA UMWANDIKO

1) Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki?

2) Ni bande bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?

3) a) Nyir’ukubara inkuru avuga ko yavukiye mu gihugu giteye gite?

b) Kuri wowe wumva icyo gihugu ari ikihe?

4) a) Ababyeyi bavuga ko muri uyu mwandiko bakundaga iki?

b) Birinda iki?

c) Baraharaniraga iki?

4


5) a) Ni uwuhe muco umwana wabo yaba yaratoye?

b) Ni iki cyamuteraga ishema?

6) Imirimo yakorwaga na nyina w’umwana mu gitondo ni iyihe?

7) a) Ese uyu mwandikiko uragaraza ko abagore aribo bakora cyane?

b) Sobanura igitekerezo cyawe

8) Umubyeyi w’umugore byaje kumugendekera bite?

9) Umugabo yabyitwayemo ate?

10) Uyu mwandiko watwigisha iki ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye bw’ibitsina?

II. INYUNGURAMAGAMBO

Tanga impuzanyito z’aya magambo:

a) Inkiko

b) Ishema

c) Kubyara

d) Kwijajara

e) Ikiniga

IKOMORAZINA - MVANSHINGA

Mbere yo kumenya ikomorazina - mvashinga, tubanze dusobanukirwe n’iri jambo:

*IKOMORAJAMBO: ikomorajambo ni igice cy’ikibonezamvugo cyiga ukuntu ijambo ryavutse ku rindi.

Ikomorajambo rigizwe n’ibice bibiri:

- Ikomorazina n’ikomoranshinga

A) IKOMORAZINA: Ikomorazina ni igice cy’ikibonezamvugo cyiga ukuntu izina ryavuye ku yandi magambo.

5

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Iyo bagaragaza ukuntu amagambo ava kuyandi, bifashisha igoragoza.

Mu kinyarwanda izina rishobora kuva kurindi zina aribyo bita “ikomorazina - mvazina”; izina kandi rishobora kuva ku nshinga aribyo bita « Ikomorazina - mvashinga »

a) IKOMORAZINA - MVAZINA

Ntirikunze kuboneka cyane niyo ribonetse rirangwa na:

- Nterwa zataye indomo

Ingero: - Akagabo→Kagabo - Umugabo→Mugabo

- Imbaraga→Mbaraga

- Agasore→Gasore

- Umwami→Mwami

- Utugambo tubanjirije nterwa (utubimbura)

Ingero: - Se: Semana, sefuku, Sentore, Sehene…

- Rwa: Rwagasore, Rwankuba, Rwamarenga…

- Guhindura inteko

Ingero: - Umwana: - Abana nt 2

- Utwana nt 13

- Ibyana nt 8

- Akana nt 12

- Urwana nt 11

- Ibuye: - Akabuye nt 12

- Urubuye nt 11

6


- Ikibuye nt 7

- Amabuye nt 6

- Amazina y’amacurano

Ingero: - Igitebo: Umutebo

- Umwuka: Icyuka

- Ikirenge: Uburenge

- Uburiri: Ikiriri

- Kunga amazina

Ingero: Umutimanama, Umugabombwa

b) IKOMORAZINA - MVANSHINGA

Ni ikomora ry’amazina afatiye ku nshinga. Ayo mazina agaragara cyane mu kinyarwanda kubera imisozo yiyongera ku muzi cyangwa igicumbi by’inshinga.

Ingero:

*Umusozo –Yi: werekana umuntu ukora igikorwa kandi ukagendana cyane cyane n’amazina akomoka ku nshinga zisanzwe.

Ingero: - Guhinga→umuhinzi = u-mu /-hing-yi:g+y→z

- Gutema→Umutemyi = u-mu/-tem-yi: Ntategeko

- Gucura→ umucuzi = u-mu/-cur-yi: r+y→z

- Kugenda→umugenzi = u-mu/-gend-yi: d+y→z

- Gucana→umucanyi = u-mu/-can-y: ntategeko

- Kuboha→umuboshyi = u-mu/-boh-yi: h+y→shy

* Umusozo:-i: Nawo ugaragaza ukora igikorwa kandi ugaragarira ku mazina akomoka ku nshinga zifite ibicumbi by’imvugwarimwe.

7

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Ingero: - Kurya→umuryi = u-mu/-ri-i: i→y/-J

- Kunnya→umunnyi = u-mu/-ne-i: e→y/-J; n+y→nny

- Kunywa→Umunywi = u-mu/-nyo-i: o→w/-J-

*Umusozo:-a Ukoreshwa mu kinyarwanda cyane, ukagaragaza akenshi ibintu bidafatika.

Ingero: - Gutema→itema = i-Ø/-tem-a

- Gutera→itera = i-Ø-ter-a

- Kunywa→inywa = i-Ø/-nyo-a: o→w/-J

- guhinga→uguhinga = u-ku/-hing-a: k→g/-GR

- Guteshwa→amateshwa = a-ma/-ta-ish-w-a: a+i = e

*Umusozo:-e: Ugaragaza imimerere cyagwa imiterere y’icyintu cyangwa umuntu.

Ingero: - Gusatura→ igisate = i-ki/-sat-e: k→g/-GR

- Kumena→ikimene = i/-ki-men-e

- Kunebwa → umunebwe = u-mu/-nebw-e

- Gukira → n ubukire = u-bu/-kir-e

n umukire = u-mu/-kir-e

- Gukena → n ubukene = u-bu/-kir-e

n Umukene = u-bu/-ken-e

- Guhata → umuhate = u-mu/-hat-e

- Gutema → igiteme = i-ki/-tem-e: k→g/-J

* Umusozo:-o: Nawo ushobora kugaragaza amazina akomoka ku nshinga.

Ingero: - Gusenga→urusengero = u-ru/-seng-ir-o: i→e/ce-

- Kubika→ububiko = u-bu/-bik-o

8


- Gusasa→isaso = i-Ø/-sas-o

- Guhaha→ihaho = i-Ø/-hah-o

- Gukina→umukino = u-mu/-kin-o

- Gukora→umukoro = u-mu/-kor-o

- Kwenga→urwengero = u-ru/-eng-ir-o: u→w/-J

i→e/ce-

*umusozo:-u: Ntukunda kuboneka cyane

Ingero: Igihemu = i-ki /-hem-u (Guhemuka)

Umupfu = u-mu/-pfu-u (Gupfa)

Umukungungu = u-mu/-kung-u (gukungahara)

2. IKOMORANSHINGA: Ryiga ukuntu inshinga ziva ku mazina aribyo bita « Ikomoranshinga-mvazina » cyngwa ukuntu inshinga ziva ku zindi nshinga ribyo bita « ikomoranshinga-mvanshinga »

a) Ikomoranshinga-mvazina: Ni ukuvuga ukuntu inshinga ziva ku mazina. izo nshinga ntizikunze kuboneka mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda.

Ingero zazo si nyinshi:

- umusore→gosoreka = ku/-sor-ik-a

- Ijana→kujanisha = ku/-jan-ish-a

- Umukungu→Gukungahara = ku/-kung-ah-ar-a

Ingirwanshinga

b) Ikomoranshinga-mvazina: Bigaragara cyane kubera ingereka

Ingero: n Kurya: Kuryana: Ku /-ri-an-a:i→y/-J

Kurisha: Ku/-ri-sh-a

Kuryagagura: Ku/-ri-ag-ag-ur-a

9

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

n Kuba: Kubana: Ku/-ba-an-a: a→Ø/-J

Kubesha: Ku/-ba-ish-a: a+i = e

Imyitozo

I. Vuga amazina ane akomoka kunshinga « GUTSINDA » unashake uturemajambo twayo n’amategeko y’igenemajwi.

II. Shaka uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi ku magambo akurikira:

a) Inshinzi

b) Ikirango

c) Ivuga

d) Umukwe

e) Umwandiko

f) Amategeko

g) Umuvugo

INGEREKA

Ingereka ni uturemajambo twomekwa iburyo bw’igicumbi cyangwa umyzi bikawongerera ingingo nshya. Uwo muzi wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbi gishya. Ingereka zikoreshwa mu ikomoranshinga. Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga rikoresha ingereka z’amoko menshi ariko ayo moko yose yigabanijemo ibice bibiri by’ingenzi:

*Ingereka zifata umwanya w’imbere iyo zikoranye n’izindi

*Ingereka zifata umwanya ubonetse wose

A) INGEREKA ZIFATA UMWANYA W’IMBERE

Hari: a) Inyabune

b) Ingereka nsubira

10


c) Ingereka ngirwa

d) Ingereka ntacyuzuzo (ndekacyuzuzo)

a) Ingereka z’inyabune: Bazita inyabune kuko n’ubundi ziboneka ari enye ziyongera ku mizi itihagije kugirango igire insobanuro.

Izo ni: - am: Kubama: ku/-ub-am-a: u→Ø/-J

- ik: Kubika: ku/-ub-ik-a: u→Ø/-J

- uk: kubuka: ku/-ub-uk-a u→Ø/-J

- ur: Kubura: ku/-ub-ur-a u→Ø/-J

*-am-na –uk-: Izi ngereka zombi ni Ntacyuzuzo ni ukuvuga ko inshinga zikoreshejwemo ari nta cyuzuzo zikenera.

Ingero: Kubama igitebo (ntibivugwa)

Kubuka igitebo (ntibivugwa)

Zitandukanyijwe n’uko icyo –am-ikoze –uk-igikuraho.

Bityo:-am-ni INGIRA naho

-uk-ni INGIRURA

*-ik na –ur: Izi ngereka zombi ni NYACYUZUZO. Ni ukuvugako inshinga

zikoreshejwemo zikenera icyuzuzo.

Ingero: kubika igitebo (biravugwa)

Kubura igitebo (biravugwa)

Zitandukanijwe n’uko icyo-ik-ikoze –ur-igikuraho.

Bityo: -ik-ni INGIRA naho

-ur-ni INGIRURA

11

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

IMBONERAHAMWE Y’INYABUNE

NTACYUZUZO NYACYUZUZO

INGIRA -am- -ik-

INGIRURA -uk- -ur-

b) INGEREKA NSUBIRA: Ni ingereka zisubura mungingo ibumbiye mu muzi w’inshinga.

Izo ngereka ni:

-ag-ur: Gutemagura: ku/-tem-ag-ur-a: k→g /-GR

-ang: Gukomanga: Ku/-kom-ang-a: k→g /-GR

-ag-ag-ur: kuryagagura: ku/-ri-ag-ag-ur-a:i→y/-J

-ur-ur: Kubagurura: ku/-bag-ur-ur-a

c) INGEREKA NGIRURA: ni ingereka zifite ingingo ibusana n’ingingo ibumbiye mu mizi y’inshinga. Zikorana n’imizi yihagije. izo ngereka ni:-ur na –uk-

Ingero: Guta: →Gutora: ku/-ta-ur-a: a+u→o; k→g/-GR

Kubenga→Kubenguka: ku/-beng-uk-a ntategeko

d) INGEREKA NDEKACYUZUZO: Ni ingereka zozengerera ingingo ibumbiye mu muzi w’inshinga ububasha bwo kugerwaho. –ik niyo ikunda kuboneka.

Ingero: -Kubona = kuboneka = ku/-bon-ik-a: i→e/co-

-Kudoda = Kudodka = ku/-dod-ik-a: i→e/co-

-Gukata = gukatika = ku/-kat-ik-a: k→g/-GR

-Gucana = gucanika = ku/-can-ik-a: k→g/-GR

NB: iyo ngereka-ik-y’indangacyuzuzo itandukanye rwose n’ingereka –ik-y’inyabune.

12


Inyabuneikunda kugendana n’ibicumbi bitihagije

Iy’intacyuzuzo igendana n’ibicumbi byihagije.

Izindi ntizisobanutse neza.

Izo ni:-it-;-it-uk-;

Ingero: Kumva = barumvise: ba-ra/-umv-it-ye a→Ø /-J

t+y→s

Guhera = guheredula: ku/-her-it-uk-a: k→g/-GR

i→e/ce-

t→dj/-GR

B) INGEREKA ZIFATA UMWANYA UBONETSE WOSE

Izo ni: a) Ingereka ngirana

b) Ingereka ngirira

c) Ingereka ngirisha

d) Ingereka ngirirwa (ngirwa)

a) INGEREKA NGIRANA “-an-”

Isobanura ko nibura abantu babiri cyangwa ibintu bibiri basangiye (bisangiye) kurega ku ngingo ibumbiye mu muzi w’inshinga.

Ingero: - Barakundanye: ba-ra/-kund-an-ye

- Muragendana: mu-ra/-gend-an-a

- Turabana: Tu-ra/-ba-an-a

- Baraturanye: ba-ra/-tur-an-ye

b) INGEREKA NGIRIRA ‘’–ir’’

Ruhamwa akora igikorwa agikorera undi muntu cyangwa abandi.

13

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Ingero: -Turamuhingira: tu-ra-mu/-hing-ir-a

-Amubanira nabi: a-mu/-ba-an-ir-a

-Amuterera ishati: a-mu/-ta-ir-a: a+i→e

-Tumugendere buhoro: tu-mu /-gend-ir-e:i→e/ce-

-Yamusoneye: a-a-mu/-son-ir-ye a→e/co-; r+y→y

c) INGEREKA NGIRISHA:: “-ish;-sh;-y-”

Ibumbatiye ingingo yo gukoresha undi (abandi) muntu (bantu) cyangwa ikindi (ibindi) kintu (bintu) .

Ingero: a) –ish-: Ikorana kenshi na kenshi n’ibicumbi byihagije

nBadodesha: ba/-dod-ish-a: i→e/co-

nBatemesha: ba/-tem-ish-a: i→e/ce-

nGukoresha: ku/-kor-ish-a: i→e/co-

N. B:-ish ishobora nanone gukorana n’ibicumbi by’imvugwarimwe ariko akenshi bihorana –a

Ingero: Gutesha: ku/-ta-ish-a: a+i→e

Kubesha: ku/-ba-ish-a: a+i→e

Guhesha: ku/-ha-ish-a: a+i→e

b) –sh: Iyi ngereka ikorana gusa n’ibicumbi by’imvugwarimwe.

Ingero: Nzamukosha: n-za-mu/-ko-sh-a

Utangusha: u-ta-n/-gu-sh-a

Ntarahisha: nti-a-ra/-hi-ish-a: i→Ø/-J

c) –y-Ikorana gusa n’imizi iherukwa n’ingombajwi.

14


Ingero: -Turamubaza impamvu: Tu-ra-mu/-bar-y-a: r+y→z

-Koza (amasahane) : Ku/-og-y-a: g+y→z

-Aravuza (induru) : a-ra/-vug-y-a: g+y→z

-Kwimya: ku/-im-y-a: u→w/-J

N. B: kotsa: ku/-ok-y-a: U→Ø/-J; k+y→ts

D) INGEREKA NGIRIRWA (NGIRWA)

Ibumbatiye ingingo yumvisha ko ruhamwa ikorerwaho igikorwa.

i) –bw-Ikorana n-imizi y’imvugwarimwe nyamara iyo inshinga itondaguye mu mpitagihe harimo umusozo –ye-;-bw-hakoreshwa-w-

Ingero: Ziranyobwa: zi-a-ra/-nyo-bw-a

Byaratabwaga: bi-a-ra/-ta-bw-aga: i→y/-J

Nyamara: Zaranyowe: zi-a-ra/-nyo-w-ye

z-a-ra/-nyo-w-ye: i→Ø/-J

z-a-ra/-nyo-y-w-e: w→ye→y→we

z-a-ra/-nyo-w-e:y→Ø/-w

ii) –w-Ikorana n’imizi iyo ariyo yose

Ingero: Byarahakanwaga: bi-a-ra/-hakan-w-aga: i→y/-J

Byarizwe: bi-a-ra/-ig-w-ye

by-a-ra/-ig-w-ye: i→y/-J

by-a-r/-ig-w-ye: a→Ø/-J

by-a-r/-ig-y-w-e:w-ye→y-w-e

by-a-r/-iz-w-e:g+y→z

15

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Umwitozo:

Muri aka kandiko gato, shaka inshinga cyangwa amagambo akomoka ku nshinga bifite ingereka. Uvuge ubwoko bw’izo ngereka zakoreshejwe kandiuzishakire (uyashakire) uturemajambo n’ amategeko y’igenamajwi.

SIDA ni indwara mbi yandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina nimureke tuyirekere abataragirwa inama.

