International dock design 2008

WE DO DOCKS RITE!

Who is RiteWho is Rite--Hite?Hite?

•• Worlds Leading Manufacturer of Loading Dock Worlds Leading Manufacturer of Loading Dock and Industrial Door Safety Systemsand Industrial Door Safety Systems

•• Founded in 1964Founded in 1964•• Privately HeldPrivately Held•• Headquartered in Milwaukee, WI, USAHeadquartered in Milwaukee, WI, USA

•• Mission Statement: Improve Safety, Security and Mission Statement: Improve Safety, Security and Productivity Through Quality and InnovationProductivity Through Quality and Innovation

Designing the Material Transfer ZoneDesigning the Material Transfer Zone

Index of TopicsIndex of Topics

•• Shipping and Receiving Shipping and Receiving –– THERE IS A DIFFERENCE!THERE IS A DIFFERENCE!•• How many docks do I need?How many docks do I need?•• Truck and Trailer Sizes?Truck and Trailer Sizes?•• Access to dock and truck turning radius?Access to dock and truck turning radius?•• Types of loading docks?Types of loading docks?•• Dock Leveler Size & Capacity?Dock Leveler Size & Capacity?•• Dock Leveler Size & Capacity?Dock Leveler Size & Capacity?•• Dock Height?Dock Height?•• Trailer Restraints & Light Communication Systems?Trailer Restraints & Light Communication Systems?•• Door Size?Door Size?•• Types of Dock Doors?Types of Dock Doors?•• Types of Dock Seals and Shelters?Types of Dock Seals and Shelters?•• Dock Accessories Dock Accessories –– Chocks, Lights, Bumpers, etc.Chocks, Lights, Bumpers, etc.•• Miscellaneous dock problems & Solutions.Miscellaneous dock problems & Solutions.

Shipping vs. ReceivingShipping vs. Receiving

What’s the big deal???????What’s the big deal???????

– Truck sizes– Dock Height– Door Size– Material Handling Equipment– Palletized vs. hand load– Weights– Volumes

•• There is a very serious difference!There is a very serious difference!


Low truck High truck



Segregated dock heights

How many docks do I need?How many docks do I need?

Major Considerations:Major Considerations:

Shipping vs. Receiving?Shipping vs. Receiving?•• Current needsCurrent needs•• Future needsFuture needs•• Future needsFuture needs

Do I have grade level access?Do I have grade level access?Do I have trash door?Do I have trash door?Do I have adequate pedestrian access?Do I have adequate pedestrian access?


Based on the busiest shiftBased on the busiest shift

If If TTrucks per hour or rucks per hour or TT = = Number of trucks per shiftNumber of trucks per shiftHours per shift of dock operationHours per shift of dock operation

And And UUtilization or tilization or UU = = Total Minutes each truck is in TruckwellTotal Minutes each truck is in Truckwell60 minutes60 minutes

Then Then NNumber of dock positions required or umber of dock positions required or NN = = TT X X UU

For instance, if 20 trucks per day use the standard docks at the receiving dock For instance, if 20 trucks per day use the standard docks at the receiving dock operating 8 hours per day which is T = 20/8 = 2.5, and each truck is in a dock operating 8 hours per day which is T = 20/8 = 2.5, and each truck is in a dock for an average of 2 hours or U = 120/60 = 2, then T x U or 2.5 x 2 = 5 standard for an average of 2 hours or U = 120/60 = 2, then T x U or 2.5 x 2 = 5 standard docks are required.docks are required.

When in doubt, round up and plan for growthWhen in doubt, round up and plan for growth

•• Provide for flexibility and future growthProvide for flexibility and future growth


The concept of capped pits and knock out doors.The concept of capped pits and knock out doors.

Types & Sizes of TrucksTypes & Sizes of Trucks

•• Small trucksSmall trucks


•• Large trucks and containersLarge trucks and containers

Changing Trailer EnvironmentChanging Trailer Environment

•• Types of trucks Types of trucks and trailersand trailers– Pup trailers

• Bed heights: 1175mm – 1275mm• Lengths: 8.5m – 10m• Widths: 2400mm – 2600mm

– Over the road dry trailers • Bed Heights: 1150mm – 1270• Lengths: 14.5m – 17.5m• Widths: 2400mm – 2600mm

– Over the road ref. trailers • Bed Heights: 1200mm – 1350mm• Lengths: 14.5m – 17.5m Widths:

2400mm – 2600mm

Types and Sizes of TrucksTypes and Sizes of Trucks

900-1100 mm

Refrigerated Pantec

Articulated Container & Flat Bed with Overhang

Articulated Container & Flat Bed

Rigid

1350-1600 mm

12.5 m max

Articulated B DoubleArticulated Pantec

1300-1450 mm

1100-1300mm

900-1100 mm

900-1100 mm

19 m max


Type of VehicleType of VehicleTruck DimensionsTruck Dimensions

Overall Length

Floor Height Overall Height

Overall Width

Rigid 12.5 m 900-1100 4300 2500

Articulated Container & 19 m 1100-1300 4300 2500Flat Bed

Refrigerated Pantec 19 m 1350-1600 4300 2500

Articulated Container & Flat Bed with Overhang

19 m 1300-1600 4300 2500

Articulated 25 m 1100-1300 Dry Goods

1300-1450 Refrigerated

4300 2500


•• Lift gates and special trucksLift gates and special trucks


•• Lift gates and special trucksLift gates and special trucks

Changing Trailer EnvironmentChanging Trailer Environment•• AirAir--Ride SuspensionsRide Suspensions

– Used on trailers for the last (15) years– Designed to provide Smooth Ride = Less Product Damage in Transit

– Other Benefits:• Air-Ride on Cabs = Smooth Ride for Drivers• Smooth Ride For Cargo = Smooth Ride for Trailer Body, means less maintenance and

longer trailer life

Changing Trailer EnvironmentChanging Trailer Environment

•• AirAir--ride suspensionsride suspensions– Challenge: air-ride suspensions can lower trailer bed

height by as much as 150 – 200mm at the loading dock!

Air-ride suspensions can lead to vertical and horizontal trailer movement

Do I have adequate access?Do I have adequate access?•• Apron spaceApron space -- area from the face of the dock to the first area from the face of the dock to the first

obstruction (fence, building etc)obstruction (fence, building etc)•• The amount of space you will need depends upon many factors, The amount of space you will need depends upon many factors,

including:including:– Size of trailers– Size of prime movers– Widths of berths and more

But here is a good “rule of thumb”But here is a good “rule of thumb”But here is a good “rule of thumb”But here is a good “rule of thumb”•• Assume 3.6 metre centre lines (this is considered the minimum Assume 3.6 metre centre lines (this is considered the minimum

desirable) desirable) •• Then take the largest prime mover/trailer length that will be Then take the largest prime mover/trailer length that will be

received and multiply this length by 2, then add 1.5 metres as a received and multiply this length by 2, then add 1.5 metres as a safety marginsafety margin

•• For each 150mm the centre line increases, reduce the total apron For each 150mm the centre line increases, reduce the total apron space 3%.space 3%.

•• For each 150mm the centre line decreases, add 3% more apron For each 150mm the centre line decreases, add 3% more apron space.space.

Truck & Trailer turning radiusTruck & Trailer turning radius

Truck and Trailer Turning RadiusTruck and Trailer Turning Radius

Overall Length of Overall Length of VehicleVehicle

Width of Width of BerthBerth

Maneuvering Apron Maneuvering Apron Space Space

12 m3.0 m 26 m

3.6 m 25 m

4.3 m 24 m

3.0 m 29 m

Maneuvering apron space required for one maneuver into & out of position

14 m3.0 m 29 m

3.6 m 28 m

4.3 m 27 m

19 m3.0 m 41 m

3.6 m 40 m

4.3 m 39 m

25 m3.0 m 54 m

3.6 m 53 m

4.3 m 52 m

Dock ApproachDock Approach

•• InclineIncline•• LevelLevel•• LevelLevel•• DeclineDecline


•• InclineIncline


•• LevelLevel


•• DeclineDecline



% of Grade% of Grade Laminated Bumper Laminated Bumper Projection (mm)Projection (mm)

Minimum Pit Minimum Pit Projection Projection

(mm)(mm)

Total Total Projection Projection

(mm)(mm)

Level 100 0 100

1%100

50 150

2%100

75 175

3%100

100 200

4%100

125 225

5%100

150 250

6%100

175 275

Types of Loading DocksTypes of Loading Docks

•• FlushFlush•• CanteleverCantelever•• Open PlatformOpen Platform•• Free Standing Dock RampFree Standing Dock Ramp•• Free Standing Dock RampFree Standing Dock Ramp•• Saw toothSaw tooth•• Dock HouseDock House•• Finger DockFinger Dock

