June 1, 2010 – “A” Day Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms with their environment. Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms

June 1, 2010 – “A” DayJune 1, 2010 – “A” Day

Objective: To investigate the interactions of Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms with their environment. organisms with their environment.

Do Now: What is the difference between a Food Do Now: What is the difference between a Food Chain and a Food Web? Chain and a Food Web?

TodayToday Complete “Bacteria Everywhere” labComplete “Bacteria Everywhere” lab CW/HW: Read 6-3 Biodiversity pp. 150 to 156. define CW/HW: Read 6-3 Biodiversity pp. 150 to 156. define

Key Terms and answer questions 1-6 on p. 156 Key Terms and answer questions 1-6 on p. 156 33rdrd period – Go to the library for Cladogram WebQuest period – Go to the library for Cladogram WebQuest

Animal Projects due TOMORROW – 20% off for each Animal Projects due TOMORROW – 20% off for each day lateday late

June 2, 2010 – “B” DayJune 2, 2010 – “B” Day

Objective: To investigate the interactions of Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms with their environment. organisms with their environment.

Do Now: What is an autotroph? Do Now: What is an autotroph?

TodayToday Animal Projects due NOW – Turn in Packet up front Animal Projects due NOW – Turn in Packet up front

NOWNOW Poster presentationsPoster presentations

Announcements:Announcements: Ecology Packets Due TomorrowEcology Packets Due Tomorrow How to Read a Cladogram Due FRIDAYHow to Read a Cladogram Due FRIDAY Biology Journals Due FRIDAYBiology Journals Due FRIDAY

June 4, 2010 – “D” DayJune 4, 2010 – “D” Day

Announcements:Announcements:How to Read a Cladogram Due NOWHow to Read a Cladogram Due NOWBiology Journals Due NOWBiology Journals Due NOWDid you turn in your Animal Research Did you turn in your Animal Research

Projects? Ecology Packets?Projects? Ecology Packets?

LOOK OVER MOCK FINALS AND FIGURE LOOK OVER MOCK FINALS AND FIGURE OUT WHAT YOU NEED TO STUDY. OUT WHAT YOU NEED TO STUDY. COMPLETE REVIEW PART 1 OF 2 BY NEXT COMPLETE REVIEW PART 1 OF 2 BY NEXT TUESDAY!TUESDAY!

June 8, 2010 – “F” DayJune 8, 2010 – “F” Day

TodayTodayAny questions on review Part 1,Any questions on review Part 1,Work on Review Part 2Work on Review Part 2Begin in-class reviewBegin in-class review

Books collected Tomorrow and Books collected Tomorrow and Thursday!Thursday!

Academic Biology: Academic Biology: Final Exam ReviewFinal Exam Review

Quarter #1Quarter #1

Chapter 1: The Science Chapter 1: The Science of Biologyof Biology

BiologyBiology – the study of the living world – the study of the living world

Scientific MethodScientific MethodStep 1: ObservationStep 1: ObservationStep 2: Forming a QuestionStep 2: Forming a QuestionStep 3: Form a Hypothesis (suggested Step 3: Form a Hypothesis (suggested

answer based on evidence)answer based on evidence)Step 4: Experiment & Compile Data Step 4: Experiment & Compile Data

(should only test ONE variable(should only test ONE variableStep 5: Analyze DataStep 5: Analyze DataStep 6: Draw Conclusion & Retest as Step 6: Draw Conclusion & Retest as

neededneeded


8 Characteristics of Living Things:8 Characteristics of Living Things:1. made up of cells (smallest unit of life)1. made up of cells (smallest unit of life)2. reproduce (sexually or aesexually)2. reproduce (sexually or aesexually)3. based on universal genetic code (DNA)3. based on universal genetic code (DNA)4. grow & develop4. grow & develop5. obtain & use materials/energy 5. obtain & use materials/energy

(metabolism)(metabolism)6. respond to their environment (stimuli)6. respond to their environment (stimuli)7. maintain stable internal environment 7. maintain stable internal environment

(homeostasis)(homeostasis)8. change over time (evolution)8. change over time (evolution)


Tools for Observing Life:Tools for Observing Life:Compound Light Microscope – to Compound Light Microscope – to

observe small, living samplesobserve small, living samplesElectron Microscope – higher Electron Microscope – higher

magnification, but can only observe magnification, but can only observe dead, properly preserved/prepared dead, properly preserved/prepared samplessamples

Chapter 2: The Chapter 2: The Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds:4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds:CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Main source of energyMain source of energy Made up of monosaccharides (sugars)Made up of monosaccharides (sugars)