IMISOZO MU IKOMORAZINA (AMATEGEKO Y’IGENAMAJWI)

Nkuko twabonye amoko anyuranye y’imisozo mu ikomorazina-mvanshinga, tukabona imisozo ari iyi ikurikira:

- yi: ur: Umuhebyi: u-mu/-heb-yi

- i: ur: umuryi: u-mu/-ri-i

- a: ur: shaha: i-Ø/-hah-a

- e: ur: igiteme: i-ki/-tem-e

- o: ur: ivomo: i-Ø/-vom-o

- u: ur: umupfu: U-mu/-pfu-u

Ubu tugiye kureba amategeko y’igenamajwi mu ikomorazina

1) r+y→z: Umucuzi: u-mu/-cur-yi u-mu/-cuzi: r+y→z umucuzi

2) g+y→z: umuhinzi: u-mu/-hing-yi u-mu-hinzi: g+y→z umuhinzi

3) h+y→shy: umuhashyi: u-mu/-hah-yi u-mu/-hashyi: h+y→shy umuhashyi

16


4) t+y→s: umukasi: u-mu/-kat-yi u-mu/-kasi: t+y→s umukasi

5) z+y→j: umubaji: u-mu/-baz-yi u-mu/-baji: z+y→j umubaji`

6) d+y→z: umudozi: u-mu/-dod-yi u-mu/-dozi: d+y→z umudozi

7) k+y→ts: umutetsi: u-mu/-tek-yi u-mu/-tetsi: k+y→ts umutesti

8) n+y→nny: umuhennyi: u-mu/-hen-yi u-mu/-hennyi: n+y→nny umuhennyi

9) e→y/-J: umunnyi: u-mu/-ne-i u-mu/-ny-i: e→y/-J u-mu/-nny-i: n+y→nny umunnyi

10) o→w/-J: umunywi: u-mu/-nyo-i u-mu/-nyw-i: o→w/-J umunywi

11) i→y/-J: ubushye: u-bu/-hi-e u-bu/-hy-e: i→y/-J u-bu/-shy-e: h+y→shy ubushye

12) i→e/ce-: urwengero: u-ru/-eng-ir-o u-rw/-eng-ir-o: u→w/-J

17

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

u-rw/-eng-er-o: i→e/ce-

urwengero

13) r→d/n-: indyo: i-n/-ri-o i-n/-di-o: r→d/n- i-n/-dy-o: i→y/-J indyo

14) k→g/-GR: igikoresho: i-ki/-kor-ish-o i→e/co-i-gi/-kor-ish-o: k→g/-GR i-gi/-kor-esh-o: i→e/co-

igikoresho

15) A+i→e: itesha: i-Ø/-ta-ish-a i-Ø/-t-esh-a: a+i→e itesha

16) u→w/-J: umwuma: u-mu/-um-a u-mw/-um-a: u→w/-J umwuma u→Ø/-J: umupfu: u-mu/-pfu-u u-mu/-pf-u: u→Ø/-J umupfu t→Ø/n-s: insinzi: i-n/-tsind-yi i-n/-sind-yi: t→Ø/n-s i-n/-sinzi: d+y→z insinzi

17) u→o/co-: ifotora: i-Ø/-fot-ur-a i-Ø/-fot-or-a: u→o/co- ifotora

18) A+u→o: itora: i-Ø/-ta-ur-a i-Ø/-t-or-a: a+u→o itora

18


Imyitozo:

Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi ku magambo aciyeho akarongo

1) Nabonye inyamaswa y’inkazi.

2) Urwangano ruba mu bantu ntacyo rumaze.

3) Ibitekwa bigira akamaro mu buzima bwacu.

4) Urugendo rurerure rusonga indembe.

5) Yubatse ivuriro atabara abarwayi.

6) Icyivugo cyuzuye kirangwa n’ibigwi n’ibirindiro

19

NYABURANGA AGURWA IMVURA

Kera mu rwanda hateye amapfa, imvura imara imyaka myinshi itagwa mu gihugu, ibihngwa byose birarumba, ibyatsi byose biruma bishiraho, imisozi isigara ari uruharambuga. Abantu inzara irabarimarima amatungo

sinakubwira, arakumuka! abafite imbarag barasuhuka abandi bakajya guhaha bakaza bikoreye imbohe, naho ab’indogore bakihamira imuhira bahondobereraho. Abari abakungu ni bo bakomeje kurwanyarwanya.

Ibyo byose byari bitew n’abatunzi batwika imisozi kugirango babone uruhira rwo kuragiramo inka zabo, iyo nkongi igakongeza n’amashyamba nayo agakongoka. Bikongera guturuka nanone ku bahinzi bagendaga batema amashyamba kugira ngo babone aho bahinga harumbuka.

Mu gihe amashyamba yashyaga kandi anatemwa, umwami w’ishyamba, intare « Rwabwiga » yahunze mu ishyamba ry’i Rwanda, imaze kumira imvura, ihungira mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi. Kuko hatatwikwaga cyangwa ngo hatemwe, Rwabwiga yakomeje gutura muri iryo shyamba no gutungwa n’utunyamaswa twari twarahunze amapfa.

Amapfa akomeje kurimbanya mu Rwanda, ibyegera by’umwami w’urwanda byaramubajije biti « Nyagasi ko tubona ari abantu ari n’amatungo bigushizeho bitewe n’imvura yabuze imizwe n’intare yahungiye mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi, ikaba yarameneshejwe n’inkongi y’umuriro yayogoje amashyamba yose yo mu gihugu cyawe, none mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi imvura ikab ihagwa murabitekereza ho iki? »

Erega umwami birmuyobeye! Ni bwo yiyemeje gutumiza abapfumu bose bo mu Rwanda ngo bamuragurire icyatimye imvura itagwa i Rwanda. Abapfumu barateranye, bajya ku ndagu zabo. Nuko inzuza zirera, bemeza ko icyabujije imvura kugwa i Rwanda ari uko intare Rwabwiga umwami w’ishyamba yamize imvura, ikayihunganira mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi kandi ntihazagire inkongi yongera kuyogoza imisozi n’amashyamba y’agasigisigi kari mu Rwanda.

Umwami ati « ngaho rero ni mushakashake intsinzi izatsinda Rwabwiga maze imvura ikagwa mu Rwanda. »

20

IKINYARWANDA : IMYANDIKO MFASHANYIGISHO - IGItAbO cY’uMuNYeSHuRI

Umwe mu bapfumu ati « Nyagasani, Mwami Nyiringoma, kugirango intare Rwabwiga izapfe, ni uko uzatanga umukobwa wawe nyaburanga akajya kugurwa imvura mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi, akazajyana n’umuhigi uzica ya ntare Rwabwiga.

Umuhigi azagende yitwaje intorezo ityaye cyane, nibagera mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi azubake inzu y’icyuzuriraho ashyiremo urusenge, naho ku nkingi y’urusenge azahubake ubwigobeko mu migano isatuye, kugirango azabone ukuntu azihishamo ashaka uko azica ya ntare, kandi azabe yiyegamije ya ntorezo. »

Yungamo ati « namara kubitunganya, azajya mu ishyamba, ariko yamaze gushyira wa mukobwa nyaburanga ku rusenge, atangire yangagize intare avuga ati « ye Rwabwiga, ye Rwabwiga, ntare yivugira mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi, ngwino urye Nyaburanga, umwana w’umwami waje kugurwa imvura ngo izakunde igwe iwacu i Rwanda. »

Arasoza ati « ikizakwereka ko intare umwami w’ishyamba wamize imvura y’i Rwanda yapfuye kandi ko umukobwa wawe n’umuhigi wawe bazaba bakiriho, intare itabishe, ni uko mu gihe intare izaba imaze gupfa imvura izahita igwa mu Rwanda. »

Umwami ashima indagu yiyemeza kohereza umukobwa we n’umuhigi we kugirango babe abatabazi b’u Rwanda. Bashaka impamba n’intorezo babiha umuhigi. Nuko umuhigi ahabwa umuhoro wo gututira no gutema ibihuru ngo azashobore kubaka ya nzu y’icyuzuriraho. Buvyeye aragenda aryubaka, ayishyiramo urusenga, mbega akora nk’uko umupfumu yabivuze. Amaze kubirangiza byose agaruka i bwami, ati « Nyagasani byarangiye ariko mbabajwe n’uko ntabonye Samusure wa rusunzu ngo andagurire ko nzapfa cyangwa ko nzakira. »

Umwami ati « vuga uvuye aha! Sinanze umukobwa wanjye kandi nawe sinkwanze kandi sinanze igihugu cyose; nubikora nk’uko umupfumu yabikubwiye, imvura ikaramira imbaga y’igihugu kandi namwe mugatabaruka nk’uko indagu yabivuze, nzakugorera. »

Nyaburanga n’umuhigi we bashyira nzira ubwo; bagenda bihebye bibwira ko

21

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

batazagaruka i Rwanda, ahubwo ko intare izabatsinda mu rya Manyinya na Magagi. Baragiye no mu rya Manyinya na Magagi binjira muri ya nzu yubatswe n’umuhigi, bakora uko indagu yabivuze; umuhigi yuriza Nyaburanga urusenge naho we ajya kwangagiza intare. Ati « ye ntare, yivugira mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi ngwino urye Nyaburanga, umwana w’umwami waje kugurwa imvura ngo izakunde igwe iwacu mu Rwanda. » intare iramwumva itangira kwivovota; umuhigi akomeza kuyangagiza asubira muri ya magambo. Intare irivuga, irivovota ndetse iza yiruka igana aho iryo jwi rivugira. Umuhigi yumvise ko intare itangiye kuza igana aho ari akomeza kuyangagiza, ariko asubira inyuma agana ya nzu yasizemo Nyaburanga yumvise intare igiye kumwotsa igitutu yihina mu nzu, abwira nyaburanga ati « ntugire ubwoba, niwumva ije yivuga ukomeze uyangagize uri ku rusenge (nzi neza ko itari bwurire ngo igushyikire) , uvuga uti « ye Rwabwiga, ye Rwabwiga, ntare yivugira mu ishyamba rya Manyinya na Magagi, ngwino urye nyaburanga umwana w’umwami waje kugurwa imvura ngo izakunde igwe iwacu i Rwanda. Naho njye ndaba nibereye aho nzi, nubikiriye. »

Umukobwa atangira kwanagagiza intare muri ya magambu umuhingi yamubwiye. Intare yihinnye mu nzu. Umukobwa akomeza kuyangangiza ari ku rusenge. Intare uko yakararamye ishaka uyihamagara aho aherereye, wa muhigi aza bwombo yiyegamije ya ntorezo, ayiyigimba ku gakanu, yungamo yungamo, intare irambarara aho.

Intare ikimara kugwa, ibicu birikorakoranya mu Rwanda, ibyoko bireta byose, imvura itangira kugwa i Rwanda. Umwami arishima cyane kuko abonye ikimenyetso k’imvura iguye mu Rwanda, bikaba bigaragaza ko umwana we n’umuhigi bajyanye bakiriho. Umwami yongera gutumiza abapfumu abaza icyatuma imvura itongera kubura i Rwanda. Bamubwira kohereza ikimasa cy’urukara kibara rimwe bakakibagira aho Nyaburanga n’umuhigi bari mu ishyamba bakotsa inyama zacyo ku biti by’inkorogoto bakazigaburira wa mukobwa na wa muhigi, izisigaye abapfumu bakazisangira. Babibkora batyo imvura irakunda igwa mu Rwanda bitewe na Nyaburanga n’umuhigi we.

Si jye wahera harera intare.

22


KUMVA UMWANDIKO


2) Ni bande bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?

3) Ni ikihe kibazo cyari cyagaragaye i Rwanda?

4) Ni bande batanze inzira yo kubona igisubizo ku kibazo cyari cyagaragaye i Rwanda?

5) Garagaza indamuco n’izingereka ziri muri uyu mwandiko.

6) Ni izihe nyigisho twakura muri uyu mwandiko.

INYUNGURAMAGAMBO

Tanga ubusobanuro bw’aya magambo

1) Amapfa

2) Uruharambuga

3) Gusuhuka

4) Uruhira

5) Kurimbanya

6) Icyuzuriraho

7) Kwangangiza

8) Kwivovota

9) Ibyoko

10) Inkorogoto

23

IZINA RY’URUSOBE

a) Izina ry’urusobe rirangwa na:

- Uturemajambo tw’izina rusange hongeweho utundi

- Rikunda guhera ku ikomora

b) Amoko yayo y’ingenzi

1) Amazina y’urujyanonshinga

2) Amazina y’akabimbura

3) Amazina y’umusuma

4) Amazina y’akabimburasano

5) Amazina mpindurarwego

1) AMAZINA Y’URUJYANONSHINGA

Hari n’abayita amajyanteruro

Ingero:

a) Inshinga + izina

- Umurwanashyaka (Kurwana + ishyaka)

- Imyoganyoni (Koga+inyoni)

- Umuvamahanga (kuva + amahanga)

- Iburasirazuba (Kurasira + Izuba)

b) Inshinga + ntera idznishije yerekana uburyo

Urugero: umubagito (kuba + gito)

c) inshinga + ihambo ryerekana igihe (ingera y’igihe)

Urugero: ikiryakare (kurya + kare)

24


d) Inshinga + ijambo ryerekana ahantu (Ingera z’ahantu)

Ingero: Amajyaruguru (kujya +ruguru)

Amajyepfo (kujya epfo)

e) Inshinga + ikinyazina

Ingero: ubwirakabiri (kwira + kabiri)

Icyuzuriraho (kuzurira +ho:ikinyazina ngenga cy’inyumane)

f) Inshinga + imbundo

Ingero: Imparirwagutebuka (guharirwa + gutebika)

Imparirwakujijuka (guhariwa + kujijuka)

Inkeragutabara (Gucyera +gutabara)

g) Inshinga + inshinga itondzguye

urugero: indyankurye

h) Inshinga + umugereka w’uburyo

Ingero: ubugwaneza (kugwa + neza)

Ubugwanabi (kugwa + nabi)

i) Inshinga na ruhamwa

Urugero: Ikimenyabose (icyo bose bamenye)

NB: Kuri iri zina habayeho iguranamumaro, aho kuba ruhamwa n’inshinga yabaye inshinga na ruhamwa yayo.

Muri rusange aya mazina tumaze kubona agizwe n’amagambo abiri:

• Irya mbere rikomoje ku nshinga yihaririye

• Irya kabiri ni amagambo asanzwe afite umumaro w’icyuzuzo cy’inshinga yakoreshejwe mu rya mbere.

25

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

2) IZINA RY’AKABIMBURA

NB: Izina ry’akabimbura ni urusobe rikagirwa n’amagambo abiri nibura:

Ingero: a) Izina ry’akabimbura nyanteko

- Abana bazarwana kubo bazabyara nkuko base na banyina babigenje

- Abanyeshuri ntibagimba kwigira barutare

- Cyarutare cy’umunyeshuri ntikimenya ubwenge

NB: Akabimbura gaha inteko izina ry’akabimbura kakagenga n’isanisha kitwa nyanteko. Gakunda kujyana n’amazina yataye indomo.

b) Izina ry’akabimbura nyazina

Ingero: Mubyimana, ku Cyibisabo hari amashuri yisumbuye.

NB: - Utwo tubimbura n’amazina rusange turema amazina bwite

- Utwo tubimbura dushobora gutesha izina indomo

Urugero: kanzira, kamanzi

Rimwe na rimwe iryo zina rikaba ryayigumana

Urugero: Byimana, Cyibisabo

c) Akabimbura mpinyuza (nsuzuguzi)

Aka kabimbura kumvisaha ko ugakoresha aba ahinyura uwo avuga.

Ingero: zamasore, zamakobwa, zamagabo, …

NB: Ako kabimbura karema amazina rusange nkene afite inyito mpinyuzi/nsuzuguzi mu nteko ya 10 irya kabiri rikaba mu nteko ya 6.

d) Akabimbura ngenera/nyabyo

Ingero: Umunyagikoni, umunyemari, umunyeshuri, Shamukiga, shabukuru, sabwenge, samusure, nyakatsi

NB: Akabimbura nyabyo Sa N’impindura ntego yako sha kari mu mazina bwite cyangwa rusange adafite indomo.

26


e) Akabimbura nyereka

Ingero: - Itari impmvu nyampamvu ituma twiga.

- Nyamuhungu at « ntunkoreho »

f) Akabimbura nyifuzo

Ingero: Nyamukobwa, nyaguheka, nyakubyara, nyakumanikwa, nyakuvunirwaumuheto, . .

NB: Aka kabimbura kajyana n’imbundo kakayiha inyito yifuza

g) Akabimbura nyagihe

Ingero: saamoya, saambiri, saatanu

NB: aka kabimbura nyagihe ‘’saab’’ gakoreshwa bavuga isaha.

NB: Akabimbura nyanteko, nsuzuguzi na nyazina birema akabimbura NDEMA

3) AMAZINA Y’IMISUMA

Ingero: - Shobuja (so - buja)

- Masenge (Ma(ma) - senge)

- Nyogokuru (nyoko - kuru)

- Nyogokuruza (nyoko - kuruza)

- Marume (ma(ma) - rume)

- Databukwe (data - bukwe)

- Umugabe kazi (umugabe - kazi)

- Ibugazi (ibuga - azi)

- Ikigabazi (ikigabo - azi)

NB: Aya magambo agizwe n’uduce tubiri:

27

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

• Igice cya mbere kigizwe n’amagambo asanzwe abaho afite inyito ihagije ariko igice cya kabiri kikayongeraho ubusobanuro.

Uturemajambo: - buja - kuru

- Kazi - kuruza

- senge - rume

- azi - bukwe

Twometse ku magambo asanzwe azwi twitwa ‘’IMISUMA’’. Amazina yometsweho imisuma yitwa ‘’amazina y’imisuma’’.

