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Course Overview Introduction to Information Technologies
Historical background Data and information Data collecting and storing Data processing
SQL Server SQL Server Technical Details Creating a database Security and users Table’s and data types SQL Language SQL Functions Stored Procedures
Applications
Structure of World Economy
High Imperialism 1880 - 1914
World War I 1914 - 1918/23
The World between the Wars
1918/23 - 1939
World War II 1939 - 1945
Post World War II 1945 - 1949
Industrialization War Economy Political Issues War Economy Political Issues
Demand >>>
SupplyDemand >> Supply
The Early Cold War 1949 - 1969
The Late Cold War 1969 - 1990
New World 1990 -2000
Now
Technology RaceNew Business
StructureGlobalization
Demand >> Supply Demand = Supply Demand < SupplyDemand <<<
Supply
Computers and Humanbeings
"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers."
Thomas Watson (1874-1956), Chairman of IBM, 1943
Computers and Humanbeings
"There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home." Ken Olson, president, chairman and
founder of Digital Equipment Corp., 1977
Structure of old economy
The capital rise and grow Most of the producers have a local or national market
competition, not more than a competition with neighboring countries
Competition based on costing and quality Product improvements still continues while the
product on the market Products have a long market life Product development includes continues actions
Structure of new economy
The information rise and grow Competition
Competition in world markets Management and control in a global marketplace Global work groups & delivery systems
Products & Services Complex and variable Short market life Product & Service development processes are
mostly parallel and multidisciplinary
Structure of new economy
Weapons of the competitive market Perfection in product & service design Creativity and Innovation Flexible to the customer demands High quality New product development and entering the market
timing Limited employee knowledge base Leadership
Structure of new economy
Production & Services Ready to work with uncertainty and fuzzy situations Flexible network production Distributed & Outsourced All disciplines and departments works parallel in
production Low capacity high flexibility Cheaper Faster Durable Reliable
Structure of new economy
Transformation of the Enterprise Flattening Decentralization Flexibility Location Independence Low transaction and coordination costs Empowerment Collaborativework and teamwork
Structure of new economy
New way of operating the business SCM (Supply Chain Management ) MRP ( Management Resources Planning) MIS ( Management Information Systems ) ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning ) CRM (Customer Relationship Management ) ...
Functions of Information Systems
Environment
Organization
Input OutputProcessing
Feedback
Customers Suppliers
CompetitorsRegulatory Agencies
Stockholders
Information Systems
Management
Technology
Organizations
InformationSystems
Key Systems in Organization
Because there are different interests, specialities, and levels in an organization, there are different types of systems in an organization these are;
1. Operational-level Systems
2. Knowledge-level Systems
3. Management-level Systems
4. Strategic-level Systems
Time Sequence
mid-1950s Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) 1960s MIS 1970s Office Automation Systems
DSS 1980s DSS Expanded
Commercial applications of expert systems Executive Information Systems
1990s Group Support Systems Neural Computing Integrated, hybrid computer systems
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSTYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
DATA WORKERSDATA WORKERS
KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVEDKIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR MANAGERSMANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGERSMANAGERS
OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL LEVEL OPERATIONAL LEVEL MANAGERS MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE & KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &
SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN RESOURCESMARKETING
Operational-level Systems
Support operational managers by keeping track of the elementary activities and transactions of the organisation. The principle purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and track the flow of transactions through the organisation. Covers things such as sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, flow of materials.
Knowledge-level Systems
Support knowledge and data workers in an organisation. The purpose of these systems is to help the organisation discover, organise and integrate new and existing knowledge in to the business, and to help control the flow of paperwork. These systems, specially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today.
Management-level Systems
Designed to serve the the monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. These typically provide periodic reports rather than instant information on operations. Some of these systems support non-routine decision-making, focusing on less-structured decisions for which information requirements are not always clear. This will often require information from outwith the organisation, as well as from normal operational-level data.
Strategic-level Systems
Help senior management tackle and address strategic issues and long-term trends, both within the organisation and in the external environment. Principal concern is matching organisational capability to changes, and opportunities, occurring in the medium to long term (i.e. 5 - 10 years) in the external environment.
Systems
Typically, an organisation might have operational, knowledge, management and strategic level systems for each functional area within the organisation.
This would be based on the management model adopted by the organisation, so, while the most commonly-adopted systems structure would simply follow the standard functional model, structures reflecting bureaucratic, product and matrix models are also possible.