ProteinsProteins Control reaction rates, allow molecules Control reaction rates, allow molecules

in and out of cells, fight disease, make in and out of cells, fight disease, make up musclesup muscles

Made up of amino acidsMade up of amino acids


4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds:4 Main Organic (Carbon) Compounds:LipidsLipids

Comprise membranes, energy storage, Comprise membranes, energy storage, insulationinsulation

Made up of glycerol & fatty acidsMade up of glycerol & fatty acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Store and transmit genetic informationStore and transmit genetic information Made up of nucleotides (sugar, Made up of nucleotides (sugar,

phosphate group & nitrogenous base)phosphate group & nitrogenous base)


Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions – rearranging – rearranging of atoms to form new compoundsof atoms to form new compounds

Catalyst Catalyst – speeds up the rate of – speeds up the rate of chemical reactionschemical reactionsEnzymes Enzymes – naturally occurring, – naturally occurring,

biological catalystsbiological catalystsCan only be used to speed up ONE Can only be used to speed up ONE

specific reaction!!!specific reaction!!!

Chapter 15: Darwin’s Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionTheory of Evolution

Evolution by Natural SelectionEvolution by Natural Selection – – species change over timespecies change over time1. Struggle for Existence1. Struggle for Existence2. Survival of the Fittest2. Survival of the Fittest3. Natural Selection3. Natural Selection

Evidence of Common Ancestry:Evidence of Common Ancestry:Structural similarities (body parts), Structural similarities (body parts),

similar genes, similar species in similar genes, similar species in geographically isolated areasgeographically isolated areas

Chapter 15: Darwin’s Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionTheory of Evolution

Punctuated Equilibrium Punctuated Equilibrium – species – species experience long, stable periods experience long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of interrupted by brief periods of rapid evolutionary changerapid evolutionary change


Chapter 17: The History Chapter 17: The History of Lifeof Life

Fossil RecordFossil Record – collection of fossils – collection of fossils over time that illustrates ancestry over time that illustrates ancestry commonalities between speciescommonalities between species

Early Earth conditions were not Early Earth conditions were not hospitable to life:hospitable to life:Bacteria – likely the FIRST life Bacteria – likely the FIRST life

forms on Earth forms on Earth

Chapter 7: Cell Chapter 7: Cell Structure & FunctionStructure & Function

In In multicellularmulticellular organisms, cells organisms, cells specialize to perform different specialize to perform different functions.functions.

Cell Theory:Cell Theory:1. All living things are made of 1. All living things are made of

cells.cells.2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. All cells are produced by existing 3. All cells are produced by existing

cells.cells.


Prokaryotic Cells – lack “true” nucleus Prokaryotic Cells – lack “true” nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)(bacteria)

Eukaryotic Cells – contain a membrane-Eukaryotic Cells – contain a membrane-bound nucleus as well as specialized bound nucleus as well as specialized organelles organelles Plant Cell – square-ish; cell wall, large Plant Cell – square-ish; cell wall, large

central vacuole, chloroplasts & general central vacuole, chloroplasts & general organellesorganelles

Animal Cell – round-ish; lysosomes, Animal Cell – round-ish; lysosomes, centrioles & general organellescentrioles & general organelles


Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane:Fluid Mosaic Model of the Cell Membrane: Phospholipids – main componentPhospholipids – main component Proteins channels and pumps – made from proteins; Proteins channels and pumps – made from proteins;

aid materials in movement across cell membraneaid materials in movement across cell membrane Carbohydrates – identify and signal to cellsCarbohydrates – identify and signal to cells

Cell Transport:Cell Transport: Osmosis – movement of Osmosis – movement of waterwater from an area of high from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentrationconcentration to an area of low concentration Diffusion – movement from an area of high Diffusion – movement from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentrationconcentration to an area of low concentration Active Transport – movement from LOW to HIGH Active Transport – movement from LOW to HIGH

concentrationconcentration

Chapter 8: Chapter 8: PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + Sunlight O + Sunlight C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22

Occurs in the Occurs in the ChloroplastChloroplastThylakoidThylakoid: membrane sacs; : membrane sacs; ChlorophyllChlorophyll

(pigment) found in membranes (reflects (pigment) found in membranes (reflects green light)green light) Light-Dependent ReactionsLight-Dependent Reactions – produce – produce

energyenergyStromaStroma: fluid surrounding thylakoid : fluid surrounding thylakoid

Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle ( (Light-Independent Light-Independent Reactions)Reactions) – produce high-energy sugars – produce high-energy sugars

