Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tp - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/T11tim186.pdfKaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tp juk; - 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G: 2015 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; ISBN tzpff; fyh;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tp

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk;-11(2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;)

tzpff;fy;tpj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

=yq;fhWeb:www.nie.lk

Email: info@nie.


Mrpupau; topfhl;b

juk;-11

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juk; - 11

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjyhk; gjpg;G: 2015

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN

tzpff; fyh;tpj;Jiw

tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg;gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ii

iii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2015Mk;Mz;bypUe;J juk; 6> 10 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ijmilAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lNgWfisAk; Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhUnrad;Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gbjuq;fSf;fhf tpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.

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Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fisAk;nghUj;jkhd tifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

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gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iv

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vi

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vii

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gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp vi

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mwpKfk;

rpNu\;l ,ilepiy kl;lq;fspy; juk; 10> 11 khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fupa njupTg;ghlnkhd;whf ‘Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 2007k; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapy;eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tp kWrPuikg;gpy; rpNu\;l ,ilepiyg; ghltpjhdj;jpy;juk; 10> 11 tFg;GfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Gjpa ghlnkhd;whf Kaw;rpahz;ikf;fy;tpg; ghlj;ij Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;. Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tpiaf; fw;gjd;%yk; fy;tpapdhy; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;g;gLk; nghJj;jpwdhdMSik tpUj;jpf;Fupa Nju;r;rpfisAk; Ntiy cyfpw;F Maj;jkhff; $baNju;r;rpfisAk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; mile;J nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;fpilf;fpd;wJ. Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tpahdJ capNuhl;lk; nfhz;l ghlnkhd;whFk;.mNj Nghd;W 21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Gjpa miynahd;iw Vw;gLj;Jk; ghlnkhd;whfTk;Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tp fhzg;gLfpwJ. INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpw;F cl;gl;l ehLfiscs;slf;fpa midj;J ehLfspy; khztu;fSf;F Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fw;ifg;ghlj;jpy;trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Fk; nghUl;L nfhs;if uPjpahfj; jPu;khdq;fs;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjw;F trjpnra;J nfhLg;gjd; %yk; 21 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wf; $ba G+Nfhska uPjpahdrthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;F khztu;fis Maj;jg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

,g;ghlkhdJ fdp\;l ,ilepiyg; ghl tpjhdj;jpy; 6 Kjy; 9 tiuapyhd juq;fspy;Kjw;gbahf “gpuNahfKk; njhopDl;gKk;” vDk; ghlj;jpD}lhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpf;fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,g;ghlj;jpidf; fw;Fk;khztu;fSf;F “Kaw;rpahz;ik” njhlu;ghd mbg;gil tpsf;fq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbtJld; mk;khztu;fspdhy; 10> 11 Mk; juq;fspy; ‘Kaw;rpahz;ik’vDk; ghlj;jpD}lhf Rakhd mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;gtw;wpid tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; f.ngh.j. cau;juj;jpy;‘tzpff;fy;tpapidf;’ fw;Fk; nghOJ Kaw;rpahz;ik njhlu;ghf NkYk; tpsf;fj;ijg;ngw;Wf; nfsh;tjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k; khztu;fs; cau;fy;tpapy;gpuNtrpf;Fk;nghOJ gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; ,jw;fhd trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2007 Mk; Mz;by; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fw;ifg; ghlj;ijtFg;giwapDs; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;nthd;wpd;%yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; ngw;w mDgtq;fs;vd;gtw;iw fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ,g;ghlj;jpid khztu;fs; kpf gaDs;s ghlkhfkhw ;Wtjw ;fhfr ; ,k ;Kiw rpw ;r py khw ;wq ;fisr ; nra;J ,g ;ghlk ;etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fika Kf;fpakhf ghlg;gug;gpd; Moj;ijf;Fiwj;jJld; kpfTk; vspikahd Kiwapy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;lJ kl;Lkd;wp kpfTk;ju;f;f uPjpahf nraw;ghl;L Kiwapy; Nju;r ;rpfs; Jizj; Nju;r ;rpfshfgbKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; ghlg; gug;Gf;fs;tbtikf;fg;gl;ld.