Ijambo ‘’umupfakazi’’ ntabwo ari iziana ry’umusuma kuko iyo kazi = ak - ar - yi

Umupfakazi = u - mu/- pfu - ak - ar - yi

Imisuma –buja; - senge; - kuru; - kuruza; - rume; - bukwe ni imisuma igaragasza amasano.

4) Amazina y’akabimburasano

Agizwe n’ibice bibiri: icya mbere cyerekana amasano icya kabiri ni amazina sanzwe mbese kikaba ari nk’icyuzuzo.

Ingero: - Mukakabera

- Mukadata Ku mazina y’abagore

- Mukarukundo

- Sehene

- Sefuku Ku mazina y’abagabo

- Semavugo

28


- Benewabo

- Icyenewabo

- Nyiragasamunyiga

- Nyirafuku Ku mazina naone y’abagore

- Nyirambeba

NB: Nyir’ukwiba, nyir’ukuvuga: Habaho ikata (ntibafatanya) kuko nyira ikurikiwe n’imbundo

5) AMAZINA MPINDURARWEGO

Ni amazina ubona yabaye amazina kandi wasesengura neza ukabona afatiye ku nteruro.

Urugero: Mbaguriki = Mbagure iki?

Nsengiyumva = Nsenga iyumva.

Singirankabo = singira nka bo.

Imyitozo: itegereze aya mazina y’urusobe akurikira maze uyashyire mu mwanya wayo abonekamo ukurije amoko y’amazina y’urusobe.

1) Umukangurambaga

2) Umwihanduzacumu

3) Iyicarubuzo

4) Sibomana

5) Nyiranyoni

6) Inzitiramibu

7) Nzamurambaho

8) Mugiraneza

9) Umunyamerwe

10) Umunyarwanda

29

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Umuvugo: Rwanda nkunda gihugu cyanjye

Rwanda nkunda gihugu cyanjye,

Reka nkukunde uri Gikundiro,

Reka nkurate uri ikirato,

Reka nkuvuge ufite ivugiro,

5 • N’abatabizi babimenyere aha.

Reka nkubwire Rwanda nkunda,

Abagukunda ni benshi cyane,

Ariko kuri jye ni ikirenga,

Ndabikubwiye Rwanda nkunda,

10 • Ntabikubwiye nahwera.

Impamvu nkukunda Rwanda nziza,

Wareze aba cu urera ba’ahandi,

Ubarera neza barishima,

Barakurata Rwanda nziza,

15 • Ni yo mpamvu nkukunda Rwanda.

Ariko aho hanz barakurata,

Barakurata ubuta geruka,

Baragushiùa hano iwacu,

Bakagushimira hanze iwabo,

20 • Reka nkukunde Rwanda nziza.


Uri uwo gukundwa biragaragara,

30


Uri uwo gushimwa biragaragara,

Uri uwo kuratwa biragaragara,

25 • Abatabibona abo si abanjye.

Lyaguhaye ntiyaguhenze,

Yo yaguhaye itinuba,

Yo yaguhanye umutima mwiza,

Lguha ubwiza iguha uburanga,

30 • Genda uri mwiza Rwanda nkunko.


Ufite ibirunga byabahuruje,

Ufite ibiyaga sinakubwira,

Ufite imisozi iteye ubwuzu,

35 • Horana ishema horana isheja.

Uri mwiza uri rudasumbwa,

Ubwiza bwawe ni ntagereranywa,

Igikundiro cyawe ni ntagereranywa,

Uburanga bwawe barabushima,

40 • Kundwa kundwa gihugu cyanjye.

Reka ndekera aha Rwanda nziza,


Ngo kubiba menshi si ko kuyameza,

Kuvuga menshi si ko kumvisha,

45 • Nzahora nkukunda ubutageruka.

(Emmanuel UWITONZE)

31

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

KUMVA UMWANDIKO


2) Ese muri uyu mwandiko umusizi arasingiza iki?

3) Garagaza impamvu zingenzi zerekana ko uyu musizi akunda igihugu cye.

4) Ni ibihe byiza bitatse u Rwanda bigaragara muri uyu mwandiko?

5) Ni irihe somo abatuye u Rwanda n’abo hanze yarwo bakwigira muri uyu mwandiko?

INYUNGURAMAGAMBO

Sobanura aya magambo

a) Ikirato

b) Ubwuzu

c) Isheja

d) Uburanga

UMWITOZO: Hanga umuvugo ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira

1) Barezi dukunda soko y’ubumenyi

2) Afurika yacu

32

IMYITOZO KU MAGAMBO AGARAZA UBUTINDE N’AMASAKU

Nkuko twabibonye mu mwaka wa mbere n’uwa kabiri, mu ijambo ry’Ikinyarwanda inyajwi iba ifite ubutinde n’i miterere y’amasaku yaremanywe cyangwa byaremanywe. Lyo utabikurikije mu mvugo

uba ushyomye cyangwa se rimwe na rimwe ukaba uvuze ijambo ritabaho mu kinyarwanda.

Amagambo ashobora guhuza imisusire (isura) mu nyandiko ariko adahuje ubutinde n’amasaku.

Ingero: 1) - Inkokô (itungo)

- Inkooko (igikoresho)

2) - Umuhaanga (igiti)

- Umuhaânga (Umunyabwenge)

3) - Igikoômbe (Igikoresho)

- Igikoombe (Hagati y’imisozi)

Nk’uko twabibonye hari:

a) Amagambo y’ikinyarwanda adafite ubutinde kandi afite amasaku nyesi

- Umugabo, umugano, umugina, ikibabi, igiseke, …

- Umurya, ingano, intiryi, umuzi, ijana, …

- Inzu, ifu, inda (igice cy’umubiri) , ingwe, ise (indwara) , …

b) Amagambo afite umugemo umwe utinda kandi afite amasaku nyesi

- Umugaanda, umukeeka, urubiingo, umufuundi, …

- Isaazi, urweeso, kugeenda, urwoobo, …

- Geenda, haata, taaha, tuunda, …

33

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

c) Amagambo afite imigemo 2 itinda ariko afite amasaku nyesi

- Yaataashye, Kweegeera, kwaangaara, yaagiiye, fuunguura, ubuvaangaanzo, …

d) Amagambo afite uruvange rw’amasaku nyesi n’amasaku nyejuru

NB: Kugirango ayo magambo aboneke ku buryo bworoshye twifashisha ibimenyetso biteye bitya:

J: Inyajwi ibanguka kandi ifite isaku nyesi

JJ: Inyajwi itindsa kandi ifite isaku nyesi

J: Inyajwi ibanguka kandi ifite isaku nyejuru

1. a) - Umugôrê, umugômê, umuguzî, umutubû?. . . .

- Umutî, ihenê, , isokô, inumâ, …

- inkwî, ishâ, igî, ifî, imbwâ, isî, . .

1. b) - Umusorê, umutobê, umusûre, umutimâ

- intêbe, inkîma, isûka, isâro, …

- Sûre, hâno, ndâba, shyîra, …

JJ - J: Reero, mbeesê, njyeewê, ngeendê, …

JJ: Umwâana, ubwêenge, ubwâato, …

JJ: Umwaâmi, umwaâse, umwaâte, … (nta nteguza ibaho)

JJ - JJ: Gukôondoora, gukêendeera, umwîiraasi, …

JJ - JJ: Ubwiîgenge, uwiîbana, umwiîgisha, …

JJ - JJ: ikigôorigori, ikiyôongoyôongo, …

JJ - JJ: Uzâansuûre, akâanyaânge, incâarwaâtsi, utwûunguceênge, icyâarahaâni, . .

34


NB: Kuri aya magambo tumaze kubonna hariyongeraho amagambo afite amasaku ateye atya:

- Imbûgitâ, ingâmiyâ, …

- Imbêehê, imbâahô, inhîirâ, …

Dore urutonde rw’amagambo fatizo mu kumenya ubutinde n’amasaku

1) Umugabo

2) Umugaanda

3) Umugorê

4) Umusorê

5) Umwâana

6) Umwaâmi

7) Reerô

8) Imbêehê

9) Imbûgitâ

10) Isî

Kugirango umenye amasaku ugomba kwifashisha ibicumbi by’aya magambofatizo; maze ku magambo uhawe gushakira ubutinde n’amasaku ukagenda uyacamo ibice, maze ukagenda ugereranya n’ibi bicumbi. Ibgyo bicumbi ni ibi:

- Gabo

- Gaanda

- Sôre

- Gorê

- Mwaâmi

- Mwaâna

35

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

- Reerô

- Mbêehê

- Mbûgitâ

Ingero: Gaanda sôre mwâana

1) Ntakirutimana = Ntaaki rûti mâana

Mwâana mwâana

Icyenewabo = icyêene wâabo

NB: Iyo udashyizeho integuza, babyita ‘’kugabanya ibimenyetso’’

Imyitozo

1) Garagaza ubutinde n’amasaku by’amagambo aciyeho akarongo (gabanya ibinyetso)

1) Amagambo

2) Ikibonezamvugo

3) Uburakari

4) Umunyeshuri

5) Umukangurambaga

6) Umuzirantege

7) Umucuruzi

8) Umudiho

9) Umutware

10) Umuririmbyi

36


MUHUNDWANOTA

Nkuko twabibonye muhundwanota ni uturongo tubiri baca hejuru tukerekana imivugire y’amagambo ari lmuri iryo jambo. Isaku nyesi ribangutse ryerekanwa n’akarongo kagufi gaciye hejuru y’inyajwi zakurikiye umurongo wo hasi

Isaku nyejuru ritebutse rigaragzwa n’akarongo kagufi gaciye hejuru y’inyajwi zakurikiye umurongo wo hejuru.

Isaku ry’integuza ryandikwa nk’isaku nyejuru.

Isaku ritinda ryo rigaragazwa n’akarongo karekare gashyirwa hejuru y’ubutinde bitewe n’uko rivugitse.

Naho iyo harimo ubutinde; inyajwi imwe ifite isaku nyejuru indi ifite isaku nyesi, habaho ihuza ry’uturongo.

Ingero: 1) 5)

Umucûraanzi Umurwaanashyaka

2) 6)

Umwâangavû ihaaho

3) 7)

Imbûundâ Amashanyarazi

4) 8)

Musôni Infûrukâ

37

KABUSHUNGWE

Bushungwe yari atuye i kageyo, akaba umukungu w’imyaka n’ amatungo, adendeje mu bana benshi n’umuryango mugari. Muri uwo mudendezo we akajya yitegereza amakoro ajya i bwami kwa nyina wa Rwogera; dore ko

Rwogera yari akiri muto ubutegetsi bugifitwe na nyina mu cyimbo cye. Bushungwe rero yabona ayo makoro agenda, bikamurakaza. Bukeye bikomeje kumutera umujinya, abwira bene wabo, ati « ariko ibintu byacu mubona bijya i bwami ubutitsa, mwebwe ntibibababaza? » ati « kuva ubu, ndasba ko mucukira aho ntimuzongere kugira andi makoro mwohereza i bwami. » bene wabo baramushwishuriza bati « reka da! Ntitwashobora kwimana amakoro y’i bwami, ejo batazatwita aba gome tukava aho tuzira akamama. »

Bushungwe abonye benshi banze kumva imigambi ye, akoranya abana be n’abavandimwz be bahuje ibitekerezo, ati « dore inama nagiriye bene wacu yo kudatura wa mugore Nyiramavugo batinye kuyemera; none mwebwe ndabizeye; nimubona abikoreye amakoro bayajyanye i bwami, mujye muyabambura muyanzanire! Mbese i bwami mwumva si amaboko hari ikindi baturusha? »

Nuko Bushumbwe n’abo bahuje umugambi bahera ubwo bakajya batangira amakoro mu Kingogo bakajya bayabuza kujya i bwami. Bati « niba ari ukuba ba shobuja tubaye bo natwe. » inkuru irashyira igerayo, bati Bushungwe yarigometse, yazutuye amakoro y’i bwami arayikubira. » bene wabo badahuje umugambi babyumvise, barikengera barahaguruka basanga Nyiramavugo umugabekazi, bajya ku mwishinganaho, bavuga ko ibyo bushungwe akora batabifatanyije kandi banamuhannye akabananira. Ubwo bagendaga bitwaje inkoni gusa kuko inkoni yonyine muri cyo gihe ariyo yabaga « mpakanye ubugome ».

Nyiramavugo amaze kubona bene wabo ba Bushungwe no kumva ubwishingane bwabo arabashima, asigara arakariye Bushungwe n’urubyaro rwe. Ategeka abatware kugena ingabo zo kumutera kandi abivuga bene wabo wa Bushungwe bakiri aho. Bamaze kumva iteka riciwe kuko mwenewabo atanzwe barasera barataha.

38


Bageze i Kingongo bajya kuburira umuvandimwe wabo bati « urahejeje ibitero byo kukurimbura biraduherekeje. » Bushungwe akoranya abagore be n’abana be ati « numvise ko NyIramavugo yadutanze kandi ni nyir’u Rwanda ariko muhumure nta cyo azadutwara, icyokora ni mupfe guhunga, muhungishe n’inka n’ibyangushye, njye ndaguma iwanjye simuhunga. Umwami w’umugore si umwamikazi, ntacyo yantwara. »

Baka Bushumbwe baremera, bahungana n’abana n’amatungo hasigara rubanda rukuru rwiyemeje kumurwaniririra. Ako kanya iz’ ibwami ziba zisekaye i Kageyo zambina n’iza Bushumbwe ruremvekana bishyira kera. Bushumbwe amaze gusumbirizwa bamufata mpiri baramushorera; bamujyana i bwami ntibamugirira nabi, kuko uwafatwaga mpiri yabaga atakiciwe aho; uwarengaga akamwica yabaga akoze icyaha kititwarirwa. Bigiye imbere bahura n’umugabo wigendera. Bushungwe ati « ndabasaba kwibwirira ijambo rimwe uriya mugabo duhuye! » abandi baramwemerera kuko uwabaga yafashwe mpiri yagiraga uburenganzira bwo kuvuga no gusaba icyo Ashatse. Arembuza uwo mugabo bigira hirya; aramutuma ati « genda ubwire abagore banjye n’abana uti muramenye…. . ntimwiyahure, kandi ntimumwangirize ibintu azagaruka, ntabwo umwami w’umugore azagira icyo amutwara. »

Bamugejeje ku mayaga kwa Rwogera na nyina (ntabwo bari batuye kuri Nyirabwanacyambwe nkuko bamwe babivuga) . Bati « nguyu Bushungwe nyir’ ukugoma turamuzanye! » Nyiramavugo amukubise amaso, aho kugira icyo amubaza atera hejuru ati « uno muburagasani, nako ni ikigabazi, nta bugome yashigaje ! n’ishusho ye ni ubugome! » Bushungwe abyumvise atyo aba abonye urwaho rwo kumushuka.

Atera hejuru ati « Nyagasani hari icyo ngusaba » Nyiramavugo ati « Ngaho kinsabe! » Bushungwe ati « ndagirango nkumenyeshe ko nta bukire undusha, uretse izina ngo uri umwami; naho ubundi urabaze; nari nsanganwe ibintu byinshi, none nakubitiyeho no kukwambura amakoro, ureba se ko hari icyo undusha! »

Akirekanya aya magambo, abari aho bose baraseka; babwira Nyiramavugo bati « icyakora ntakubeshya, umuntu wari ufite ibye none akaba yarakubitiyeho n’iby’ i bwami koko ntakurusha ibintu? » noneho Bushungwe arushaho kubona

39

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

inkunga yo gukomeza kumushuka. Ati « Nyagasani oherza abantu bawe vuba bajye guhagarara ku rugo rwanjye, hato rubanda batakwangiriza ibintu kandi byari kuzakugirira akamaro. Kandi n’ibyanjye byose mbiguhaye ho impongano yo kugirango mutanca amatwi. »

Nyiramavugo ati « Nguciye amatwi byamera bite? » Bushungwe ati « nasubira i Cyingogo nciye amatwi, abagore banjye, abana ba masenge n’abandi banseka, inka zanjye zigahunga kandi ngatakaza agaciro mu Cyingogo nabayemo igihange! Reka kwa data bukwe sinakongera kuhahinguka! » arakomeza ati mfungura Nyagasani ndabigusabye, ahubwo ntanga mpfe hato hatagira abanzi bansabira gucibwa amatwi! »

Ni uko biba nk’uruhubiko, Nyiramavugo ntiyamenya ko ari ibishuko ahubwo abyemera nk’ukuri aho kumutanga ngo apfe ategeka ko bamuca amatwi bakamurekura agasubira i Cyingogo aho abagore n’abana be bazajya bamukwena, bakamugira ikinyogore. Bushungwe yirya icyara aho aboheye, arishima kuko agiye gukira. Bamuca amatwi yombi baramubohora asubira i Kageyo.

Agezeyo asanganirwa n’impundu. Ni uko Bushungwe n’abana barishima. Na we NYiramavugo asigara yishima ngo yamuhaye igihano gikomeye; ntiyibukeko n’ubwo gucibwa amatwi ari ubusembwa, ariko atari ukwamburwa ubuzima. Kuva ubwo rero babona umuntu bagoragoza ntashoboke, bamutega iimitego akayigobotora, sedata wawe bakabura uko bamugira, baterera yo utwatsi, bakagira bati « ni mumureke yigize aka Bushungwe (aka Bushungwe) . »

(Bifatiye ku bya B. MULIHANO muri uburezi n’uburere n°3, 15 - 16)

Kumva umwandiko

1) Uyu mwandiko uri mu buhe bwoko bw’umwandiko?