Traditional Flush DockTraditional Flush Dock

Traditional Cantelever DockTraditional Cantelever Dock

Open Dock PlatformOpen Dock Platform

Free Standing Dock RampFree Standing Dock Ramp

Saw Tooth DockSaw Tooth Dock

Dock HouseDock House

Finger DockFinger Dock

Dock Leveler TypesDock Leveler Types

•• Pit TypePit Type– Mechanical– Air– Hydraulic

•• VerticalVertical•• VerticalVertical•• Scissors DockScissors Dock•• Sliding LipSliding Lip•• Edge of Dock (EOD)Edge of Dock (EOD)•• Self StandingSelf Standing

Pit Style Dock Leveler Pit Style Dock Leveler -- MechanicalMechanical

Pit Style Dock Leveler Pit Style Dock Leveler -- AirAir

Pit Style Dock Leveler Pit Style Dock Leveler -- HydraulicHydraulic

Vertical Dock LevelerVertical Dock Leveler

Scissors DockScissors Dock

Sliding Lip Leveler (European)Sliding Lip Leveler (European)

Edge of Dock Edge of Dock -- EODEOD

Self Standing DockSelf Standing Dock

Dock Leveler LengthsDock Leveler Lengths

8.3%12’

10%10’

12.5%8’

•• Dock/truck bed height differential Dock/truck bed height differential ÷÷ leveler length = leveler length = percentage of gradepercentage of grade

1200mm 915mm

Material Handling EquipmentMaterial Handling Equipment

•• Electric pallet trucksElectric pallet trucks7% max. grade7% max. grade

•• Electric fork liftElectric fork lift10% max. grade10% max. grade

•• Gas lift truckGas lift truck15% max. grade15% max. grade

Dock Leveler LengthDock Leveler Length

Height DifferentialHeight Differential

Dock Dock LevelerLeveler

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

EOD 6.1 13.5

RHH4706 2.6 5.3 8.0 10.7 13.3RHH4706 2.6 5.3 8.0 10.7 13.3

RHH4708 2.0 4.0 6.1 8.1 10.1 12.1 14.1

RHH4710 1.6 3.3 4.9 6.5 8.1 9.8 11.4 13.0 14.6

RHH4712 1.4 2.7 4.1 5.4 6.8 8.2 9.5 10.9 12.2 13.6 14.9

RHH4714 1.2 2.3 3.5 4.6 5.8 7.0 8.2 9.3 10.5 11.6 12.8 14.0

Dock Leveler WidthDock Leveler Width

Trailer WidthTrailer Width2340mm2340mm

Standard Container

6’ (1830)

7’ (2135)

Full-width access leveler – 2600mm

Dock Leveler lip lengthDock Leveler lip length

Dock Leveler CapacityDock Leveler Capacity

•• North America Standard Weight Standard (30K)North America Standard Weight Standard (30K)

•• North American DLIG Standard (C”)North American DLIG Standard (C”)

•• European Standard 6 tonEuropean Standard 6 ton

Dock Safety Dock Safety Trailer Restraints & Light SystemsTrailer Restraints & Light Systems

The Danger ZoneThe Danger Zone

•• 100,000 crossings per 100,000 crossings per yearyear

•• Time pressureTime pressure•• Heavy loadsHeavy loads•• Fast moving equipmentFast moving equipment•• Fast moving equipmentFast moving equipment•• High accident potentialHigh accident potential

Void in the FloorVoid in the Floor

SafetySafety

•• Forklift SafetyForklift Safety– Driving Off the Dock– Driving Through Dock Doors– Trailer-Dock Separation Accidents

Trailer creep

Trailer upending

Unscheduled Truck/Trailer Departure

SafetySafety

Trailer Landing Gear Collapse

SafetySafety

•• DokDok--Lok vehicle restraints help prevent all types of Lok vehicle restraints help prevent all types of trailer separation accidentstrailer separation accidents

Over 25 Years Proven Performance

More than 220,000 units installed

RHR-1000Rotating Hook Restraint

VBR-500Vertical Barrier Restraint

VBR-300Vertical Barrier Restraint

SafetySafety

•• Light Communication SystemLight Communication System

ControlsControls

• Growing popularity of “powered” dock equipment – Controls and control sequencing have

become even more important

• “Combination Control Boxes” with all control functions in 1 master all control functions in 1 master control box are becoming standard