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fw;ifiaf; fw;gjd; %yk; jdpegu;fSf;Fk;> ehl;bw;Fk; $Ljyhdgad;fs; fpilf;fg; ngw;whYk; juk; 10 ,y; gpuNtrpf;Fk; khztu;fs; nghJthf,g;ghlj;ij njupT nra;Ak;. re;ju;g;gq;fs; kpff; Fiwe;j kl;lq;fspNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.vdNt khztu;fs; ,g;ghlj;ijj; njupT nra;tJ fy;tp mjpfhupfsJk;> Mrpupau;fsJk;nghWg;ghFk;. ,jw;fika ,g;ghlj;ij njupTj; nra;tjw;F khztu;fisCf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ghlj;ij fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tzpff;fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs;> ghl mgptpUj;jpg; gzpg;ghsu;fs;> mjpgu;fs;> gFjpf;Fg;nghWg;ghd Mrpupau;fs; Njitahd topKiwfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ fhyj;jpd;NjitahFk;.

Vx

xi

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhdNjrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;Ntz;Lk;.fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhdfy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk;jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffisepu ;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk;ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpjtpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk;,yf;Fj; njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

1 . kd pj nfsutj ;ijf ; fz;zpag ;gLj ;jy ; vDk; vz;zfUf ;Fs;Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk;vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhuNtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaHvDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

2 . khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpaghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jYk; NgZjYk;.

3 . kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpatpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT>vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk; [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk;cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.

4 . xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gijmbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk;Nkk ;gLj ;jy ;

5 . ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG>Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk; cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fistpUj ;j p nra;jy ; .

6 . jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Ngh\pf;ff; $baJk;,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $baJkhd Mf;fg;gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.

7 . jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhiknra;aTk; jahHg;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk;>vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

8 . ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;LrHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.

(%yk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

mbg;gilj; NjHr;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j

Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

1. njhlHghly; NjHr;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;>

fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk;

vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg;

gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F

Kiwahf msj;jy;

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUkj;ij mwpjy;>

tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why;

ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;>

nrhe ;j tho ;t py ; jfty ; njhlu ;ghly ;

njhopDl;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

2. MSik tpUj;jp njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>

EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>

jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd

jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa

tpOkpaq;fs;

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

3. #oy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk;

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;

jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu;

elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd rk;gpujhaq;fs;>

cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;

mf;fiw

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;>

fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj

tho;T

xii

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk;

mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;>

nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;>

capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G

gw;wpa tpopg;gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk;

Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; > tho ;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk;

njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

4. Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahH nra;jy; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;

Ngh~pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;

mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;

mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;

gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

5. rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j

tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg;

nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk;

cs;thq;fYk;

6. Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa NjHr;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T

Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj

mDgtq;fs;

7. “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlHghd NjHr;rpfs;tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy;

xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw

Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba

czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.

(%yk; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if - 2003)

xiii

Nehf;fq;fs;

01. ‘Kaw;rpahz;ik’ njhlu;gpy; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fs; njhlu;ghd mwptpidg;ngWjy;.

02. tzpf eltbf;iffspd; jd;ik> tzpfq;fsJ r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhuNjitg;ghL vd;git njhlu;ghd mbg;gil tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngWjy;.

03. Kaw;r pahz;ikapd ; k PJ ehl ;lk ; Vw ;gl ;L mjd; cz;ikahdnraw;ghl;lhsuhf khWjy;.

04. r%fj;jpd; ve;jnthU jdpegu; tfpgq;fpYk; ntw;wpfukhd fUkq;fisMw;Wtjw;Fupa jifikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fupa Kaw;rpahz;ikj;Nju;r;rpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

05. Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nkyjpf fy;tp eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk;njhopnyhd;wpy; <LgLjy; vd;gtw;wpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; mbg;gil mwptpidg;ngWjy;.

06. rkepiyahd MSikAld; $ba cau; tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;l jdpegu;xUtuhf khw;wk; ngWjy;.

07. khWk; tzpfr;#oYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf khw;wkile;J ntw;wpfukhdKaw;rpahsu; vd;w tifapy; fUkq;fis Mw;Wtjw;fhd ,aYikiag;ngWjy;.

08. tzpfnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fupa ntw;wpfukhd Muk;gj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk; Rakhfj; njhopnyhd;iw Mw;wf;$batuhf khw;wk; ngWjYk;.

09. cs;ehl;L tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjd; %yk; ehl;bw;Ff; $ba tUkhdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; jdpegnuhUtuhf khWjy;.