2) Ko Bushungwe yari umukungu, icyamuteye kuzitira amakoro y’ibwami n’iki?

3) Mbese bene wabo bose bamushyigikiye muri icyo gikorwa?

4) I bwami bashatse guhanisha Bushungwe iki?

5) Bushungwe yakize ate igihano cyo kwicwa?

40


Inyunguramagambo

a) I Kageyo

b) Adendeje mu bana benshi

c) Amakoro

d) Gucukira aho

e) Si amaboko undusha

f) Yazitiye amakoro

g) Kwikengera

h) Ubwishingane

i) Iteka riciwe

j) Ibyangushye

k) Ruremveka (Urugamba) bishyira kera

l) Gusumbirizwa

m) Gufata mpiri

n) Umuburagasani

o) Kubona urwaho

p) Gutanga impongano

q) Igihangange

r) Kugira umuntu ikinnyogorero

s) Ubusembwa

41

IBARUWA Y’UBUTEGETSI

Inzandiko za gitegetsi: Inzandiko za gitegetsi ni zikoreshwa mu butegetsi, zaba izisaba akazi, igisubizo, izimenyesha, …

IMITERERE Y’IBARUWA Y’UBUTEGETSI

Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi iba igizwe n’ibi bice:

1) Igice cya mbere: kigizwe:

a) Umwirondoro w’uwanditse (ibumoso hejuru)

b) Itariki n’aho wandikiye (iburyo hejuru)

c) Umwirondoro w’uwandikiwe (iburyo hepfo y’itariki)

d) Uwo binyujijweho (iburyo munsi y’umwirondoro w’uwandikiwe)

e) Impamvu (munsi y’umwirondoro w’uwanditse)

f) Kwandika izina ry(uwandikiwe (izina ry’icyubahiro urugero: Bwana, Nyakubahwa) bijya munsi y’uwo binyujijweho)

2) IGICE CYA KABIRI: kigizwe:

a) Intangiriro (interuro)

b) Igihimba

c) Umusozo

d) Izina n’umukono by’uwanditse

e) Bimenyeshejwe

NB: Mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi:

- Nturamukanya

- Ntusezera igihe urangije

- Ntiwibagirwa izina ryawe

- Wirinda kwandika usubira mumagambo cyangwa se ngo usibasibe.

42


Umwirondoro w’uwanditse Aho wandikiye, itariki

…………………………….

……………………………. Umwirondoro w’uwandikiwe

……………………………….

……………………………….

Impamvu: …………………. .

…………………. .

Binyujijwe…………………….

……………………. . .

Bwana, …………………….

n………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

n………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………. . ……. . n

n……………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………. n

43

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Bimenyeshejwe: Izina ry’uwanditse n’umukono.

-

-

-

NB: - Iyo ugiye kumenyesha ubatondeka ukurikije ufite icyubahiro kurusha abandi

- Iyo wandika wirinda guheza urupapuro ngo umuntu naba ari gusoma afate mu byanditse

Umwitozo: Andikira umuyobozi w’uburezi mu karere umusaba guhindurirwa ikigo.

NB: - Wigaga ku kigo cya Ruhanga, saba kujya kwiga i Gikomero (tanga impamvu ushaka)

- Unyuze ku bayobozi b’ibigo icyo ushaka kujyaho n’icyo ushaka kuvaho) maze

umenyeshe umuyobozi w’uburezi mu murenge n’ababyeyi bawe

44

UMWIRONDOROUmwirondoro ugizwe n’ibi bice:

A) Ibiranga umuntu

1. Amazina yawe:…………………………………………………………………. . . . . . .

2. Amazina ya papa wawe:…………………………………………………………. . .

3. Amazina ya mama wawe:……………………………………………………………

4. Itariki wavutseho…………………………………………………………………. . . . . .

5. Aho wavukiye: (igihugu) ……………………………………………………………

6. Irangamimere (kuvuga niba uri ingaragu cyangwa wubatse) :…………………

7. Aho ubarizwa: - Akagari:…………………………………………………………. .

- Umurenge:…………………………………………………. . . . . . .

- Akarere:…………………………………………………………

- Intara:……………………………………………………………

- Telefone:. ………………………………………………………

B) Amashuri wize

- Igihe watangiriye n’igihe warangirije amashuri abanza n’aho wayize

- Igihe watangiriye n’igihe warangirije ikiciro rusange (Tronc - Commun) n’aho wayize

- Igihe watangiriye n’igihe warangirije icyiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye n’aho wayize

45

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

- Igihe watangiriye n’igihe warangirije kaminuza n’aho wayize

NB: Niba ufite n’andi mashuri ari hejuru ya kaminuza nayo yashyireho

C) Ubumenyingiro

- Aho wakoze n’igihe wahakoreye

- Amahugurwa y’ingirakamaro wakoze nayo uyashyiraho (igihe wayatangiriye n’igihe wayarangirije)

D) Indimi ukoresha

- indimi nazo uzishyiraho ariko ukagenda uvuga urugero urimo mu kuzivuga no mu kuzikoresha. Urugero: - Ikinyarwanda: neza cyane

- Igifaransa: Neza

- Icyongereza: Buhoro

E) Ibindi

Urugero: - Gucuranga gitari

- Guhimba imivugo

F) Indahiro

Ijambo indahiro nturyandikaho ahubwo uhita uvuga uti ‘’Ndemeza ko ibyo mvuze haruguru ari ukuri’’

Amazina n’umukono

Aho bikorewe n’itariki

Umwitozo:

1. vuga ibice bigize umwirondoro mu magambo make

2. Andika umwirondoro wawe ukurikije umwaka wigamo

46

IGITEKEREZO CYA MATAMA YA BIGEGA

Umubyeyi uhagaze imbere y’inzu ya kinyarwanda ateruye umwana

Umigabo bigega yabaye aho, maze abyara umwana w’umukobwa Matama: yari yaravukanye isaro ku ntoki, ntihabe hagira uhirahira ngo arimwake.

Mibalbwe umwami w’u Rwanda, atambagira igihugu, acumbika ahitwa I Remera rya Kanyinya. Mu gicuku gishyira inkoko, Mibambwe yumva umwana urira, ariko ntiyamenya aho aririra. Mibambwe arabyuka, abaza abararirizi ati “ uwo mwana urira araririra he?” Baramusubiza bati “nta we twumvise. ” Umwami ati “nimujye

47

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

kubaza abaja n’abashumba ko bamenya aho umwana aririra. ” Bababajije barabahakanira, bati “ ni mujye kubariza no ku baturanyi. ” Abo babajije bose bakabahakanira, bati “nta mwana twigeze twumva arira. ”

Ubwo Mugunga wa Ndoba, ulugaragu wa Mibambwe, yari yagishike inka mu Bugoyi, nawe yumva umwana arira, abaza abagaragu be ati « uwo mwana arararirira he? » Bati « ntawe twumvise. » Ati « nimujye kubaza abo mu gikumba k’inka. »

Abashumba barahakana bati « nta mwana twumvise arira. » Bucya Mugunga acyumva umwana urira, ati « sinakwihererana ibi bintu jyenyine. » Ajya kubibwira Mibambwe.

Agitunguka mu irembo arasuhuza. Mibambwe ati « nta kubaho, ijoro ry’ejo mu gicuku gishyira inkok numvise umwana urira ageza mu gitondo arira, n’ubu ndacyamwumva! »

Mugunga ati « nanjye ni cyo cyari cyizanye ngo mbikubwire; nanze kwihererana ibyo bintu. Nabajje abantu bose twari kumwe ko na bo baba bumvise umwana urira barampakanira; mbajije mu baturanyi barampakanira; mpera ko mena ijoro nza kubukubwira. »

Mibambwe ati « dushake uko twabona uwo mawana. Ndetse noneho ndumva yasaraye, ntakibasha no kurira cyane! »

Nuko Mibambwe yohereza intumwa ahantu hose, yohereza na Mugunga, aramubwira ati « genda ushake uwo mwana, numara iminsi itatu utaramubona, uzaze dushake ubundi buryo. » Yohereza n’umuntu kwa Kimenyi, umwami w’i Gisaka, ngo amubaze aho umwana yaba aherereye. Bababwiye Kimenyi at « abami b’i Rwanda ntibabe abapfu! umwana abura rizwa n’iki? abana b’ino barabuhagira bakarira, bakoranabi babahana bakarira! »

Intumwa iraza ibwira Mibambwe uko Kimenyi yamusubije, Mibambwe ntiyabyumva.

Buracya atuma undi muntu kwa Muzora, umwami wo mu Ndorwa, nawe agiye kumusubiza ati « Mibambwe ni umusazi. Abana bose bo mu gihugu cyanjye ngenzura igihe baririra? » Babwiye Mibambwe uko Muzora yamusubije arumirwa,

48


ariko ntiyashyirwa. Buracya atuma kuri Rumanyika, ngo amurangire aho umwana yumvise arira aririra. Rumùanyika aramusubiza ati « sinabona icyo musubiza. »

Mibambwe abonye abo bami bose batamubwiye neza iby’uwo mwana urira, ahamagara abagaragu be bitwaga Indongozi, arababwira ati « nimujye kunshakira aho aririra. Dore mbohereje muri umunani nimujyane na Mugunga. » Abagaragu baragenda, bagera kwa Bigega, bararamukanya, baramubaza bati « ntiwamenya ho umwana aririra muri iki gihugu cyanyu? » ati « uwo mwana urira ni uwanjye, yanze kuvamo umwuka naho ubundi agiye gupfa; umwana umaze icyumweru cyose arira! »

Mugunga ti « ese ntiwamenya ikimuriza? » Bigega at « ni isaro yavukanye ku rutoki, ntihabe hari uwarimwaka. Bukeye bagiye kumwuhagira isaro rigwa hasi, inkoko irarimira, umwana arira ubwo. Bagiye kwica inkok ngo bariyake umukara urayimira; bagiye kwica umukara imbwa irawumira, bagiye kwica imbwa, ingwe irayimira, bagiye kwica ingwe, intare intare irayimira, bagize ngo bice intare, imbogo irayimira; bakurikiye imbogo ngo bayice, inzovu irayimira, nuko inzovu yigira mu ishyamba. »

Mugunga abaza Bigega ati « iryo shyamba se muzi aho riherereye? » Bigega ati « turahazi ariko twese turaritinya ntawe urigeramo. » Mugunga ati « duhe uritwereka. » Bigega ati « ko muri bacye? » Mugunga ti « nta cyo bitwaye. »

Mugunga n’Indongozi baragenda, bageze mu ishyamba, batangira kuritema, bararitwika inzovu iravumbuka ihunga, bayihurizaho amacumu barayica. Barayibaga bayikuramo ibyo yamize byose, na rya saro. Mugunga ararijyana, agitunguka kwa Bigega bavugiriza impundu icyarimwe. Mugunga aragenda ahereza umwana isaro; umwana ahera ko arahora, ahereza Mugunga amaboko; Mugunga aramuhagatira amuha amata, umwana akira amarira.

Bigega ashimira Mugunga n’Indongozi, atuma kuri Mibambwe, ati « guhera ubu tubaye inchuti, kandi umenye ko abami b’i Rwanda barusha abahandi ubwenge. »

(Myr BIGIRUMWAMI, Ibitekerezo, Nyundo 1971, p. 115 - 116)

49

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

KUMVA UMWANDIKO

1. Uyu mwandiko ni bwoko ki?

2. Matama ya bigega yavutse ku ngoma y’uwuhe mwami?

3. Ni bande bumvise umwana arira? Bakoze iki?

4. Ni ibuhe butumwa mugunga yashyiriye umwami?

5. Hakozwe iki kugirango umwami amenye iby’umwana wariraga?

6. Tanga impamvu yatumye Bigega ashimira mugunga.

INYUNGURAMAGAMBO

Tanga ubusobanuro bw’aya magambo

Isaro

Igicuku gishyira inkoko

Indongozi

Guhagatira

I bugoyi

50

INSHOBERAMAHANGA

Inshoberamahanga ni imvugo zikomeye ku buryo igisobanuro cyazo cy’ukuri kinyuranye n’ingingo ya mbere y’amagambo ayigize; kuyumva biragora bisaba kubanza gusobanukirwa n’ishusho arim.

Ni imvugo igoye kuko utari inzobere mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda adapfa gusobanukirwa n’igishate kuvugwa kandi mu byukuri iyo mvugo iba igizwe n’amagambo abiri asanzwe akoreshwa mu buzima busanzwe ariko iyo ahuye ahindura ubusobanuro yari asanganywe akavuga ikindi kintu.

Ingero: 1. Gutera isekuru = gucumbagira

2. Kurya iminwa = kubura icyo uvuga

3. Guca ikiziriko = Gucika

4. Kubangira amaguru ingata = Kwiruka cyane

5. Guca ibiti n’amabuye = kugenda wihuta cyane

6. Gukuka umutima = Kugira ubwoba

7. Kugenda amasigamana = kwiruka cyane

8. Gukubita amaso = Kurabukwa

9. Kugenda nka nyomberi = Ubutazagaruka

10. Kurya nk’urugonye impfizi = Kurya byinshi cyane

11. Kurya nk’uwicariye umwobo = kurya cyane kandi byinshi cyane

12. Atagicira ngo agwe = nta gatege, yarushye cyane kandi yashonje

13. Guca agahigo = kugera ku ntego wihaye

14. Kuvunira ibiti mu matwi = Kwirengagiza, kudashaka kumva ikiri kuvugwa

15. Guterera agati mu ryinyo = Kwirengagiza ukareka gukora icyo wagombaga gukora

51

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

16. Kwiraza inyanza: kwirengagiza

17. Kubyuka iya rubika = Kuzinduka

18. Guca igikuba = Gukabiriza ibintu

19. Kujya guca umuti wa mperezayo = Kugenda ugahera

Umwitozo:

Shaka inshoberamahanga zawe bwite, zitari izo wahawe mu ikaye maze unazisobanure.

52

IKINYAZINA MBANZIRIZA

Ibikiranga:

Gisimbura ijambo ribanziriza inshinga

- Kigira igicumbi /- o

- Gifite ishusho imwe n’iyikinyazina nyereka gifite igicumbi /- o

- Kigira intego D - RS/- C

- Kigira inteko zose uretse iya 17

- Kigira amasaku nyejuru

- Mu nteruro iteka kiba kibanjirije inshinga itondaguye

- Kigira inyajwi ishobora gutakara iyo kibanjirijwe n’indahantu ‘’ku’’ cyangwa ‘’mu’’

Ingero:

- Mucuo binjiyemo hari heza

- Natekereje ku bo nabonye batambuka

- Abo mubonye simbazi

AMASHUSHO YACYO

nt. 1. Uwô = uwô mbona aransobanurira

2. Abô = abô twavuganye simbibuka

3. Uwô = uwô nanyoye wanguye nabi

4. Iyô = iyô babaje yabaye mito

5. Iryô = iryô baguze ni rinini

6. Ayô = ayô batemye arahagije

53

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

7. Icyô = icyô bazanye ntigihagije

8. Ibyô = ibyô bavuze nabinuze

9. Iyô = iyô bakamye bayabuzemo

10. Izô = izô ntizatashye zose

11. Urwô = urwô batemye rwari rukomeye

12. Akô = akô yavunnye ni akibumoso

13. Utwô = utwô yirukanye twari turi kona

14. Ubwô = ubwô bashesheje ntibwari bwumye neza

15. Ukô = ukô yavunitse ni ukw ‘ibumoso

16. Ahô = ahô yagiye naho hari hamfitiye akamaro

17. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

18. Umwô = Umwô yagiye ni habi

19. Iyô = iyô yagiye ni kure

54

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA MBANZIRIZA

Nk’uko ibindi binyazina bigira uturemajambo, ikinyazina mbanziriza nacyo kigira uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi.

Intego yacyo:

- Indomo (D)

- Indangasano (RS)

- Igicumbi (C)

D RS C

Nt. 1. uwô: u-u/- o: uw/- J

2. abô: a-ba/- o: aØ/- J

3. uwô: u-u/- o: uw/- J

4. iyô: i-i/- o: iy/- J

5. iryô: i-ri/- o: iy/- J

6. ayô: a-a/- o: ay/- J

7. icyô: i-ki/- o: iy/- J; kycy mu myandikire

8. ibyô:i-bi/- o: iy/- J

9. iyô: i-i/- o: iy/- J

10. izô: i-zi/- o: iØ/- J

11. urwô: u-ru/- o: uw/- J

12. akô: a-ka/- o: aØ/- J

13. utwô: u-tu/- o: uw/- J

55

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

14. ubwô: u-bu/- o: uw/- J

15. ukô: u-ku/- o: uØ/- J

16. ahô: a-ha/- o: aØ/- J

17. uwô: u-mu/- o: uw/J-

18. iyô = i-i/- o: iy/- J

Imyitozo:

(I) Vuga itandukaniro riri hagati y’ikinyazina n’ikinyazina nyereka gifite igicumbi /- o

(II) Muri izi nteruro erekana ikinyazina mbanziriza unashake amategeko y’igenamajwi byacyo.

a) Uwo mugabo avugisha ukuri.

b) Nabasobanuriye ko ibyo avuga abeshya.

c) Niba mutemera abo nahohereje mubivuge.

d) Icyo nzi cyo muri kubeshya.

e) Aho bagiye ntawahamenya.

f) Yabonye izo baragiye azitiranya n’ize.