Chapter 9: Cellular Chapter 9: Cellular RespirationRespiration

6O6O2 2 + C+ C66HH1212OO6 6 6CO 6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O + 36 ATPO + 36 ATPGlycolysis – occurs in cytoplasm, net Glycolysis – occurs in cytoplasm, net

gain 2 ATP, anaerobic (no Ogain 2 ATP, anaerobic (no O22 needed), if needed), if OO22 is present followed by Kreb’s Cycle is present followed by Kreb’s Cycle

Kreb’s Cycle - occurs in matrix (inner Kreb’s Cycle - occurs in matrix (inner cavity of mitochondria), aerobic (Ocavity of mitochondria), aerobic (O22 needed), net gain 0 ATPneeded), net gain 0 ATP

Electron Transport Chain – occurs in Electron Transport Chain – occurs in cristae (mitochondria), aerobic (Ocristae (mitochondria), aerobic (O22 needed), net gain 34 ATPneeded), net gain 34 ATP

Chapter 9: Cellular Chapter 9: Cellular RespirationRespiration

FermentationFermentationAlcoholic FermentationAlcoholic FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation – causes Lactic Acid Fermentation – causes

muscle soreness during excessive muscle soreness during excessive physical activityphysical activity

Sources of Energy:Sources of Energy:Stored ATP (energy is released as bonds Stored ATP (energy is released as bonds

are broken and phosphate groups are are broken and phosphate groups are removed from ATP)removed from ATP)

Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationLactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation


Chapter 10: Cell Growth Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division& Division

As a cell grows larger, its volume As a cell grows larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area – it increases faster than its surface area – it MUST divide in order to avoid bursting!MUST divide in order to avoid bursting!

Interphase – stage of the Cell Cycle that Interphase – stage of the Cell Cycle that occupies MOST of a cell’s lifeoccupies MOST of a cell’s lifeGG11 – Growth occurs, cell performs normal – Growth occurs, cell performs normal

functionfunctionS – DNA is copied in preparation for mitosisS – DNA is copied in preparation for mitosisGG22 – organelles are copied in preparation – organelles are copied in preparation

for mitosisfor mitosis


MitosisMitosisProphase – nuclear envelope breaks Prophase – nuclear envelope breaks

down, chromatin condenses into down, chromatin condenses into chromosomeschromosomes

Metaphase – chromosomes line up along Metaphase – chromosomes line up along middle of the cellmiddle of the cell

Anaphase – sister chromatids are pulled Anaphase – sister chromatids are pulled apartapart

Telophase – formation of two new nucleiTelophase – formation of two new nuclei

Cytokinesis –formal splitting of cell into Cytokinesis –formal splitting of cell into two new daughter cellstwo new daughter cells


Chromosomes – tightly wound Chromosomes – tightly wound chromatin forms chromatids which are chromatin forms chromatids which are held together by a centromereheld together by a centromere

Normal cells become cancer when:Normal cells become cancer when:Regulation of cell division is lostRegulation of cell division is lostCells do not respond normally to control Cells do not respond normally to control

mechanismsmechanismsCells continue to divide without passing Cells continue to divide without passing

through stage Gthrough stage G11 of Interphase of Interphase

Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Introduction to GeneticsIntroduction to Genetics

Genetics – scientific study of heredityGenetics – scientific study of heredityGenotype – genetic makeup of individual Genotype – genetic makeup of individual

(alleles)(alleles)Phenotype – physical expression of Phenotype – physical expression of

genotypegenotype

Punnett Square – used to predict possible Punnett Square – used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspringgenotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Test Cross – used to determine the Test Cross – used to determine the genotype of an unknown person with the genotype of an unknown person with the dominant phenotypedominant phenotype


Types of InheritanceTypes of InheritanceDominant/Recessive – one allele is dominant Dominant/Recessive – one allele is dominant

over the other, recessive, alleleover the other, recessive, alleleIncomplete Dominance – neither allele is Incomplete Dominance – neither allele is

dominant; a heterozygous individual has a dominant; a heterozygous individual has a mixed phenotype in between the two allelesmixed phenotype in between the two alleles

Codominance – both alleles are dominant Codominance – both alleles are dominant (Blood Type AB); you “see” BOTH (Blood Type AB); you “see” BOTH phenotypesphenotypes

Sex-Linked – trait located on the X Sex-Linked – trait located on the X chromosomes (colorblindness, hemophilia)chromosomes (colorblindness, hemophilia)