10. nghUshjhu> r%f uPjpapy; $ba mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;jd;dk;gpf;ifAila jdpegu; xUtuhf khWjy;.

xiv

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

ghlrhiy kl;lk;

Kaw;r pahz;ikahdJ kpf eilKiw uPjpahdJk; r%f uPjpahdJkhd

ghlnkhd;whFk;. ,g;ghlj;jpy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; ,ad;wsT khztiu

ikakhff; nfhz;ljhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJld;> mjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd tifapy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; ghlrhiyfshy; jpl;lkplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

,q;F fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; eilngWk; Ntisapy; kjpg;gPl;bidAk;

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;baJld; ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;

jpl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; (SBA) fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfisj; jahupf;Fk; nghOJ mjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd epajpfisf; fl;bnaOg;gp kjpg;gPl;bid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,g;ghlj;jpw;fhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l nraw;ghLfspy;

vjpu;ghu;ff;g;gl;l fw;wy; NgWfs; fhzg;gLk; Kiwf;Nfw;g fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL vd;gd

,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tUl ,Wjpj; jtizg;

guPl;irfSf;fhd tpdhg;gj;jpuq;fisj; jahupf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; tpdhg;gj;jpuq;fspd;

khjpupAk; fl;likg;Gk; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tpahdJ tpdhg;gj;jpuk; I> tpdhg;gj;jpuk; II vDk; tifapy; 3

kzpj;jpahyaq;fspy; tpilaspf;ff; $ba ,U tpdhg;gj;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

juk; - 10

tpdhg;gj;jpuk; I - Nju;r;rp 4 tiu cs;slf;fpathW gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fs;

25 If; nfhz;l tpdhg;gj;jpukhFk;. 25x2=50

tpdhg;gj;jpuk; II - Nju;r;rp 4 tiuapy; cs;slf;fpathW fl;likf;fg;gl;l

tpdhf;fs; 6 I cs;slf;fpaJ. 5 tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 5 x 10 = 50 Gs;spfshFk;.

juk; - 11

tpdhg;gj;jpuk; I - KOikahd ghltpjhdj;jpid cs;slf;fpathW

jahupf;fg;gl;l gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fisAk;> RUf;fkhd

tpilaspf;ff; $ba tpdhf;fisAk; nfhz;l nkhj;jk;

40 tpdhf;fis cs;slf;fpa tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpidf;

nfhz;lJ. nkhj;jk; 40 Gs;spfshFk;.

tpdhg;gj;jpuk; II - KOikahd ghltpjhdj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpathW

jahupf;fg;gl;l fl;likg;G> fl;Liu mikg;Gf; nfhz;l

07 tpdhf;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. guPl;rhj;jpfs; 05

tpdhf;fSf;F kl;Lk; tpilaspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU tpdhtpw;Fk; 12 Gs;spfs; tPjk; 5 tpdhf;fSf;F

60 Gs;spfshFk;. tpdhg;gj;jpuk; I, II w;fhd nkhj;jf;fhyk; 03 kzpj;jpahyq;fshFk;. nkhj;jg; Gs;spfs;

100 MFk;.

tpdhg;gj;jpuk; II ,d; fl;likg;G tpdhf;fisj; jahupf;Fk;nghOJ tpla Ma;tpid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopag;gLk;.

tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpd; midj;J tpdhf;fSk; vjpu;ghu;g;G fw;ww;Ngwpid cs;slf;ff;

$bathW cUthf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpd;

midj;J tpdhf;fSk; cj;Njr fw;ww; Ngwpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;FkhW

jahupf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

xv

Mrpupau; topfhl;bapidg;gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhdMNyhridfs;

xvi

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;

tpla cs;slf;fk; ghlNtisfs;

J 447/Ri

1

fw;ww; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rpfs;

5.1 tzpfnkhd;iw

Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf

tzpfj;jpl;lj;jpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

ntspg ; gLj ;J

thu;.

5.2 tzpf tha;g;

g pw ;fhf re ;

ijg ;gLj;jy ;

j pl ; lk ; xd ;

iwj; jahupg;

ghu;.