MISMIS
MIS FILESMIS FILES
SALES DATA
UNIT PRODUCT COST
PRODUCT CHANGE DATA
EXPENSE DATA
MISREPORTS
MANAGERSMANAGERS
TPS
Order Processing
System
Materials Resource
Planning System
General Ledger
System
ORDER FILE
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
ACCOUNTING FILES
TPS DATA FOR MIS APPLICATIONS
Decision Support Systems
Repetitive Linear Logic Regular Reports No support of decisions
TPS ESS/EIS
DSS ES
Specialised heuristics System makes decision itself No regular reports
MISOAS KWS
Decision-Support Systems (DSS)
Decision Maker
DSS User
Interface
MMS
Management Support Systems
MBMS
Model Base Management
Services
DBMS
Database Management
Systems
Mail, News,
Discussion
Groups
Models and Aids
Corporate
Databases
Components of a DSS
ESS
TPSKWS
OAS
DSSMIS
Relations
"There are two ways of constructing a software design; one way is to make it so simple that there are obviously no deficiencies, and the other way is to make it so complicated that there are no obvious deficiencies. The first method is far more difficult." - C. A. R. Hoare
What is a Database?
The term database has fallen into loose use lately, losing much of its original meaning. To some people, a database is any collection of data items (phone books, laundry lists, parchment scrolls . . . whatever).
A record is a representation of some physical or conceptual object. Say, for example, that you want to keep track of a business’s customers. You assign a record for each customer. Each record has multiple attributes, such as name,address, and telephone number. Individual names, addresses, and so on are the data.
What Is a Database ManagementSystem? A database management system (DBMS) is a set of
programs used to define, administer, and process databases and their associated applications.The database being “managed” is, in essence, a structure that you build to hold valuable data.
A DBMS is the tool you use to build that structure and operate on the data contained within the database.
Many DBMS programs are on the market today. Some run only on mainframe computers, some only on minicomputers, and some only on personal computers.
What is SQL Server 2000?
SQL Server is a client/server based relational database management system
Runs on Windows 2000 Professional, Server, Advanced Server, NT 4, Windows 9x/ME or Windows CE
Included in BackOffice product family Include in .Net Servers family
Client/Server
Server Side Database Engine Security Fault-tolerance Performance Concurrency Reliable backup
Client Side User Interface Forms Reports Queries
Desktop Databases
ServerWorkstation
1
2
3
4
5
User Runsthe Query
Requestsdatabase
from Server
Entire Databaseis copied to the
workstation
Results arepresented to the
user
Query isrun
Database
Client/Server Database
ServerWorkstation
1
2
43
5
User Runsthe Query
Query issent to the
server
Results are sentback to theWorkstation
Results arepresented to the
user
Query isrun on the
server
Database
Types of Databases
Relational Flat-File Hierarchical Relational Vs. Flat-file
Database Objects
• Table• Row• Column• Data Type• Stored
Procedure• Trigger• Rule• Default• View• Index
ROW
COLUMN
TABLE
CA
COLUMN
DEFAULT
ALL CAPS
RULE
VIEW
CalculateSalary
STOREDPROCEDURE
Data-Warehousing Vs. Transaction ProcessingData-Warehousing Decision Support
Systems (DSS) Online Analytical
Processing (OLAP) Relatively fixed data Long running queries
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
Continuously changing data
Updates relatively small transactions
SQL Server works well with either applications
Background on SQL Server & SQL
History Position in the Market History of SQL – IBM 1970 SQL and SEQUEL ANSI-SQL, T-SQL / PL-SQL SQL Language DDL Data Definition Language DML Data Manipulation LanguageBrief History of Windows and Versions of Windows 2000
SQL Server Product Roadmap
SQL Server 7.0
SQL Server “Yukon”
SQL Server 2000
• Lowest TCOLowest TCO• Ease-of-UseEase-of-Use
• Performance and ScalabilityPerformance and Scalability• Integrated Business IntelligenceIntegrated Business Intelligence
• Enterprise-class scalability
• Programmability advancements
• End-to-end business intelligence
• Manageability• Support for multiple types
of data
• Reliability and scalability advancements
• Deep XML support• Data warehousing• SQL Server CE• 64 bit support
• Re-architecture of relational server
• First to include OLAP in database
• Auto tuning• Ease-of-use
Foundations of Foundations of each release:each release:
SQL Server 6.5
• Data warehousing• Internet support• Differentiation from
Sybase SQL Server
Versions of SQL Server 2000
SQL Server CE Runs on Windows CE Replicate data from Standard and Enterprise Edition
Personal Runs on Windows 9x/ME/2000 Pro No license required if you have Standard or Enterprise Edition
Developer Designed for Developers to be used on Single Machine Runs on Windows NT/2000
Standard Comes with most of the features for workgroups and departments Lacks dome enterprise level features Runs on Windows NT/2000 Server
Enterprise: All features including clustering support, log shipping, parallel computing support,
enhanced read-aheads, partitioning support, HTTP support, Very Large Database (VLDB) Support
Runs on Windows NT/2000 Server
Feature Personal Standard Enterprise
Runs on Microsoft Windows NT 4 Server or Windows 2000 Server
Yes Yes Yes
Runs on Windows NT 4 Server, Enterprise Edition or Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Yes Yes Yes
AWE Support (Windows 2000 only)
No No Yes
SQL Server failover support No No Yes
Supports Microsoft Search Service, full-text catalogs, and full-text indexes
Yes, except on Windows 98
Yes Yes
Maximum database size 2 GB 1,048,516 TB 1,048,516 TB
Number of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) CPUs
2 on all platforms except Windows 98, which supports only 1
4 on all platforms except Windows NT 4 Server, Enterprise Edition, which supports 8
32 on Windows 2000 Datacenter Server 8 on Windows NT 4 Server Enterprise Edition and Windows 2000 Advanced Server 4 on Windows NT 4 Server and Windows 2000 Server
Physical memory supported 2 GB 2 GB
64 GB on Windows 2000 Datacenter Server 8 GB on Windows 2000 Advanced Server 4 GB on Windows 2000 Server 3 GB on Windows NT 4 Server, Enterprise Edition 2 GB on Windows NT 4 Server
SQL Server 2000 Clients
Directly Supported: Windows 9x/ME Windows 2000 Windows NT
Does not ship with 16-bit drivers, however you can use drivers from old version of SQL Server
When correctly configured with Web Server, any client can access it
Differences on Windows 9x
Windows 9x Windows 2000 AS
SQL Engine Runs as an application Runs as a Service
Integrated Security No Yes
Automated Alerts No Yes
Maximum Users (Recommended)
Five Unlimited (Limited by Hardware resources)
Performance Monitor No Yes
Special System Databases
A new SQL Server 2000 installation automatically includes six databases: master, model, tempdb, pubs, Northwind, and msdb.