Dihybrid Cross – 9:3:3:1 Phenotypic RatioDihybrid Cross – 9:3:3:1 Phenotypic Ratio

Meiosis - reductive cell division that Meiosis - reductive cell division that results in the production of haploid, results in the production of haploid, gamete (germ/sex) cellsgamete (germ/sex) cellsInterphaseInterphaseMeiosis I – Prophase I, Metaphase I, Meiosis I – Prophase I, Metaphase I,

Anaphase I, Telophase IAnaphase I, Telophase I Crossing Over – (Metaphase I); Crossing Over – (Metaphase I);

chromosomes exchange corresponding chromosomes exchange corresponding segments of DNAsegments of DNA

Meiosis II – Prophase II, Metaphase II, Meiosis II – Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase IIAnaphase II, Telophase II

Chapter 14: The Human Chapter 14: The Human GenomeGenome

Humans – 46 chromosomesHumans – 46 chromosomesXX – FemaleXX – FemaleXY – MaleXY – Male

Males determine the sex of Males determine the sex of offspring because women can only offspring because women can only pass down an X chromosome, but pass down an X chromosome, but men can pass down either and X or men can pass down either and X or a Ya Y


Chapter 12: DNA & RNAChapter 12: DNA & RNA

Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) – made up of Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA) – made up of monomers called nucleotidesmonomers called nucleotides

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; double DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix, made of deoxyribose + helix, made of deoxyribose + phosphate group + phosphate group + adenine/thymine/guanine/cytosineadenine/thymine/guanine/cytosine

RNA – ribonucleic acid; single strand, RNA – ribonucleic acid; single strand, made up of ribose + phosphate group made up of ribose + phosphate group + adenine/uracil/guanine/cytosine+ adenine/uracil/guanine/cytosine


Chargraff’s Rule – the % of [A] = [T] and Chargraff’s Rule – the % of [A] = [T] and [G] = [C][G] = [C]

DNA Replication – makes 2 IDENTICAL DNA Replication – makes 2 IDENTICAL strands (each ½ new DNA and ½ old strands (each ½ new DNA and ½ old DNA); DNA Helicase unzips the strands; DNA); DNA Helicase unzips the strands; DNA Polymerase adds new nucleotides DNA Polymerase adds new nucleotides and proofreads the daughter strandand proofreads the daughter strand

DNA Transcription – makes mRNA strand DNA Transcription – makes mRNA strand that carries information for one gene; that carries information for one gene; begins at region called a promotorbegins at region called a promotor


Translation – produces polypeptide chain Translation – produces polypeptide chain (amino acids); occurs in ribosome; (amino acids); occurs in ribosome; codons (3 base groupings) are “read” codons (3 base groupings) are “read” and tRNA transfers and attaches the and tRNA transfers and attaches the appropriate amino acids to the chainappropriate amino acids to the chain

Point Mutations – involves one (or a few Point Mutations – involves one (or a few neighboring) nucleotidesneighboring) nucleotides

laclac operon – controls the breakdown of operon – controls the breakdown of lactoselactose

Chapter 13: Genetic Chapter 13: Genetic EngineeringEngineering

Gene Technology – using science to alter or Gene Technology – using science to alter or replace genes present in living organismsreplace genes present in living organisms

Gel Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA Gel Electrophoresis – used to separate DNA fragments by sizefragments by size

Genetic Engineering – reading, editing, and Genetic Engineering – reading, editing, and reinserting DNA sequences into living reinserting DNA sequences into living thingsthings

Cloning – the joining of an egg cell with a Cloning – the joining of an egg cell with a somatic (body) cell to create a genetic somatic (body) cell to create a genetic clone of an organismclone of an organism

Chapter 18: Chapter 18: ClassificationClassification

All organisms in Domains Bacteria and Archaea All organisms in Domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.are prokaryotes.

All organisms in Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, All organisms in Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotes.Plantae, and Animalia are eukaryotes.

Cladogram – analysis of derived (inherited) Cladogram – analysis of derived (inherited) characteristics used to show common ancestrycharacteristics used to show common ancestry

Binomial Nomenclature – two word naming Binomial Nomenclature – two word naming system derived from the genus and species of an system derived from the genus and species of an organismorganism

Taxon – a level of organization within the 8 level Taxon – a level of organization within the 8 level taxonomic systemtaxonomic system

Chapter 18: Chapter 18: ClassificationClassification

Domain (Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)Domain (Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)