56

IKINYAZINA MPAMAGAZI

Ibyo binyazina ni bibiri gusa:

‘’wa’’: ikoreshwa mu bumwe (uhamagara umuntu umwe)

‘’mwa’’: Ikoreshwa mu bwinshi (uhamagara abantu benshi)

Ibikiranga

- Gikoreshwa mu njyana ihamagara cyangwa itangara.

- Kigira intego: RS/- c

- Kigira igicumbi /- a

- Kijyana n’izina uretse mu mvugo nsesekaza.

Ingero: -Ni ko wa!

-Harya wa!

-Ese wa!

-Kijyana n’ikinyazina ngenga kikibereye insindagira.

Urugero: Wa mwana uwe!

NB: Ushobora gukoresha ‘’mwa’’ mu bumwe (uhamagara umuntu umwe ariko mu cyubahiro)

Urugero: Mwa babyeyi mwe (ari umuntu umwe wubashye; yaba ari papa wawe cyanga mama wawe ubwira) .

57

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA MPAMAGAZI

Icyo kinyazina kigira intego: -Indangasno (RS)

RS C -N’igicumbi (C)

Wa = u/- a: uw/- J

Mwa = mu/- a: uw/- J

Nkuko bigaragara itegeko rikoreshwa ku kinyazina mpamagazi ni rimwe: uw/- J

Imyitozo:

Erekana ibinyazina mbanziriza muri izi nteruro unabishakire uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi

a) Wa mukobwa we itonde!

b) Yaravuze ati ‘’mwa bagore mwe, mujye mwubaha abagabo banyu!

c) Wa kana we, jya wubaha ababyeyi!

d) Erega wa mugabo we, ni ko bigenda mu buzima!

e) Wa mbwa we, uransuzugura nta soni!

58

INGUFU MU KWIGISHA URUBYIRUKO KWIRINDA SIDA ZIGIYE KONGERWA

Umuyobozi wungirije w’ikigo gishinzwe ubuzima mu Rwanda (RBC) , Dr Anita Asiimwe avuga ko hashyirwa ingufu mu kwigisha urubyiruko kwirinda icyorezo cya sida kuko arirwo rugize igice kinini cy’abanyarwanda kandi

ari narwo Rwanda rw’ejo.

Ibi yabitangaje mu kiganiro icyo kigo gishinzwe ubuzima mu Rwanda RBC (Rwanda Biomedical Center) cyagiranye n’abanyamakuru tariki ya 7 ku kurwanya icyorezo cya SIDA mu bana.

Dr Anita Asiimwe yavuze iyo nama yari igamije kumvikanisha imiterere y’icyorezo cya SIDA mu ngimbi n’abangavu no gukora ubuvugizi mu nzego zo hejuru, kugaragaza uruhare rw’ingimbi n’abangavu ndetse n’izindi nzego mu gushakira igisubizo igisubizo icyorezo cya SIDA, ari nako hatangwa icyerekezo cyafasha kwibanda ku rubyiruko mu guhangana n’icyorezo cya SIDA.

Insanganyamatsiko yagira iti:’’Dushyire ingufu mu kurwanya icyorezo cya SIDA mu ngimbi n’abangavu. ’’ Dr Anita Asiimwe avuga ko icyatumye iyo nsanganyamatsiko itoranywa ari uko ingimbi n’abangavu n’urubyiruko muri rusange, aribo bagize igice kinini cy’Abanyarwanda, bikaba kandi byaragaye ko nabo bishora mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.

Isesengura ryakozwe na minisiteri y’ubuzima muri 2009, ku buzima bw’imyororokere y’ingimbi n’abangavu ryagaragaje ko muri rusange, abakobwa batangira gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina ku myaka12, naho abahungu batangira ku myaka 15. Iyi ikaba ari inzira ya mbere SIDA yanduriramo.

Ibi kandi ngo bikaba bishimangirwa n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2009 ku myitwarire y’urubyiruko aho 31%, by’urubyiruko ruri hagati y’imyaka 15 na 24 bavuze ko bakoze imibona mpuzabitsina ari nayo nzira ya mbere yanduriramo virus itera SIDA n’izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, iyo ikozwe nta gakingirizo.

59

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Dr Anita Asiimwe avuga ko hagombye gushyirwa ingufu mu kwigisha abana kwirinda SIDA, cyane cyane mu bigo by’amashuri kuko ari ho bamara amasaha menshi. Kimwe mu biteganywa gukorwa mu gufasha abangavu n’ingimbi mu kwirinda SIDA harimo kuzajya bageza ku bigo by’amashuri udukingirizo, kuko ngo n’ubwo bigisha, hari abo kwifata binanira. ibi ngo bigaragarira ku mibare y’abana bata ama shuri batwaye inda.

Nkuko byatangajwe na Dr Kayonde Leonald ushinzwe kwita no kuvura aban babana n’agakoko gatera SIDA muri RBC ‘’abana 7 700 nibo bafata imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa SIDA. Muri bo harimo abayivukanye n’abandi bagiye bayandura mu buryo butandukanye. Mu Rwanda muri risange abantu bafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa SIDA, basaga ibihumbu 99. ’’ Icyagarutsweho kandi cyishimirwa ni uko kuri ubu nta kibazo ababona iyi miti bagira, kuko itangirwa ahantu 369 mu gihe yatangirwaga ahantu 20 muri 2004. Ikindi ngo ni uko n’ibiciro by’iyo miti byagabanutse kuko byavuye ku madolali 330 ku kwezi muri 2004, bigera ku madolali 15 muri iki gihe buri kwezi.

Bwana Landry Tsague wari uhagara umuryango w’Abibumbye akaba anashinzwe serivisi ishinzwe kunrwanya SIDA mu ishami ry’umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku bana UNICEF nawe wari witabiririye iki kiganiro, yashimye u Rwanda kuba Rwarateguye iyi nama ngaruka mwaka ku cyorezo cya SIDA, anizeza ubufatanye bw’umuryango w’Abibumbye mu gufasha u Rwanda mu gutuma icyorezo cya SIDA gicika mu Rwanda.

Iyi nama y’igihugu ngaruka mwaka ya 7 ku kurwanya icyorezo cya SIDA mu bana ngo irahuza abantu barenga 400 barimo abashyiraho za politiki, abashakashatsi, ababana ubwabo, abakozi bo kwa muganga, abafatanyabikorwa mu iterambere ndetse n’imiryango itegamiye kuri leta. Iyi nama yatangiye kuva kuri uyu wa mbere tariki ya 9 kugeza ku ya 11 ugushyingo 2011 yateguwe n’ikigo gishinzwe ubuzima mu Rwanda RBC.

(imvaho nshya, n° 2153, tariki ya 7 - 8 ugushyingo 2011)

60

IKINYAZINA NYAMUBAROIkinyazina nyamubaro ni ikinyazina bakoresha bagaragza umubare.

Icyo kinyazina kirimo ibice bibiri

1. Ikinyazina nyamubaro kibariko

Kigira ibicumbi 7: /- mwe /- biri /- tatu /- ne /- tanu /- tandatu /- rindwi

Naho guhera ku munani kuzamura ni izina nyamubaro kuko biba bifite intego nk’iyizina:

Indomo (D) ; Indanganteko (RT) n’Igicumbi (C)

Urugero: Umunani: u-mu/- nani

Icyenda: i-ki/- enda: i→y/- J

ky→cy mumyandikire.

Ijana: i-Ø/- jana:

IMBONERAHAMWE Y’IBINYAZINA NYAMUBARO KIBARIKO

Inteko Igicumbi

/- mwe /- biri /- tatu /- ne /- tanu /- tandatu /- rindwi

61

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

1

2

3

4

5

Umwe

- - - - - -

- - - -

Umwe

- - - - - -

- - - -

Rimwe

- - - - - - -

- - -

Babiri

- - - - - - -

- - -

Ibiri

- - - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Batatu

- - - - - -

- - -

Itatu

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Bane

- - - - - -

- - -

Ine

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Batanu

- - - - - -

- - -

Itanu

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - - - - -

Batandatu

- - - - - - - - -

Itandatu

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Barindwi

- - - - - -

- - -

Irindwi

- - - - - -

- - -

Inteko Igicumbi

/- mwe /- biri /- tatu /- ne /- tanu /- tandatu /- rindwi

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

- - - - - -

- - - -

Kimwe

- - - - - -

- - -

Imwe

- - - - - -

- - -

Rumwe

Kamwe

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Kumwe

hamwe

Abiri

- - - - - - -

- - -

Bibiri

- - - - - -

- - -

Ebyiri

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Tubiri

Bubiri

- - - - - -

- - -

Habiri

Atatu

- - - - - -

- - -

Bitatu

- - - - - -

- - -

Eshatu

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Dutatu

Butatu

- - - - - -

- - -

Hatatu

Ane

- - - - - -

- - -

Bine

- - - - - -

- - -

Enye

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Tune

Bune

- - - - - -

- - -

Hane

Atanu

- - - - - -

- - -

Bitanu

- - - - - -

- - -

Eshanu

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Dutanu

Butanu

- - - - - -

- - -

Hatanu

Atandatu

- - - - - - - - -

Bitandatu

- - - - - - - - -

Esheshatu

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

Dutandatu

Butandatu

- - - - - - - - -

Hatandatu

Arindwi

- - - - - -

- - -

Birindwi

- - - - - -

- - -

Zirindwi

- - - - - -

- - -

- - - - - -

- - -

Turindwi

Burindw

- - - - - -

- - -

Harindwi

B) IKINYAZINA NYAMUBARO NGEREKERO

Ingero: - Umwana wa gatatu

- Umuhungu wa kane

62

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA NYAMUBARO

Kigira intego:-Ingangasano (RS)

-N’igicumbi (c)

Nk’uko tumaz kubibona kuri iyi mbonerahamwe, kigira ibicumbi birndwi: /- mwe; /- biri; /- tatu; /- ne; /- tanu; /- tandatu; /- rindwi

RS c

Ingero: 1) Umwana umwe: U/- mwe

2) Abana babiri: ba/- biri

3) Abana batatu: ba/- tatatu

4) Abana bane: ba/- ne

5) Abana batanu: ba/- tanu

6) Ibiti bitandatu: bi/- tandatu

7) Igiti kimwe: ki/- mwe

8) Amatunda ane: a/- ne

9) Utunyoni turindwi: tu/- rindwi

10) utwana dutatu: tu/- rindwi: t→d/- GR

IKINYAZINA MBAZA

Ikinyazina Mbaza ni ikinyazina kibaza kiba kibaza ibivugwa byo ari byo, umubare wabyo. Kirimo ibice bibiri:

1) IKINYAZINA KIBAZA

Ikirangango: * kigira igicumbi /- he

63

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

* Kigira intego: D - RS/- C uretse ku kinyazin kibaza kigufi kigira: RS/- C * Hari ikinyazina kibaza kigufi n’ikinyazina kibaza kirekire

AMASHUSHO YACYO

Inteko Ikigufi Ikirekire Urugero

12345678910111213141516171819

Wuhe?Bahe?Wue?Yihe?Rihe?Yahe?Kihe?Bihe?Yihe?Zihe?Ruhe?Kahe?Tuhe?Buhe?Kuhe?Hahe?………………Yihe?

Uwuhe?Abahe?Uwuhe?Iyihe?Irihe?Ayahe?Ikihe?Ibihe?Iyihe?Izihe?Uruhe?Abahe?Utuhe?Ubuhe?Ukuhe?Ahahe?………. ………Iyihe?

Uwuhe mwana? umwana wuhe?Abahe bana? bahe bana?Uwuhe muti? muti wuhe?Iyihe mihini? mihini yihe?Irihe shyamba? shyamba rihe?Ayahe mazi? mazi yahe?Ikihe kibabi? kibabi kihe?Ibihe biti? biti hihe?Iyihe nka? nka yihe?Izihe nka? nka zihe?Uruhe ruro? ruro ruhe?Akahe kaguru? kaguru kahe?Utuhe twana? twana tuhe?Ubuhe bunyoni? bunyoni buhe?Ukuhe kuguru? kuguru kuhe?Ahahe hantu? hantu hahe?…………………………………. …………………………………. Iyihe kigali? kigali yihe?

INTEGO YACYO

Nk’uko tumaze kubivuga kigira iyi ntego: - Indomo (D)

- Indanganteko (RS)

- igicumbi (C)

64


Uretse ikinyazina kibaza kigufi kigira: RS/- C

D RS C

Nt. 1. Uwuhe? = u-(w) u/- he?

2. Abahe? = a-ba/- he?

3. Uwuhe? = u-(w) u/- he?

4. Iyihe? = i-(yi) /- he?

5. Irihe? = i-ri/- he?

6. Ayahe? = a-(y) a/- he?

7. Ikihe? = i-ki/- he?

8. Ibihe? = i-bi/- he?

9. Iyihe? = i-(y) i/- he?

10. Izihe? = i-zi/- he?

11. Uruhe? = u-ru/- he?

12. Akahe? = a-ka/- he?

13. Utuhe? = u-tu/- he?

14. Ubuhe? = u-bu/- he?

15. Ukuhe? = u-ku/- he

16. Ahahe? = a-ha/- he?

17. -----------

18. ------------

19. Iyihe? = i-(y) i/- he?

65

2. IKINYAZINA MBAZAMUBARE

Ibikiranga: *Kigira igicumbi /- ngahe?

* Gikoreshwa mu bwinshi gusa

* Gishobora kujyana n’izina cyangwa kigakoreshwa cyonyine

* Kigira intego RS/- C

AMASHUSHO YACYO

Nt. 1. -----------------------

2. Bangahe? Abana bangahe?

3. ------------------------

4. Ingahe? Imihini ingahe?

5. --------------------

6. Angahe? Amagi angahe?

7. ---------------------

8. Bingahe? Ibitoki bingahe?

9. --------------------

10. Zingahe? inka zingahe?

11. ---------------------

12. ----------------------

13. Tungahe? Utunyamaswa tungahe?

14. Bungahe? Ahantu hangahe?

15. -----------------------

66


16. Hangahe? Ahantu hangahe?

17. ------------------------

18. -------------------------

19. -------------------------

67

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IKINYAZINA MBAZAMUBARE

Nk’uko tumaze kubivuga kigira iyi ntego: -Indangasano (RS)

-n’igicumbi (C)

Nt. 2: Bangahe? ba /- ngahe?

4. Ingahe? i/- ngahe?

6. Angahe? a/- ngahe?

8. Bingahe? bi/- ngahe

10. Zingahe? zi/- ngahe?

13. Tungahe? tu/- ngahe?

14. Bungahe? bu/- ngahe?

16. Hangahe? ha/- ngahe?

NB: Utungambo he? nde? ki? ntabwo ari ibinyazina bibaza ahubwo twitwa ‘’utugambo tubaza’’

Ingero: -Yagiye he?

-So ni nde?

-Ibi ni ibiki?

Imyitozo: Himba akandiko gato kagizwe n’imirongo itandatu ugaragazemo ibinyazina nyamubaro 4, ibinyazina bibaza 4 n’ibinyazina mbazamubare 4.

NB: Si ngombwa gukurikiza amabwiriza y’ihimbamwandiko.

68

IKORANABUHANGA MU BUVUZI RIRAKENEWE

Umuganga wa kizungu n’ibikoresho bya kizungu(yambaye itaburiya y’umweru, asuzuma umurwayi uryamye hafu ya computer)

Abanyarwanda twese tumaze kumenya akamaro k’amavuriro mu gihugu cyacu. Niyo mpamvu umuntu afatwa akirukira kwa muganga. Hambere kubera amavuriro make, mato, akennye, abarwayi bapfaga ari benshi. Ariko abavuzi ba gihanga babaga bagerageje bakavura indwara nyinshi, zimwe zo mu nda, izi n’izi zo ku ruhu n’izindi.

69

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Ubwo buvuzi buhire bwo hambere bwaratugobotse turabushima, ariko bukwiye kuzuzanya n’ubushya bwa kizungu kuko ibintu ari magirirane. Dore ujya kubona ukabona umuntu yikubise hasi, bakamujyana kumuvuza. Abaganga bashobora kumusuzuma, ntibahite batahura indwara. Yaba ari indembe ikaba yamuhitana, bagishakisha. Hari n’abarwayi bamwe bajya kwivuza indwara ikabura rwose, bakabasezera. Ubwo bakayoboka abavuzi ba kinyarwanda, hakabaho ubwo batahuye indwara yari yarayoberanye. Ariko nabo bakaba bagira bati « ubwo wanyoye imiti ya kizunga, twe nta cyo twakumarira! » Nta kukubaza bati « wanyoye iyihe, ingahe? » ugasanga uko kudafatanya mu byo kubumbatira amagara yacu byatubyarira ibyago byinshi.