5.3 g hj p lg ; g l ; l

tpw;gidiaf;

fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

cw;gj;jpf; fpu

aj; jpl;lj;jp

idj; jahupg;

ghu;.

tzpfj;jpl;lk;

mwpKfk;

gad;fs;

tzpfj;jpl;lnkhd;wpd; mikg;G

re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;

mwpKfk;

re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;jpw;Fupa jfty;fs;

re;ij njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;

Kd;nkho pag ;gLk ; tzpfj ;j pd ;

tpw;gidj; je;jpNuhgha topKiwfs;

tpw;gid vjpu;T $wy;

tpw;gid tUkhdq;fSk;> tpw;gidr;

nryTfSk;

tpw;gid tpepNahf ePz;lfhyr;

nrhj;Jf;fs;

cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpl;lk;

mwpKfk;

cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd cs;sPLfs;

ePz;lfhyr; nrhj;Jf;fs;

%yg; nghUl;fs;

Copau;

tzpfj;jpl;lj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk;nghOJ

tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

fye;JiuahLthu;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; gpupTfis

tpgupg;ghu;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;

gjw;Fj; Njitahd re;ijg;gLj;jy;

jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

tpw;gidj; je;jpNuhgha Kiwfis

cjhuzq;fs; %yk; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l re;ijg;gLj;jy; jfty;f

isj; Jizahff; nfhz;L tpw;gidj;

jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fis

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

cj;Njr cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd

cs ;s PLfs pd ; ngWkj pa pidf ;

fzpg;gpLthu;.

cj;Njr cw;gj;jpf ;fhd nkhj;j

45

03

09

09

5.0 tzpf

nkhd ;iw

Muk;gpg;gjw;

fhfj; jpl;l

nkhd;iwj;

jahupg;ghu;.

xvii

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

2


5.4 Kd;nkhopag;

gLk ; tzpf

n k h d ; w p d ;

epu;thf elt

bf;iffSf;fhd

jpl;lj;jpidj;

jahupg;ghu;.

cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;

%yg; nghUl; fpuak;

$ypf;fpuak;

Nke;jiyf;fpuak;

myFf; fpuak;

epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;fhd jpl;lk;

mwpKfk;

epWtdj;jpd; gjtpfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;

Copau; rk;gsKk; $ypAk;

Vida epu;thfr; nryTfs;

epu;thf epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fs;

cw;gj;jpf ; fpuaj;ijf; fzpj;J

myFf;fhd fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpd; epu;thf

eltbf;iffSf;Fupa jpl;lj;jpy;

cs ;slf ;fg ; gl ;Ls ;s gjt pfs ;

mtu;fSf;Fupa nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;

wpw;fhd cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

cj;Njr tzpfj ;j pd ; e pUthf

eltbf;iffSf;fhd nryTfisf;

fzpg;gpLthu;.

cj;Njr tzpfj;jpdJ epu ;thfr;

nryTfsJ jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;ghu;. cj;Njr tzpfj;jpid Muk;gpg;gjw;F

Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba fUkq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr;; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

06

xviii

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

3


5.5 epjpj;jpl;lj;jpd;nraw;ghl;bw;FKd;duhdnryTj;jpl;lj;jpidj;jahupg;ghu;.

5.6 cj;Njrtzpfj;ijMuk;gpg;gjw;Fj;Njit ahdnkhj;jr;nryT fisf;fUj;jpw;nfhz;LKjyPl;Lj;jpl;lj;ijj;jahupg;ghu;.

epjpj; jpl;lk; mwpKfk;

tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;duhdfUkq;fSk;> mjw;fhd nryTfSk; mwpKfk; re;ij Ma;T epiya ,lj;ij Maj;jg;gLj;jy; nghUl;;fisAk;> cgfuzq;fisAk;Njbawpjy;.

gjpT nra;jy; Vidait

nkhj;j KjyPl;Lj; jpl;lk; mwpKfk; epiyahd nrhj;Jf;fs; Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Vw;glf;$bankhj;jr; nryTfs;

md;whl fUkq;fis elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf jd;dplk; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;bafhRg; ngWkhdk;

cj;Njr tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;FKd;du; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fUkq;fSf;fhd cj ;Njr nryTfisf ;fzpg;gpLthu;.

toq ;fg ; gl ; l tzpfj ;j pd ;nraw;ghlbw;F Kd;duhd nryTfs;mlq;fpa jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

cj;Njr tzpfj;jpd; nkhj;j KjyPl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; cUg;gbfis cjhuzq;fSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.

cj;Njr tzpfj;jpd; md;whl eltbf;iffis elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhfVw;gLk; nryTfis fzpg;gpLthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfj;jpw;fhd nkhj;jKjyPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

03

06

xixx

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

4


5.7 cj;Njr fhRcl;gha;r;ry;>fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;ltiziaj ;jahupg;ghu;.