master
The master database is composed of system tables that keep track of the server installation as a whole and all other databases that are subsequently created. Although every database has a set of system catalogs that maintain information about objects it contains, the master database has system catalogs that keep information about disk space, file allocations, usage, systemwide configuration settings, login accounts, the existence of other databases, and the existence of other SQL servers (for distributed operations). The master database is absolutely critical to your system, so be sure to always keep a current backup copy of it. Operations such as creating another database, changing configuration values, and modifying login accounts all make modifications to master, so after performing such activities, you should back up master.
model
The model database is simply a template database. Every time you create a new database, SQL Server makes a copy of model to form the basis of the new database. If you'd like every new database to start out with certain objects or permissions, you can put them in model, and all new databases will inherit them.
Pubs & Northwind
The pubs database is a sample database used extensively by much of the SQL Server documentation
The Northwind database is a sample database that was originally developed for use with Microsoft Access. Much of the documentation dealing with APIs uses Northwind, as do some of the newer examples in the SQL Server documentation. It's a bit more complex than pubs, and at almost 4 MB, slightly larger.
The Northwind database can be rebuilt just like the pubs database, by running a script located in the \Install subdirectory. The file is called Instnwnd.sql.
msdb
The msdb database is used by the SQL Server Agent service, which performs scheduled activities such as backups and replication tasks. In general, other than performing backups and maintenance on this database, you should ignore msdb.
Database Files
A database file is nothing more than an operating system file. (In addition to database files, SQL Server also has backup devices, which are logical devices that map to operating system files, to physical devices such as tape drives, or even to named pipes. :
Primary data files Every database has one primary data file that keeps track of all the rest of the files in the database, in addition to storing data. By convention, the name of a primary data file has the extension MDF.
Secondary data files A database can have zero or more secondary data files. By convention, the name of a secondary data file has the extension NDF.
Log files Every database has at least one log file that contains the information necessary to recover all transactions in a database. By convention, a log file has the extension LDF.
Creating a Database
The easiest way to create a database is to use SQL Server Enterprise Manager, which provides a graphical front end to Transact-SQL commands and stored procedures that actually create the database and set its properties
by Command CREATE DATABASE newdb
Creating a Table
Data Types Description bigint Integer data from -2^63 through 2^63-1 int Integer data from -2^31 through 2^31 - 1 smallint Integer data from -2^15 through 2^15 - 1 tinyint Integer data from 0 through 255 bit Integer data with either a 1 or 0 value decimal Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1 numeric Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 -1 money Monetary data values from -2^63 through 2^63 - 1 smallmoney Monetary data values from -214,748.3648 through +214,748.3647 float Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 through 1.79E + 308 real Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 through 3.40E + 38
datetime Date and time data from January 1, 1753, through December 31, 9999, with an accuracy of 3.33 milliseconds
smalldatetime Date and time data from January 1, 1900, through June 6, 2079, with an accuracy of one minute
Creating a Table
Data Types Description char Fixed-length character data with a maximum length of 8,000 characters varchar Variable-length data with a maximum of 8,000 characters text Variable-length data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 characters nchar Fixed-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters nvarchar Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters ntext Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 2^30 - 1 characters binary Fixed-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes varbinary Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 8,000 bytes image Variable-length binary data with a maximum length of 2^31 - 1 bytes cursor A reference to a cursor
sql_variant A data type that stores values of various data types, except text, ntext, timestamp, and sql_variant
table A special data type used to store a result set for later processing
timestamp A database-wide unique number that gets updated every time a row gets updated
uniqueidentifier A globally unique identifier