Niba rero hari indwara zimwe abavuzi bacu bashoboye kuvura zigora abaganga, byaba byiza bafatanyije. Erega n’abavuzi gakondo beza ni bake! Ubuhanga bwabo nibwandikwe, bwigishwe mu mashuri y’ubuvuzi kandi n’ubushakashatsi bukomerezeho.

Mu ngaruka nziza z’ubushakashatsi n’ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa mu buvuzi, umuganga avura umurwayi abikorera kuri mudasobwa. Ibyuma byinshi bisuzuma indwara zose byarabonetse. Abakiburirwa indwara ni bake. Ibyo bitaga ngo ni amarozi kubera kudasobanukirwa n’uburwayi byaragabanutse.

Inshinge zaravumbuwe kubera ubushakashatsi, ndetse n’imiti iraboneka ari myinshi, kubera ikoranabuhanga mu, hashinzwe inganda zikora imiti.

Ubwo bufatanye nabwo ni inkingi ikomeye izatuma turushaho kurinda ubuzima bwacu, tuzahindukira tukabushyigikira uko dushoboye, kuko tuzaba twabonye ko budufatiye runini. Ni koko « nta mugabo umwe » kandi kudashima uwakugiriye neza ni ukuba indashima.

(Emmanuel U. )

KUMVA UMWANDIKO

1. Kera abanyarwanda bivurizaga he amavuriro atarakwira mu gihugu?

2. Kuki ubuvuzi bwa gihanga bwari bukwiye kuzuzanya n’ubwa kizungu?

70


3. Ese ubu abivuza babanza kuboneza mu mavuriro cyangwa bobeneza iya kinyarwanda

4. uwanditse uyu mwandiko yifuzaga ko abavuzi bose babigenza bate?

5. Vuga indwara ebyiri uzi zivurirwa mu kinyarwanda

INYUNGURAMAGAMBO


Ubuvuzi bwa gihanga

Kubumbatira amagara

Gutera inkunga

Imbata y’umwandiko

IKINYAZINA NDAFUTURA

Ikinyazina ndafutura hari n’abakita ‘’ikinyazina ndasigura’’ icyo kinyazina kijyana n’izina ariko ntikirisobanura neza. Ni ukuvuga ko kidasobanura kuburyo bwumvikana uvugwa, ikivugwa (abavugwa, ibivugwa) .

Ibikiranga: * kigira igicumbi /- ndi

* kijyana n’izina cyangwa kikarisimbura (icyo gihe usanga kirisobanura ariko kuburyo budafututse neza) .

* iyo kijyanye n’izina gishobora kuribanziriza cyangwa kikarikurikira. Iyo kirikurikiye icyo gihe gitakaza indomo yacyo indangira.

Ingero: - Abandi bana barakina.

- Abana bandi barakina.

NB: Hari ikinyazina ndafutura kirekire n’ikinyazina ndafutura kigufi

71

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

IMBONERAHAMWE YABYO N’INTEGO

Inteko Ikigufi Ikirekire Intego

12345678910111213141516

Undi---------undiIndi

---------- Andi

---------- ----------

Indi---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

UwundiAbandiUwundiIyindiIrindi

AyandiIkindiIbindiIyindiIzindi

UrundiAkandiUtundiUbundiUkundiAhandi

u-(w) u/- ndia-ba/- ndi

u-(w) u/- ndii-(y) i/- ndii-ri/- ndi

a-(y) a/- ndii-ki/- ndii-bi/- ndi

i-(y) i/- ndii-zi/- ndiu-ru/- ndia-ka/- ndiu-tu/- ndiu-bu/- ndiu-ku/- ndia-ha/- ndi

Imyitozo: Kora umwandiko w’imirongo itandatu ugaragazemo ibinyazina ndafutura beirebire 6 n’ibinyazina ndafutura bigufi 4.

NB: Si ngombwa kubahiriza amabwiriza agenga ihimbamwandiko.

IKINYAZINA NDANGANTEKO

Hari nabakita ‘’mboneranteko’’. Ni ikinyazina gikoreshwa ku mazina bwite adafite indomo cyangwa amazina rusange adafite indomo n’indanganteko cyangwa yazitaye. Buri gihe kijya imbere y’ayo mazina. Iyo kiri kumwe n’amazina rusange yataye indomo bihinduka ‘’amazina mpinyuzi cyangwa nsuzuguzi’’. Gikora mu nteko ya 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.

72


Ingero: nt 2. Ba Ngendahayo ni benshi.

nt 7. Cya Ndamage gisakuza nabi.

nt 8. Bya Ndamage birakubagana.

nt 10. Za karavati bazinigirije.

nt 11. Rwa Butera rusinda kubi.

nt 12. Ka Benimana karitonda.

nt 13. Twa Kamanzi tuzi gukina.

nt 14. Bwa Petero bwacyerewe.

NB: 1) Iyo kiri mu nteko ya 7, 8, 11 gitubura amazina.

2) Iyo kiri mu nteko ya 12, 13, 14 gitubura amazina

3) Iyo kiri mu nteko ya 10 kiri kumwe n’amazina ari mu nteko ya 6 kigaragaza ingingo nsuzuguzi cyangwa mpinyuzi. Icyo gihe amazina agahinduka amazina y’akabimbura cyangwa nsuzuguzi.

Ingero: Za makobwa

Za masore

Za makumi

Za magabo

Umwitozo: Tanga ingero zawe bwite zirimo ikinyazina ndanganteko mu:

a) nt 2

b) nt 3

c) nt 11

d) nt 14

e) nt 8

73

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

NIBAGANE ISHURI (Ikinamico)

Umuyobozi (w’inama) :

:— Babyeyi rero, mwese mwiyumviye Umugenzuzi w’Amashuri muri aka karere kacu. Tugomba kurangiza bidatinze imyiteguro yo gushira abana bacu mu mashuri. Nkaba nizera ko ibyo kwandikisha abana byo byerekeye uruhande rumwe cyangwa se biri hafi kurangira

Nyagashumba :— Ndabaza njye. Harya ngo abo bana bazatangira ryari banatangirane iki?

Umuyobozi :— Itariki iregereje musayimenyeshwa. Abahungu ikabutura n’ishati bya kaki; abakobwa ikanzu ya juru. Ikindi kandi buri mwana agatarangirana amafaranga ijana.

Runyange :— Harya ayo mafaranga tuyatangira iki kandi dusora tugatanga n’umuganda?

Umuyobozi :— Ikibazo cyawe turacyumvise. Biri n’amahire: ndabona umwarimu muri twe, reka agire icyo atubwiraho.

Mushirabwoba :— Murakoze kumpa ijambo. Arya mafaranga dutanga, si ayo Guhahira Mwarimu. Ni inkunga dutera uburezi, kugirango batunganye amashuri abana bacu bigiramo, banabonere ibikoresho ngombwa. Mwibuke kandi ko tugomba kubaka amashuri ya kijyambere, tukubakisha ndetse n’amatafari ahiye. Iyo mirimo rero niyo ituma mwakwa umusanzu mugasabwa umuganda kandi mumaze kwibonera mwese ibyiza bimaze kugezaho igihugu, ntiriwe ndondogora. Harya u Rwanda ruzazamurwa na nde?

Bose :— N’amaboko y’abana barwo.

Mushirabwoba :— Mutyoo! Tugomba gukoresha imbaraga zacu.

74


Umuyobozi :— Ngirango murasobanukiwe. Nta yindi ndengero y’amafaranga mutanga ku bana banyu, atari bene iyo yo kubashakisha aho bigira hagari kandi hasukuye n’ibikoresho bya ngombwa. Nta wuhinga nta suka!

Gakengero :— Ahubwo! Icyo gisubizo ntawe utagishima. N’igihumbi umuntu yagitanga!

Magayane :— Ariko Gakenge, ubwo urirarira cyangwa urashyira mu kuri? Icyo gihumbi ugitanze kuri buri mwana, ufite nka batatu biga, ukagira n’abandi nka bane imuhira, bose wabatungisha iki? Weho wenda ufite aho ukura. Abandi bose uzi uko bamerewe? (Abenshi mu bari aho bakome mu mashyi bashima Magayane)

Umuyobozi :— Nimworoshye, twumvikane. Abafite aba bagomba gutangira, ubu mwese mwarangije kubandikisha? mbese ababafite mungana iki?

Nyirarugwiro :— Ugiye he Nyagashu? Dore re !(Nyagashumba amumame. )

Nyirakamenyero :— Reka se garuka! Ntabivuga! Kumarira amafaranga mu macupa!

Nyagashumba :— Bakundinde. Ndakuzi ubwo uratangiye! (aho bajujure batangara. )

Umuyobozi :— Ese ibyo ni ibiki biyogayogayoga?

Nyirarugwiro :— Ni Nyagashumba n’umugore batongana. Nyamugabo yari ahunze inama.

Umuyobozi :— Nibigire hino twumvu ibyabo.

Nyirakamenyero :— Yewe, ngo so ntakwangwa akwita nabi. Namenyereye gutongana nawe dupfa ko ata mera nk’abandi, none birashyize namwe murabyiboneye. Dufite imuhira abana babiri bose bicaye batiga kubera kurenza imyaka. Sinzi uko namutwaye igitabo, ngishyira Mwarimu, asanga bararengeje igihe cyo gutangira. Kuva ubwo sinagira amahoro, ngo nagiye kumurega!

75

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Nyagashumba :— Uwo mugore arambeshyera, nararwaye naho ubundi aban banjye ntibarenza igihe!

Nyirakamenyero :— Ego mwa bagore mwe! Umwana wacu Kabugohe ntangana n’uwo kwa Mushirabwoba, ubu ugeze mu wa kabiri? namwe munyumvire da! Mukuru we ubwo arangana iki? Umva ko mushobora!

Nyagashumba :— Bakwihoreye, ubwo ushaka agashyi!

Nyirakamenyero :— Abagabo bandi ni ab’iki? uranceka nyina!

Rwakarengwa :— Nyabuneka mwakiranura abo bantu, ko ahari abagabo hadapfa abandi!Murakomeza kubaha urw’amenyo gusa!

Mushirabwoba :— Uwo mwana wanjye Gaherebuka koko angana n’uwabo muto.

Nyirakamenyero :— Ese zana igitabo cyawe barebe.

Nyagashumba :— Nakibagiriwe i muhira.

Nyirakamenyero :— Urabeshya kiba muri iryo kote. (akore vuba mu mufuka w’ikoti) si ngiki!

Nyagashumba(amwarwe)

:— Ndibutse nagishyizemo ejobundi tujya kuri komini.

Nyiramahane :— Umva data ko abagore tugia akanwa!Erega Nyirakamenyero yari aharenganiye. Nshimye njyeweho abatumye tuza muri iyi nama; ni abagiramana! Kutivugira we!

Umuyobozi :— Umwana ntarageza igihe cyo gutangira. Amahoro nahinde mu rugo iwanyu.

Nyirakamenyero :— Umwana wanjye azacikwe n’umugisha kandi wenda yari kuzankiza!

Nyagashuma(amwenyure)

:— Umva ko Nyagashumba mbeshya, ntimwiyumviye se da! Ngayo ayabo. Maze ntujnye inyuma. (amutunga inkoni)

76


Nyiramahane :— Icyakora natwe dufite icyo tuvuga. Gombaniro wa Nyagashumba twese turamuzi. Wenda koko yaba yararengeje igihe.

Bose :— Nibazane uwo mwana hano tumurore, dore nta mutaru w’aha n’iwabo.

Nyirakamenyero :— Reka njye kumwizanira; icyo mwemeza ndemera icyo; ariko umwana wanjye adapfuye urwa mukuru we. shyuuu! Yize yabimenya. Ngo biga no kubaza!

Runyange :— (Abonye nyina amuzanye) Wa mwana arakuze! Emwe ubanza yararengeje imyaka ko!

Umuyobozi :— Nyagashu, ni uyu umugore wawe yavugaga?

Nyagashumba :— Sinamenya (atitira) ngo ni we ra?

Nyirakamenyero :— Navuze Gombaniro none nimumubaze niba atari ko yitwa.

Gombaniro :— Ni njye witwa Gombaniro.

Umuyobozi :— Kuki utiga sha?

Gombaniro :— Data yambujije kujya ku ishuri. Gasherebuka tungana we ariga. Mama iyo avuze ibyo kwiga kwanjye data aramutimbagura

Nyiramahane :— Umwana ntaruciye amanywa ava?

Gombaniro :— Na Mwarimu yaje kubibaza iwacu, data aramubeshya ngo agiye kumyohereza. Mama abonye nta kunyihereza aranyijyanira, data atugarurira mu nzira n’inkoni. Agiye kwigira mu kabari ka Macumi aratubwira ngo nidusubira kugenda ntitugarukire mu rugo.

Magayane :— Uyu muntu koko agiye kuba urukozasoni. Kubuza umwana kwiga ni ubujiji bubi ga Nyagashu!

Umuyobozi :— Ariko uwamukorera raporo ra! umuntu utanasora ntatange n’umusanzu!

77

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Nyirakamenyero :— Nimugire n’abana mwo kagira Imana mwe!Mfite hano udufaranga nagiye nkura mu two mboha, none akira uzantangire uwo musoro n’uwo musanzu.

Umuyobozi (ayakire)

:— Kuva ubu ari umugore ubuza umwana we kwiga ngo aramuyamba, ari umugabo uzongera kwigira aya ya Nyagashumba, bombi bazibonera. Ni ukubatangaho raporo, maze guhanwa bagahnwa! Nizeyko nta wundi muri mwe ukora nk’ibyo tubonye kandi twumvise. Abandikisha abana mwarangije?

Bose :— Twarangije.

Umuyobozi :— Mugire amahoro

Magayane (Bataha)

:— Nyagashu, wari umuhemu, none uraherukire aho! Erega wari ugiye kubuza umwana kwiga!

Nyagashumba :— Na jye ga si jye, ni ubukene!

Baziyaka :— Bukene ki! Ahubwo wari warahugiye muri za mukwano z’Abaganda. Ntiwiberaga mu kabari uri ingarambe, udingisa, wipfayonza gusa!Nyamara se mbere yifataga neza ate?

Mutabaruka :— Uriya mwana agize nyina.

Nyagashumba :— Kuva ubu rwose nisubiyeho, muramvuguruye bidasurwaho n’ukundi guhemuka, amahirwa! abaho!

Magayane :— Uburerere buruta ubuvuke ga!

Mutabaruka :— Bati « uko umureze ni ko akunyarira !»Umwana niyo yavuka heza hate, akagira uburere bubi, ntacyo ugomba kumutegaho. Aheruka ubwiza yavukanye! Ugiye kandi iburyasazi, azirya mbisi!

Nyagashumba :— Amajyambere arakarama. Urugo ni urwa babiri koko. Iyo umugore wanjye atanyangura, ahaa!(Bifatiye ku bya GASHARANKWANZI Silivestiri muri Uburere buruta ubuvuke. Byasubiwemo n’ibiro by’Ikinyarwanda. )

78


KUMVA UMWANDIKO

1. Ni bande bavugwa muri uyu mwandiko?

2. Vuga abafitanye isano na Nyagashumba

3. Mushirabwoba yatanze bisobanuro ki mu nama?

4. Erekana ukuntu Nyagashumba yari umubyeyi gito

5. Kuki umuyobozi w’inama atareze Nyagashumba?

6. Mu mwandiko baravuga ko ishuri rifite kamaro ki?

7. Nyagashumba yarikosoye?

8. Iriya nama urayishima iki?

INYUNGURAMAGAMBO


Biri n’amahire

Umutaru

Mukwano

Ingarambe

Kwipfobya

Atanyagura

79

UBURENGANZIRA BWA MUNTU NI INGENZI (Inkuru ishushanyije)

Ishusho no 5: mukamana yerekeza ku biro by’umurenge

Ishusho no 6: mukamana ageze ku biro by’umurenge asuhuza umupolisi, ahite yinjira

Ishusho no 7: Mukamana mu biro kwa gitifu

Ishusho no 8: gitifu aterefona umugabo wa mukamana

Ishusho ya 9: yitabe telephone

Ishusho ya cumi no 10: umugabo ashoreye abana yerekeza ku murenge

Ishusho no 11: umugabo wa mukamana ahagararanye n’umupilisi ku murenge

Ishusho no 12: umugabo wa mukamana ari kumwe na gitifu

Ishusho no 13: umwana mukuru yegereye ameza ya gitifu

Ishusho no 14: abapolisi baje gutwara umugabo wa mukamana

Ishusho no 15: umugabo mukamana amuhereza amafaranga imbere y’abapolisi

Ishusho no 16: umuryango wa mukamana werekeje ku maduka

Ishusho no 17: mukamana n’abana babiri hahagaze imbere y’umutayeri

Ishusho no 18: umutayeri apima abana

Ishusho no 19: umutayeri ahereza abana uniforms

Ishusho no 20: mukamana aherekeje abana bambaye imyenda y’ishuri bagiye kwiga

80


INSHINGA ISANZWE

Inshinga isanzwe igomba kugira uturemajambo twose cyangwa intego zose z’itondagura. Inshinga isanzwe ishobora kuba inkomoko cyangwa ingwiza.

nInshinga nkomoko: Ni inshinga ishingirwaho indi cyangwa izindi hongeweho ingereka.