• Sequencing controls to ensure proper operation should be considered

SafetySafety

•• Chronic Forklift Operator IssuesChronic Forklift Operator Issues– Back and Neck Injuries Due to Transition From the Building

Floor to the Trailer Bed• Unstabilized trailers can move in the vertical direction and cause “Trailer Drop”

up to 8" with the weight of a forklift • Front and rear hinge design on traditional-style dock levelers create bumps and

gaps, causing operator to experience vibration or “Dock Shock”

Dock Leveler Smooth TransitionDock Leveler Smooth Transition

Loading Dock Doors

•• Lift StylesLift Styles•• Insulated vs. NonInsulated vs. Non--InsulatedInsulated•• Steel Rite IISteel Rite II•• Steel Rite IISteel Rite II•• Recommended Door SizesRecommended Door Sizes•• Protection Protection –– Guardian SystemsGuardian Systems

Loading Dock Doors•• Lift StylesLift Styles

Loading Dock Doors

•• Lift Styles Lift Styles –– High LiftHigh Lift

Loading Dock Doors•• Lift Styles Lift Styles –– Standard LiftStandard Lift

Loading Dock Doors•• Lift Styles Lift Styles –– Vertical LiftVertical Lift

Loading Dock Doors•• Insulated vs. NonInsulated vs. Non--InsulatedInsulated

Loading Dock Doors•• Steel Rite II Steel Rite II –– Impactable Dock Impactable Dock

DoorDoor– The door that pays for itself after

the first impact

– Typical cost is ~$400 more than a standard sectional door

– Typical cost of a replacement bottom panel on a standard sectional door is $300-$800

Dock Door Dock Door -- ProtectionProtection

Enclosing the Dock OpeningEnclosing the Dock Opening

•• Why?Why?•• Types of Types of

EnclosuresEnclosures•• Biggest Biggest

ChallengesChallenges

Why Enclose the Dock Opening?Why Enclose the Dock Opening?

•• Temperature Temperature controlcontrol

•• Water infiltrationWater infiltration•• WindWind•• Dirt and debrisDirt and debris•• Slippery surfacesSlippery surfaces•• Slippery surfacesSlippery surfaces•• Energy lossEnergy loss•• Insect infiltrationInsect infiltration•• Product damage Product damage

or contaminationor contamination•• Theft/securityTheft/security•• Employee comfortEmployee comfort

Types of EnclosuresTypes of Enclosures

Dock SealsDock Seals Dock SheltersDock Shelters

Types of EnclosuresTypes of Enclosures

Dock SealsDock Seals Dock SheltersDock Shelters

Dock Shelter AdvantagesDock Shelter Advantages

• Flexibility to fit larger door openings

• Able to accommodate larger variety of trailer sizes

• Provide full access –nothing protrudes into nothing protrudes into trailer opening

• But...– Can be damaged if

struck by off-center trailer

– Provide lower sealing efficiency if hinge gaps left unsealed

Dock Shelter SolutionsDock Shelter Solutions

• Impactable side frames to resist damage from trailers

• Trailer-door hinge gap seals hinge gap seals on shelter side curtains

Sealing the 4Sealing the 4thth SideSide

• PitMaster provides same environmental control benefits as seal or shelter is providing, on difficult-to-seal areas beneath and around the dock leveler

Sealing Against Rain RunoffSealing Against Rain Runoff

• Weighted RainGuard header prevents water from infiltrating the loading dock off top of trailerstop of trailers

• Ordinary seal or shelter headers can’t stop flow of all water, especially on declining approaches

AccessoriesAccessories

HeavyHeavy--Duty, Steel Faced,Duty, Steel Faced,Dock BumpersDock Bumpers

HeavyHeavy--Duty, Trailer StandsDuty, Trailer StandsDock BumpersDock Bumpers

HeavyHeavy--Duty, Trailer StandsDuty, Trailer Stands

Flex Arm Dock LightsFlex Arm Dock LightsDokDok--Guardian, Guardian,

AntiAnti--Run Off ProtectionRun Off Protection

LOADING DOCKSAFETY SURVEY

We Are Available to HelpWe Are Available to Help

LOADING DOCK LAYOUT REVIEW

ON-SITE TRAININGAND SUPPORT

FLY-IN PROGRAM

Documents

International dock design 2008