Kingdom Kingdom

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

Chapter 19: Bacteria & Chapter 19: Bacteria & VirusesViruses

BacteriaBacteriaShape: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod), Shape: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod),

spirilla (spiral)spirilla (spiral)Roles in Environment: photosynthesis, Roles in Environment: photosynthesis,

recycling nutrients, nitrogen fixationrecycling nutrients, nitrogen fixationHuman Uses: clean up oil spills, mine Human Uses: clean up oil spills, mine

minerals, synthesize drugs, breakdown minerals, synthesize drugs, breakdown wasteswastes

Pathogens – disease causing bacteriaPathogens – disease causing bacteriaDiseases: tooth decay, tuberculosis, Diseases: tooth decay, tuberculosis,

lyme disease, infectionlyme disease, infection

Chapter 19: Bacteria & Chapter 19: Bacteria & VirusesViruses

VirusesVirusesNon-living: can’t reproduce outside a Non-living: can’t reproduce outside a

hosthostMade up of proteins and nucleic acidMade up of proteins and nucleic acidDiseases: herpes, flu, cold, HIV/AIDSDiseases: herpes, flu, cold, HIV/AIDSBacteriophage – a virus that infects Bacteriophage – a virus that infects

bacteriabacteria

Chapter 3: The Chapter 3: The BiosphereBiosphere

EcologyEcology – the branch of Biology dealing with – the branch of Biology dealing with the interactions among organisms and the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environmentbetween organisms and their environment

Sun = source of almost ALL energy in the Sun = source of almost ALL energy in the ecosystem*ecosystem*Energy is transferred in the following way:Energy is transferred in the following way:

Sun Sun Producers Producers Primary Consumers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Decomposers (which break down dead matter)Decomposers (which break down dead matter)

*Chemosynthetic Bacteria make their own food using *Chemosynthetic Bacteria make their own food using chemicals available and DO NOT get their energy from the chemicals available and DO NOT get their energy from the sun!sun!

Chapter 4: Ecosystems Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communitiesand Communities

ClimateClimate – the average year-to-year – the average year-to-year conditions of temperature and conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular regionprecipitation in a particular region

Ecosystems are shaped by:Ecosystems are shaped by:Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors – living things (plants, – living things (plants,

animals, insects, bacteria, etc.), and;animals, insects, bacteria, etc.), and;Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors – non-living things – non-living things

(temperature, wind, precipitation, (temperature, wind, precipitation, available nutrients)available nutrients)


Food Web – illustration of the feeding Food Web – illustration of the feeding relationships within an ecosystemrelationships within an ecosystemSunlight – energy sourceSunlight – energy sourceProducers – photosynthetic; obtain energy Producers – photosynthetic; obtain energy

directly from sun (plants, algae)directly from sun (plants, algae)Primary Consumers – herbivores; obtain Primary Consumers – herbivores; obtain

energy by eating producers (squirrels, energy by eating producers (squirrels, rabbits)rabbits)

Secondary Consumers – carnivores; obtain Secondary Consumers – carnivores; obtain energy by eating primary consumers (large energy by eating primary consumers (large birds)birds)

Tertiary Consumers – omnivores; “top” of webTertiary Consumers – omnivores; “top” of web

** Energy is lost at each trophic level in ** Energy is lost at each trophic level in the form of heatthe form of heat


Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession – series of – series of predictable changes that occurs in a predictable changes that occurs in a community over timecommunity over time

Community Interactions:Community Interactions:CompetitionCompetition – organisms attempt to use the – organisms attempt to use the

same resources in the same places at the same same resources in the same places at the same timetime

SymbiosisSymbiosis – two organisms live closely together – two organisms live closely together ( can be beneficial to one or both organisms)( can be beneficial to one or both organisms)

PredationPredation – one organism captures and feeds – one organism captures and feeds off of another organismoff of another organism

Chapter 6: Humans in Chapter 6: Humans in the Biospherethe Biosphere

Human Activity has become the #1 MOST Human Activity has become the #1 MOST important source of environmental important source of environmental change on Earth.change on Earth.

Habitat Destruction is the #1 GREATEST Habitat Destruction is the #1 GREATEST threat to biological diversity.threat to biological diversity.

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development – using – using renewable resources while ensuring they renewable resources while ensuring they are not depletedare not depleted

Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management – using – using non-chemical means of preventing and non-chemical means of preventing and managing insects and pestsmanaging insects and pests

Final RoomsFinal Rooms

Biology 3 D24Biology 7/8 D26Biology 11 D27

If taking in a small group setting let Mrs. P know. You will go to your study skills room! ESL will take with Mrs. Shiffert!

Documents

June 1, 2010 – “A” Day Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms with their environment. Objective: To investigate the interactions of organisms