Ingero: Guhinga, kugenda, kwiga.

nInshinga ngwiza: Ni izituruka ku nshinga nkomoko, ku izina, ku nyigano, …

a) Inshinga ikomoka ku yindi nshinga

Ingero: Guhinga: -Guhingika: ku/- hing-ik-a

-Guhingisha: ku/- hing-ish-a

-Guhingira: ku/- hing-ir-a

-Guhingura: ku/- hing-ur-a

-Guhingirwa: ku/- hing-ir-w-a

-Guhingana: ku/- hing-an-a

-Guhingishiriza: ku/- hing-ish-ir-ir-y-a

-Guhingagura: ku/- hing-ag-ur-a

b) Inshinga ikomoka ku izina

Ingero:-Imbwa: kubwagura: ku/- bw-ag-ur-a

-Umusore: Gusoreka: ku/- sor-ik-a: ie/co-

-Inkumi: Gukumahara: ku/- kum-ah-ar-a: Kg/- GR ↓ Ingirwangereka

-Umukungu: Gukungahara: ku/- kung-ah-ar-a: Kg/- GR

81

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

c) Ingwiza ikomoka ku kinyazina

Ingero:-Duu: Kuduhira

-Papapa: Gupapaza

-Kono: Gukonoza

Imyitozo:

1) Tanga inshinga ikomoka ku izina

a) Ijana

b) Ihaho

c) Icyiciro

d) Amizero

2) Garagaza intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’aya mazina ari hejuru, unashake intego n’amategeko by’inshinga ayo mazina akomokaho.

82

INSHINGA NKENE (Mburabuzi) Inshinga nkene ni idashobora kugira uturemajambo tw’ibanze rusange. Ni ukuvuga:

- Indangasano (kuko zitagira imbundo)

- Umusozo

Iyo nshinga kandi ibura imiterere imwe n’imwe y’inshinga isanzwe. Izo ni:

1) /- fite

2) /- ruzi

3) /- ri; ni cyangwa si

4) /- zi

a) N’ubwo izi nshinga ziteye zitya hari imbundo zazo, ariko imbundo zazo usanga ntaho zihuriye n’ishusho ryayo.

Imbundo

1) /- fite = Kugira

2) /- ruzi = Kurora, Kureba

3) /- ri, ni, si = Kuba

4) /- zi = Kumenya

b) Izi nshinga nkene ntizigira umusozo –a uretse ku mbundo zakomotseho, bithyo zikaba

zidashobora gutondagurwa mu bihe no buryo bivuga igikorwa kitakiriho zikoresheje umusozo

–ye. Aho zidakora zisimburwa n’izindi zisanzwe.

c) Umuzi wazo werekana no gukoresha kenshi ingereka:

Ingero:-Ntibaziranye: nti-ba/- z-ir-an-ye

-Uruzwi: u-Ø/- ruz-w-i

83

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

-Ntwawe unduzi: u-Ø-n/- ruz-ir-ye: rd/n-

d) Iyo zi ifite icyuzuzo ngaruka cyangwa indangasano y’icyuzuzo ngaruka i cyangwa –iy; -zi iba

-izi

Urugero: Ariyizi: a-ra-iy/- izi: aØ/- J

e) Inshinga –ri ntisesengurika. Mu irebero nshize (impitakare) isimburwa na /- ba

urugero: Abaye = a/- ba-ye

f) Inshinga –ni na –si ni impindurantego za –ri

*-ni: Ihuza ruhamwa na ruhamya mu nteruro yemeza

Urugero: Petero ni umunyeshuri

*Si: Ikabigira mu nteruro ihakana.

Urugero: Petero si umunyeshuri

Izo zombi nazo ntizisesengurwa.

Ingero zigaragara

1) /- fite: -Mfite: n-Ø/- fite: nm/- f -Adufitiye: a-Ø-tu/- fit-ir-ye: td/- GR; r+yy -Barafitwe: ba-ra/- fit-w-ye: w-yey-w-e; yØ/--w

2) /- ruzi: -nduzi = n-Ø/- ruzi: rd/n -Araruzi = a-ra/- ruzi -Muramuruzi = mu-ra/- ruz-w-i -Turaruzanye: tu-ra/- ruz-an-ye

3) /- Zi: -Bazi = ba-Ø/- zi -Tuzi = tu-Ø/- zi -Turabazi = tu-ra-ba/- zi

84


-Turaziranye = tu-ra/- z-ir-an-ye -Baziranye gute? = ba-Ø/- z-ir-an-ye -Muzi he? = mu-n-Ø/- zi -Ndiyizi: = n-ra-iy/- izi: rd/n-; aØ/- J

-Ndabiyiziye = n-ra-ba-iy/- iz-ir-ye: rd/n-; aØ/- J; r+yy

4) /–ri, ni, si: Ndi = n-Ø/- ri: rd/n- -Mwari mubizi = nmu-a-ri: uw/- J nmu-bi/- zi.

*Ni, si Buri gihe ziguma gutya ntizisesengurwa.

Imyitozo: Garagaza intego n’amategeko y’igenamajwi by’amagambo aciyeho akarongo

1) Barakamfitiye ariko ntacyo bitwaye.

2) Twari tuziranye.

3) Bari baruzwi na benshi.

4) Uyu mwana yari umunyeshuri mwiza none ni umwana mubi sinzi aho yabikuye.

85

INGIRWANSHINGA

Ingirwa nshinga ni amagambo ameze nk’inshinga zitondaguye zitagira imbundo kandi zidashobora gutondagurwa mu nzego zose. Ndetse urebye ziboneka mu kirango gusa.

Ingirwanshinga ni inshinga NKENE zitwara nk’ibinyazina cyane cyane ibinyazina nyereka n’ibinyazina bibaza. Izo ni:

- ti

- ti-a

- ti-o

- te

Ingero: - Yaramubwiye ati « rekera aho wirwana ».

⇒ Ati = a/- ti

1) - Nanjye ndamubwira nti « Kurwana ntacyo bimaze ».

⇒ nti = n/- ti

- Mwese mujye mubigenza mutya.

⇒ Mutya = mu/- ti-a: iy/- J

2) - Reka tubigenze dutya.

⇒ Dutya = tu/- ti-a: td/- GR iy/- J

- Bose babaigenje batyo.

86


⇒ Batyo = ba/- ti-o: iy/- J

3) - Reka gukora utyo.

⇒ Utyo = u/- ti-o: iy/- J

- Uragirango ngo mbigenze nte?

4) ⇒ Nte = n/- te

- Tubigenze dute?

⇒ Dute = tu/te: td/- GR


1) Bakomeje batya bazabona ingaruka.

2) Baribaza bati « uriya mwana ni uwa he? »

3) Ese murabigenza mute ko ataje?

4) Udushwiriri twose dushira dutyo.

5) Inka zosz zipfa zityo.

87

ISESENGURANSHINGAInshinga ni iki? ni ijambo ryumvikanamo:

- Igikorwa gishobora kuba cyakorwa na ruhamwa

urugero: Kagabo acura ibyuma.

- Yumvikanisha kandi imitere ya ruhamwa

Urugendo: Ibyatsi birumye.

- Ishobora kandi kumvisha ‘’KUBAHO KWA RUHAMWA’’ Imana ibaho

- Ishobora no kumvisha isano iri hagati ya ruhamwa na ruhamya.

Urugero: Petero ni umunyeshuri.

NB: Inshinga ni ijambo imiterere irusha iy’andi magambo gukomera.

Ni ijambo muri rusange rifite intego igizwe n’uturemajambo dutatu (3) :

- Indangasano (RS)

- Igicumbi (c)

- Umusozo (sz)

⇒ RS/-C-SZ

Ariko mu itondagurasnhinga ryayo ikaba ifite n’utundi turemajambo twinshi dutandukanye.

Akaremajambo k’ibanze ni umuzi (akaremajambo kadashobora kwaturwaho akandi ako ariko kose) . Utundi turemajambo tuza nyuma. Umuzi niwo uwa inshinga inyito yayo y’ibanze, umuzi ushobora kuba wihagije cyangwa utihagije.

nUmuzi wihagije: Ni ushobora gukoreshwa nta ngereka yiyongereyeho.

Urugero: /- hing, gend, …

numuzi utihagije: Ni udashobora gukoreshwa udakurikiwe n’ingereka. Mu kinyarwa nda umuzi

utihagije ubanzirizwa n’akanyenyeri.

*ut:

*eg:

88

UTUREMAJAMBO TW’IBANZEUturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga ni: Indasano (RS)

Igicumbi (C)

Umusozo (SZ)

a) Kunshinga zifite ibicumbi byihariye nGuhinga = ku/- hing-a nKuririmba = ku/- ririmba nKwica = ku/- ic-a: Uw/J nKwiga = ku/- ig-a: Uw/- J nKoga = ku/- og-a: UØ/- J

b) Ku nshinga zifite ibicumbi bitihagije Ibyo bicumbi bigendana n’ingereka. Iyo bitari kumwe n’ingereka n’ibikoreshwa byonyine ngo imvugo isobanuke. Urugero: 1) Kwegeka = ku/- *eg-ik-a Ku/- eg-ik-a: uw/- J Kw-/- eg-ek-a: ie/ce- Kwegeka. 2) Kubura = Ku/- *ub-ur-a K/- ub-ur-a: uØ/- J Kubura

89

INDANGANSHINGA

Iyo tuvuze indangashinga tuba tuvuze indangasano za ruhamwa. Ni ukuvuga uturemajambo tugaragaza isano inshinga ifitanye na ruhamwa.

Muri izo harimo inteko zose uko ari 16 hakiyongeraho ngenga ya 1 y’ubumwe, ngenga ya 2 y’ubumwe na ngenga 1 n’iya 2 z’ubwinshi.

Izo ni: nt 1) a-: akunda

2) ba-: bahinga nt. 9 i-ikamwa

3) u-: Unyobwa 10) zi-: zikamwa

4) i-: ihingwa 11) ru-: rutwara

5) ri-: ritemwa 12) ka: kavunika (gakuka kg/- GR) 6) a-: asarurwa 13) tu: tuvuza induru

7) ki-: Kibikwa 14) bu-: buriruka

Gitemwa (kg/- J) 15) ku-:kuravunika

8) bi-: bihingwa 16) ha-: haragurishwa

⇒Izi ziba ziri muri ngenga ya gatatu. Hakiyongeraho: ng 1 bu: n-: urugero: nkunda: n-Ø/- kund-a

ng 2 bu: u-: urugero: ukunda: u-Ø/- kund-a

ng 1 bw:tu-: urugero:-tunywa: tu-Ø/- nyo-a: ow/- J

-dukina: tu-Ø/- kin-a: td/- GR

ng 2 bw: mu: urugero:-muvuga: mu-Ø/- vug-a

-murya: mu-Ø/- ri-a: iy/- J

90

INDANGAGIHEHari n’abazita Igenantego. Ni akaremajambo k’inshinga kerekana igihe inshinga itondaguyemo.

Izo ni: 1) -a-: urugero: yaguze ishati: a-a/- gur-ye: ay/- J

r+yj

2) -ra-: urugero: araje: a-ra/- z-ye: z+yJ

3) -na-: urugero: unagiye: u-na/- gi-ye

4) -ra-ka: urugero: urakabyara: u-ra –ka/- byar-a

5) -a-ra: urugero: yarashaje: a-a-ra/- saz-ye

ay/- J; z+yj; ssh/- j

6) -ka-: urugero: ugakina urwaye: u-ka/- kin-a: kg/- GR

7) -ki-: ntibivuga: n-ki-bi/- vug-a

8) -za-: tuzakora: tu-za/- kor-a

9) –a-ka-: bakaje: ba-a-ka/- z-ye: aØ/- J; z+yj

10) -ra-ki-a: aracyavuga: a-ra-ki-a/- vug-a: iy/- J; kycy mumyandikire.

Umuzi: Ni akaremajambo k’ibanze k’inshinga kadashobora kwaturwaho akandi ako ariko kose.

Umuzi ushobora kwitwa igicumbi

Urugero: 1) -Guhinga: ku/- hing-a: kg/- GR

- Ubuhinge: u-bu/- hing-e

- Umuhinzi: u-mu/- hing-yi: g+yz

- Ihinga: i-Ø/- hing-a

91

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

2) -Kwiga: ku/- ig-a

-Twize: tu-a/- ig-ye: uw/- J

aØ/- J

kycy mumyandikire

UMUSOZO: Umusozo ni akajambo gaheruka inshinga.

Nk’uko twabonye imisozo itandukanye y’amazina akomoka ku nshinga; inshinga nazo zigira imisozo itandukanye bitewe n’igihe zitondaguyemo.

Iyo misozo ni:

1) -a-:-Kumbundo: urugero: Kuvuga = ku/- vug-a -Kwirebero nkomeza (kwerekana ko igikorwa kitararangira) . Urugero: ndarya = n-ra/- ri-a: rd/n- iy/- J

2) -aga-: Kwirebero nkomeza: Urugero: -nagendaga = n-a/- gend-aga -Natemaga = n-a/- tem-aga

3) -ye-: Kwirebero nshize (ryerekana ko icyivugwa cyarangiye) urugero: -Nize = n-a/- ig-ye: aØ/- J g+yz -Yaguye = a-a/- gu-ye: ay/- J -Yanze = a-a/ang-ye: ay/- J aØ/- J g+yz

-Yahinze = a-a/hing-ye: ay/- J g+yz

4) -e-ku nziganyo (uburyo bwumvisha igikorwa uvuga yifuza ko kirangira nk’aho yikubise agashyi)

92


Urugero: -Twige: tu-Ø/- ig-e: uw/- J

-Tugende: tu-Ø/- gend-e

-Turye: tu-Ø/- ri-e: iy/- J

-Dukine: tu-Ø/- kin-e: td/- GR

-Dukundane: tu-Ø/- kund-an-e

-Duteme igiti: tu-Ø/- tem-e: td/- GR

IMPAKANYI: Impakanyi ni akaremajambo k’inshinga gahakana ingingo ibumbiye muri iyo nshinga.

Habaho impakanyi:

• “nti’’ urugero: -Ntibakora: nti-ba-Ø/- kor-a

-Ntitugenda: nti-tu-Ø/- gend-a

-Ntibaraza: nti-ba-ra/- z-a

-Ntitwakinnye: nti-tu-a/- kin-ye: Uw/- J; ntynny

• “si’’ urugero: -sindya: si-n-Ø/- ri-a: rd/n- iy/- J

-sinkoma: si-n-Ø/- kom-a

-yabivuga singende: si-n-Ø/- gend-e

• “ta’’ urugero: -atarabyina: a-ta-ra/- byin-a

-utamvugisha: u-ta-n/- vug-ish-a: nm/- v

• “i’’ urugero: –mwigenda = mu-i-Ø/- gend-a: uw/J

-mwivuga = mu-i-Ø/- vug-a: uw/- J

⇒ iyi mpakanyi ‘’i’’ ikoreshwa gusa imbere y’ibicumbi bitangiwe n’ingombajwi.

• “e’’: Iyi mpakanyi ntisobanura neza. Biragoye kwemeza ko yaba ifitanye isano n’inshinga nkene cyangwa se niba ifite indi nkomoko.

93

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

Urugero: -Nekwandika: n-e-ku/- andik-a: uw/- J

-Yekwemera: a-e-ku/- emer-a: ay/- J uw/- J

• “i-ku’’: Ikora imbere y’ibicumbi bitangiwe n’inyajwi, cyangwa imbere y’ibicumbi bitangiwe n’icyuzuzo ngaruka –iy.

Urugero: -Mwikwemera = mu-i-ku/- emer-a: uw/- J -Mwikwiyiba = mu-i-ku-iy/- ib-a: uw/- J

IMBONERAHAMWE Y’UTUREMAJAMBO TW’INSHINGA ITONDAGUYE

Utuno/

impakanyi

Indangasano

ya ryhamwa

(RSH

Indangagihe

igihantego

(Gnt)

Igicumbi

(C)

Ingereka

(GRK)

Umusozo

(SZ)

▪nti

▪Si

-mu

-n

-za

-za

/- kund

/- emer

-an

-w

-e

-a


1) Dukwiye kwirinda uburangare bwatuma dushya.

2) Ntitugomba Kwigira uko tutari.

3) Ugukanira niwe umenya urugukwiye.

4) Ntibigeze barya na busa.

5) Koraneza ibyo wize nibyo twahuguwemo

94

RWANDA NZIZA1. Rwanda nziza gihugu cyacu

Wuje imisozi, ibiyaga n’ibirunga Ngobyi iduhetse gahorane ishya. Reka tukurate tukuvuge ibigwi Wowe utubumbiye hamwe twese Abanyarwanda uko watubyaye Berwa, sugira, singizwa iteka.

2. Horana Imana, murage mwiza Ibyo tugukesha ntibishyikirwa: Umuco dusangiye uraturanga Ururrimi rwacu rukaduhuza Ubwenge, umutima, amboko yacu Nibigukungahaze bikwiye Nuko utere imbere ubutitsa.

3. Abakurambere b’intwari Bitanze batizigama Baraguhanga uvamo ubukombe Utsinda ubukoroni na mpatsibihugu Byayogoje Afurika yose None uraganje mu bwigenge Tubukomeyeho uko turi twese.