5.8 cj;Njr tU

khdq;fs;>

nryTfisf;

fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

tzpf elt

bf;iffspd;

ngWNgw;wpid

fzpg;gpLthu;.

fhR cl;gha;r;rYk;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;rYk; mwpKfk; cj;Njr fhR cl;gha;r;ry; cj;Njr fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry;

tzpfg; ngWNgw;wpidf; fzpg;gply;

mwpKfk;

nkhj;j tUkhdq;fs;

nkhj;jr; nrytpdq;fs;

cj;Njr ,yhgk;

cj;Njr tzpfj;jpd; fhR cl;gha;r;ry;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

cj;Njr tzpfj;jpd; fhR ntspg;gha;r ;rYf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfj;jpd; fhR cl;gha;r ;ry;> fhR ntspg ;gha;r ;ry;mlq;fpa ml;ltiznahd;iwj;jahupg;ghu;.

Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;Fupa tzpfj;jpdJ

ngWNgw ;w pidf ; fzpg ;gjw ;Fj ;

Njitahd cUg ; gbfis

cjhuzq;fSld; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfj;jpdJ ngWNgw;

wpidf; fzpg;gpLtjw;Fj; Njitahd

cUg;gbfis ngWkhdq;fSld;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpdJ Fwpj;j

fhyg;gFjpf ;Fupa tpistpidf;

fzpg;gpLthu;.

03

06

xx

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

5


6.1 tzpf

mikg;G tif

fis mwpe;J

nfhs;thu;.

6.2 jdpahs;ciliktzpfmikg;igmwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.

6.3 gq;Filiktzpfmikg;igmwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fspd; tiffs;

mwpKfk;

Nehf;fj;jpdbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;

cupikapdbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;

jdpahs; cilik tzpfk; mwpKfk; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; Muk;gpj;jy; mD$yq;fSk; tiuaiwfSk;

gq;Filik tzpfk; mwpKfk; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; Muk;gpj;jy; mD$yq;fSk;> tiuaiwfSk;

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis cjhuzq;

fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis Nehf;fj;jpdbg;

gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp cjhuzq;

fSld; fhl;Lthu;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis cupikapd;

mbg ; gila py ; tifg ; gLj ;j p f ;

fhl;Lthu;.

jdpahs; cilikfspd; mbg;gilg;gz;GfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

jdpahs; cilik tzpfq;fisMuk;gpg;gjw;fhd rl;ltpjpfis tpsf;Fthu;.

jdpahs; cilik tzpfq;fspd; mD$yq;fisAk;> tiuaiwfisAk;Kd;itg;ghu;.

gq;Filik tzpfj;jpd; mbg;gilg;gz;GfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisKd;itg;ghu;.

gq;Filik tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd rl;ltpjpfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

gq;Filik tzpfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;mD$yq;fisAk;> tiwaiwfisAk; Kd;itg;ghu;.

24

03

06

06

6.0 tzpfj;ij

Mu k ; g p g ;

g j w ; F g ;

nghUj;jkhd

t z p f

mikg;Gf ;

f i s j ;

Njbawpthu;.

xx i

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

6


6.4 $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.

6.5 fl;lisaf

tzpfj;jpid

mwpe;Jnfhs;thu;.

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; mwpKfk; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; tiwaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdpfs; Muk;gpj;jy; mD$yq;fSk;> tiuaiwfSk;

fl;lisaf tzpfk;

mwpKfk;

mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;

Muk;gpj;jy;

mD$yq;fSk;> tiuaiwfSk;

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;wpd;mbg;gilg; gz;GfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdpfisMuk;g pg ;gjw ;fhd rl ;ltpj pfistpsf;Fthu;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdpfspd;mD$yq;fisAk;> tiuaiwfisAk; Kd;itg;ghu;.

fl;lisaf tzpfj;jpdJ mbg;gilg;

gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

fl;lisaf tzpfj;jpid Muk;gpg;gjw;

Fupa rl;ltpjpfis Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.

fl;lisaf tzpfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

mD$yq;fisAk;> tiuaiwfisAk;

Kd;itg;ghu;.

06

03xxii

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

7


7.1 ,yq;ifapy;

Kaw ;r pahz;

ikf; fyhrhu

n k h d ; W

cUthtjpy ;

f hzg ; g L k ;

re ;ju ;g ;gKk;>

mJ njhlu;gh

ff; fhzg;gLk;

tiuaiwfis

Ak; Njbawp

thu;.