4. Komeza imihigo Rwanda dukunda Duhagurukiye kukwitangira Ngo amahoro asabe mu bagutuye Wishyire wizane muri byose Urangwe n’ishyaka, utere imbere Uhamye umubano n’amahanga yose Maze ijabo ryawe riguhe ijambo

95

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

ITANGAZO

1. AMATANGAZO YO KUBIKA

Itangazo ryo kubika ni itangazo ritangwa n’uwapfushije asaba abavandimwe n’inshuti n’abandi bazi uwo wapfuye (nyakwigendera) kumutabara, bakamufasha kumuherekeza no kumushyingura:

Urugero: Umuryango wa Nyakwigendera Murindabigwi Aluferedi utuye mu kagari ka Rwariro, umurenge wa Gitesi akarere ka Karongi ubabajwe no kumenyesha inchuti n’abavandimwe cyane cyane Rucogoza Petero uri Uganda, umuryango wa Munyakayanza Silasi uri mu Mutara (akarere ka Nyagatare) , uwa Rutinduka Yohani uri i Kigali ko uwo Murindabigwi Aluferedi yitabye imana kuri uyu wa mbere tariki ya 4 kamena 2012 mu masaha ya saa mbiri z’amanywa azize impanuka. Ababyeyi, inchuti n’abavandimwe basabwe gutabara, umurambo urashyingurwa mu irimbi ryo ku Rusororo kuri uyu wa kabiri tariki 5 kamena 2012 i saa saba z’amanywa. Umuryango ubaye ubashimiye ukuwufata mu mugongo kwanyu.

Rugema Saveri.

2. ITANGAZO RYO KUMENYESHA

Ni itangazo ritangwa n’ubuyobozi rimenyesha abaturage ibyemezo byafashwe mu rwego uru n’uru cyane cyane rwo gukemura ibibazo cyngwa kuvuga ibintu bihindutse, ibyongerewe, …

Urugero: REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA MINISTERI Y’UBUREZI

Minisiteri y’uburezi iramenyesha ababyeyi bafite abana biga mu mashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye ko itariki yo gutangira amasomo ari kuwa mbere tariki 28/……………. . , akaba asaba ababyeyi n’abana cyane cyane abiga mu mashuri yisumbuye ibi bikurikira:

- Ku biga mu ntara y’amajyaruguru n’iy’uburasirazuba ko umunsi wo kugenda ari kuwa gatandatu tariki 26/………….

96


- Kubiga mu ntara y’uburengerazuba n’iy’amajyepfo ni ku cyumweru tariki 27/………….

- Abanyeshuri bose bateganyirijwe imodoka zizajya zibafata aho basanzwe bategera.

- Buri munyeshuri wese asabwe kuzagenda yambaye umwenda we w’ishuri kandi akitwaza ikarita y’ishuri kugirango bazabe aribo babanza kujya mu modoka mbere y’abandi bagenzi.

- Abayobozi b’ibigo nabo barasabwa kwitegura abo banyeshuri

- Umwana utazubahiriza ayo mabwiriza azatumwe umubyeyi we ajye ku ishuri gusobanura impamvu.

Bikorewe i Kigali, tariki ya 10/…………. .

Minisitiri w’uburezi.

Vincent Biruta.

Bimenyeshejwe:

- Abayobozi b’intara n’umujyi wa Kigali (bose)

- Abayobozi b’uturere (bose)

3. ITANGAZO RIRANGISHA

Ni iritangwa n’umuntu wabuze ikintu atazi irengero cyangwa umuntu atazi irengero rye yizeye ko haba hari uwakibonye cyangwa uwa mubonye akamurangira aho kiri cyangwa ari.

Rishobora no gutangwa n’uwabonye ikintu cyangwa uwabonye umuntu wari warabuze kugirango aze kugishyikira cyangwa kumushyikira.

Urugero: Rucamubyago Petero utuye mu kagari ka Ruhanga mu murenge wa Rusororo, akarere ka Gasabo, umujyi wa Kigali ararangisha ibyangombwa bye byaburiye mu muhanda Rugende - Kabuga. Ibyo byangombwa ni irangamuntu,

97

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

agatabo ka RAMA, agatabo ka banki byari mu ipotomoni; byabuze kuwa gatanu Kamena 2012 mu ma saa saba z’amanywa.

Uwabibona yamenyesha ubuyobozi bumwegereye cyangwa agaterefona kuri izi nomero: 0783030875 cyangwa 0722667834. Ibihembo bishimishije biramutegereje.

Habimana Petero (n’umukono) .

Imyitozo: Himba itangazo ryawe bwite

a) Rirangisha

b) Ribika

98

IMIGANI Y’IMIGENURANO

Itegerze izi nteruro:

- “Inchuti iruta inchuro’’

- “Imfizi ibyara uko ibyagiye’’

- “utaraùbiwe akama iyo yaziraga’’

- “Imisega ibiri ntinanirwa igufwa’’

- “Ivu rihoze ryotsa inzu’’

- “Inda nini yishe nyirayo’’

- “Ari buve ntarara mu mubiri’’

- “ugorwa n’ubusa arara y’ijuse’’

Izi nteruro zose ziri haruguru ni ‘’imigani y’imigenurano’’ cyangwa ‘’imigani migufi’’

Kugenura: Ni ukuvuga ikintu ariko ushaka kuvuga ikindi.

Imigani y’imigenurano ni utubango tuvugitse kuburyo bubangutse, tugakoreshwa mu kiganiro umuntu akavuga ikintu ariko ashaka kuvuga ikindi. Utabizi akagira ngo bigarukiye aho, naho ubizi agfindura igishatse kuvugwa.

Imigani y’imigenurano ni ubuvanganzo bugaragaramo umuco rusange w’abanyarwanda. Ushatse kwitegereza uburezi n’uburere bw’abana n’imibanire yo mu miryango wabisangamo.

Ingero:

1) IMIGANI YEREKEYE UBUREZI SHINGIRO

a) “Igiti kigororwa kikiri gito’’

Umwana ahabwa uburere akiri muto, atararenga ihaniro. Mbese ataraba mukuru.

b) “Ihene mbi ntuyizirikaho iyawe’’

Umunyangeso mbi ntumureresha cyangwa se ngo umurerereho kuko agutoreza umwana wawe ingeso mbi.

99

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

c) “Utazi agakura abaga umutavu’’

Utazi uzaba umugabo ahemukira umwana. Kuko umwana warezwe neza niwe uzavamo umugabo.

e) “Imfizi y’intama itega nka se’’

d) “Sindera ibuye’’

Umwana arakura. Niwe mugabo w’ejo.

Umwana warezwe neza akurikiza imico myiza y’ababyeyi be.

f) “Imfura nzima isubira ku izina rya se’’

Uwabyaye neza izina rye rihoraho, azungurwa n’umwana we wamukundiye. Mbese ni ukuvugako umubyeyi wabyaye neza agasiga umwana mwiza izina rye ntiryibagirana, bahora bamwibukira kuri uwo mwana we yasize.

2. IMIGANI YEREKEYE UBUREZI GITO

a) “Inyana ni iya mweru’’

Bawucira umwana w’umunyangeso mbi ubikomora ku babyeyi be. Nibwo bagira bati « ni uwa se cyangwa ni uwa nyina ». ni kimwe n’iyi migani ikurikira:

- “Inka ya nkoronko igira inkomoko”

- “Umugore gito abyara aban gito”

- “Imfizi ibyara uko ibyagiye”

b) “Umwana apfa mu iterura’’

Iyo umwana atatojwe uburere bwiza akiri muto, ntabutozwa akuze ngo bishoboke. Akurana ingeso mbi. Mbese ‘’igiti kigororwa kikiri gito’’.

c) “Uwiba ahetse aba yigisha uwo mu mugongo’’

Ingeso utoje umwana nizo akurikiza. Ni kimwe na:

- “Uko ureze umwana niko akunera’’

- “Urumbije umugore ntasarura abana’’

100


3. IMIGANI YEREKEYEABA GITO ARIKO BATABICA KU BABYEYI BABO

a) “Akaburiye mu isiza ntikabonekera mu isakara’’

Umwana wananiranye akiri muto ntagira igaruriro.

b) “Umubyeyi apfusha ahagaritse cyangwa uruhagaze’’

Uwabyaye umwana gito abura akamaro ke amubyiruye.

c) “Umwana wanze kumvira se na nyina yumvira ijeri’’

Umwana wanze kumvira ababyeyi ntiyumve inama bamugira y’umva izabamushuka kandi zikamugiraho ingaruka mbi.

d) “Umwana murizi ntakizwa urutozi’’

Umwana urizwa n’ubusa n’aho yarizwa n’ukuri ntawe umwitaho. Bagira bati « niko yabaye »

AKAMARO KO KUMENYA IMIGANI Y’IMIGENURANO

Imigani y’imigenurano ni ingenzi mu muco w’abanyarwanda. Iyo ushaka kwereka umuntu ko ibyo akora bidakwiye umucira umugani ugira ngo yikosore agaruke mu nzira areke ingeso mbi.

Iyo ushaka kugirira umuntu ibanga mu bandi benshi kugirango akosore imyifatire ye umucira umugani.

Urugero: - “Aho ga birenge ni wowe ubwirwa’’

- “Abwirwa benshi akumva bene yo’’

Iyi migani bayicira umuntu mu marenga bamubwira ko uwo bari kunegura cuangwa kuvuga nta wundi ari we.

Imigani y’imigenurano ituma umuntu atekereza cyane, akibuka kandi akamenyera umwitozo wo gusesengura.

Gusesengura imigani y’imigenurano bituma umuntu aba umunyarwanda nyakuri uzi ururimi rwe koko.

Ingero:

a) ‘‘Aho ujishe igisabo ntuhatera ibuye’’

Bawuca bashaka kwerekana ko aho uwawe ari utahifuza ibyago.

101

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

b) “Arimo gishigisha ntavura’’

Kugirango utereke amata azavure n’uko wareka agatuza naho uyakojejemo umutozo ntiyavura ahubwo yacika. Bawucira umuntu ufite abamusesereza ku muyobozi we cyangwa ahandi kugirango berekane ko ibye bidashobora gutungana kandi birimo kidobya.

c) “Amajye arisha umugabo ikivuza’’

Ikivuza ni igihaza gikomeye, babika ngo kizavemo imbuto kimaze kuma no guhuguta.

Kugikuramo inzuzi babyita ‘’kukivuza’’. Kurya icyo gihaza cyaboze birumvikana ko ari amage mabi cyane. Bawuca berekana ko uwakennye atanena. Umubabaro utuma umuntu yandavura.

d) “Amata mabi amena ameza’’

Icyo bawucira n’uko iyo ushatse gukurikirana akantu koroheje ushobora kwangiriza byinshi kandi bikomeye.

Urugero: Umuntu ugufitiye umwenda w’akantu gato mukawupfa bituma ibyo mwari muhuriyeho byose biba impfabusa.

DORE ZIMWE MU NSANGANYAMATSIKO ZIBONEKA MU MIGANI

Y’IMIGENURANO

1. IMANA

- Ntawurata ndabyaye habyara Imana

- Iraguha ntimugura

- Imana iruta imanzi: - Imana iruta imanga

- Imana iruta ingabo

- Umwanzi agucira akobo Imana ikagucira akanzu.

2. UBUFATANYE

- Ababiri bishe umwe

- Imisega ibiri ntinanirwa igufwa

102


- Inkingi imwe ntigera inzu

- ishyiga rimwe ntiryarika

3. UMURIMO

- Amazi masabano ntamara inyota

- Wambariza imana ku ishyiga ikagusiga ivu.

- Uvona yanga avoma ibirohwa

- Aho gutera urubwa uzatera urutoki

4. UBUCUTI

- Incuti iruta incuro

- Incuti ziba nyinshi ariko iyo mwambaranye ubusa ikaguma.

5. UKURI SI INYUMA

- Umwiza si uwanjye

- Ivu rihoze ryotsa inzu

- Iyaganyirwa niyo iyakamwa

- Ntugakangwe na ndakeneye wenda aba yatiye.

6. UKURI NI IMBERE

- Umusaya mubi uvamo n’ijambo ribi.

- Imfizi ibyara uko ibyagiye

- Iyo ubonye urwo yabaye rukubwira urwo yubatse.

7. KWIHANGANA

- Utarambiwe akama iyo yaziraga

- Uwihanganye ahanga bike.

103

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

8. KWITONDA

- Uwitonze akama ishashi

- Uwitonze atema inyoni

9. INGESO

- Imbwa irakira ariko ntireka guhunahuna

- Ukubitira imbwa gusutama arazimana

- Ingeso iraraba ntipfa

10. UMUBIRI

- Umubiri ubyara udahatse

- Utazi umwanzi asiga umubiri

- Umubiri uhinduka nk’ijuru

11. KU NDA

- Inda nini yishe nyirayo

- Ukorera inda ntarambirwa

- Uburana urw’inda ntatsindwa

- Inda iragushuka ngo munyimire bwacya ngo munyibire

IMYITOZO: Sobanura iyi migani

1) “Abahigi benshi bayobya imbwa’’

2) “Banza ubaze iruta suma ufate’’

3) “Imbwa irakira ariko ntibura guhunahuna’’

4) “Ubuze ay’iburyo akama ay’ibumoso’’

5) “Ujya gutera uburezi arabwibanza’’

104

INYANDIKOMVUGOIri jambo rikomoka ku nshinga ebyiri: Kwandika no kuvuga.

Ubwo ni ukuvuga ko bandika ibyavuzwe kugirango bisigare mu bibiko bitazibagirana. Ibi byo kwandika ibyavuzwe byaje aho abanyarwanda bamenyeye kwandika. Ni ukuvuga ko mbere ibyavugwaga bafataga mu mutwe.

Nk’uko bivugwa ngo amagambo araguruka naho inyandiko zigasigara. Habaho:

1) Inyandikomvugo irambuye:Ni inyandiko irambuye nta cyo isiga mu byavuzwe.

2) Inyandikomvugo ivunaguye: Iyi igaragaza ibitekerezo by’ingenzi byatanzwe

Inyandikomvugo irambuye igira ibice 3:

1) Intangiriro: mu ntangiriro hajyamo:

- Itariki n’aho inama cyangwa ikiganiro byabereye

- Insanganyamatsiko

- Ababyitabiriye

- Ababiteye inkunga

- Ingingo zaganiriweho

- Igihe byatangiriye

- Igihe byarangiriye.

2) Igihimba: Kigaragaza imigendekere y’inama cyangwa y’ikiganiro.

- Uko byatangijwe (Amagambo yahavugiwe n’abayavuze)

- Uko ibiganiro byagiye bikurikirana n’ababitanze

- Impaka zabayemo n’imyanzuro yafashwe.

105

uMWAKA WA GAtAtu

3) Umusozo: Ni ukuvuga muri make uko inama cyangwa ikiganiro byateguwe, byagenze n’uko byabaye ingirakamaro. Mbese ko byageze ku ntego. Hagaragara kandi ighe birangiriye n’igihe ibzakurikiraho bizabera.

Ubisoza: - Ashimira abayitabiriye

- Ababiteye inkunga

- Akagaragaza ko intego byari byihaye zagezweho

- Akagaragaza ibyiciro byabayemo

- Agashimangira ingamba zafashwe

- Agasezerera ababyitabiriye

Ikitonderwa: Mu kwandika ibitekerezo by’ingenzi n’ababitanze hakoreshwa ngenga ya 3

Umwitozo: Gerageza gukora inyandikomvugo y’ikiganiro kuri iyi nsangamatsiko:

‘’Abanyeshuri bo mu mwaka wa gatatu w’amashuri yisumbuye batsinda ikizamini gisoza ikiciro rusange ari uko biganye umwete. ’’

106

IBITABO N’INYANDIKO ZINDI ZIFASHISHIJWE

Mutake, Th, (1991) , ikindarwanda ikibonezamvugo, imbonerahamwe y’itondaguranshinga risanzwe, Kigali:les éditions de la régie de l’impremerie scolaire

MINEPRISEC, (1985) , amabwiriza n° 13. 2/03. 2/003 yo kuwa 2 Nyakanga 1985 yerekeye inyandiko yemewe y’ikinyarwanda

Mgr Aloys Bigirumwami, Imigani migufi, ibisakuzo, inshamarenga, Diocèse de Nyundo, 2ème édition 2004.

Minisiteri y’amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko II, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Werurwe 1988.

Bizimana, S. et alii, (1988) , Dusobanukirwe n’amasaku, Butare, IRST.

Minisiteri y’ubutaka, ibidukikije, amashyamba, amazi na mine, Gucunga neza umutungo kamere no kurengera ibidukikije, 2ème édition, 2006

Edition Bakame, 2010, Ikibonezamvugo cy’amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, Kigali, Edition Bakame

Minisiteri y’amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, Ikinyarwanda, umwaka wa Munani, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Gashyantare, 1988.

Documents

IMYANDIKO MFASHANYIGISHO · uturemajambo twayo n’amategeko y’igenemajwi. II. Shaka uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi ku magambo akurikira: a) Inshinzi b) Ikirango c) Ivuga