,yq ;ifa pd ; Kaw ; r pahz ;ikf ;

fyhrhunkhd;W cUthtjw;fhff; fhzg;

gLk; re;ju;g;gk;

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhrhuk; - mwpKfk;

Kaw;r pahz;ikf; fyhrhunkhd;W

cUthFtjd; Njitg;ghL

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhrhunkhd;iw

cUthFtjw;Fr; rhjfkhff; fhzg;gLk;

r%f> nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;

ehl;bd; nghUshjhu> murpay;

epiyik

murpdJk;> Vida epWtdq;fspdJk;

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

FLk;g tzpfj ;ij njhlu ;e ;J

elhj;jpr; nry;yy;

tsq;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba

,aYik

ghupasthd tzpfq;fshy; fpilf;

Fk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

Kd;khjpupahd elj;ijfs;

gy;NtW gpuptpdu;fspdhy; fpilf;Fk;

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

Kaw;rpahz;ikapy; ehl;lk; Vw;gLtjw;F

vjpuhf Vw;gLk; r%f uPjpahd fhuzpfs;

,yq;ifapy ; Kaw;r pahz;ikf ;

fyhrhunkhd;wpd; Njitg;ghl;bw;fhd

fhuzq;fis Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.


fyhrhunkhd ;W Vw ; gLtj py ;

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUshjhu

r%ff ; fhuz pfSf ;fhd

cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.


fyhrhunkhd;W cUthf;Ftjw;Fj;

jilahf ,Uf;fpd;w fhuzpfis

tpsf;Fthu;.

21

06

7.0 ,yq;if

apy; Kaw;

rpahz;ikf;

fy h r h u

nk hd ; W

Njhd;Wt

j w ; f h d

re;ju;g;gq;

f i s j ;

Njbawpthu;.

xxiii

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

8


06

03

ngz;fs; Kaw;rp;ahz;ikapy; <LgL

tjd; Njitg;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;J

thu;.

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fUkq;fis Nkw;

nfhs;tjw;fhfg; ngz;fsplk; fhzg;

gLk; gyd;fisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

ngz;fs; tzpfq;fspy; <LgLtJ

njhlu;ghf ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpDs;

fhzg ; gLk ; tiuaiwfis

cjhuzq; fSld; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

tzpf> r%f nghWg;Gf;fs;> tpOkpaq;

fs; njhlu;ghfr; Rakhd fUj;jpid

tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpfg; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;W

tjw;Ff; flg;ghLs;s gpuptpdu;fis

cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpfq;fspy; r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fs;

tpOkpaq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;bajd;

Njitg;ghl;bid fye;JiuahLthu;.

Kaw ; r pa hz ;ik vDk ; tifa py ;

ngz;fspd; tfpgq;F

mwpKfk;

ngz;fs; tzpfq;fspy; <LgLj;Jtjw;F

Kd;tUjypd; Njitg;ghLk; mjw;fhd

toptiffSk;

Kaw;r pahz;ik vDk ; tifapy ;

ngz;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; gyq;fs;

ngz;fs; tzpfq;fspy; <LglYk; mJ

njhlu;ghff; fhzg;gLk; jilfSk;

tzpf r%fg;nghWg;Gf;fSk;> tzpf

tpOkpaq;fSk;

mwpKfk;

tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jk;

gpuptpdu;

tzpfq;fspy; r%fg; nghWg;Gf; fisAk;

tzpf tpOkpaq;fisAk; gpd;gw;Wtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

7.2 ,yq;ifapd;

Kaw ;r pahz;

ikf; fyhrhu

n k h d ; i w

cUthf;Ftjpy;

n g z ; f s J

tf p g q ; f p d ;

gq;fspg;gpid

tpku;rpg;ghu;.

7.3 r%f nghWg;

Gf;fs; tpOkp

aq;fisg; gpd;

gw ;w p r pwe ;j

Kaw ;r pahz;

ikf; fyhrhu

n k hd ; i w f ;

fl;bnaOg;Gt

jpy ; ehl ;lk ;

Vw;gLtjidf;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

xxiv

Nju;r ;rp

kl;lq;fs;


J 447/Ri

9


06

90

Gjpa tzpfq;fSf;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;

fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; Njitg;

ghl;bidf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

,yq;ifapy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F

toq;fg;gLk; epjp kw;Wk; epjp rhuhj

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis

rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F epjp

kw;Wk; epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis

toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSf;fhd cjhu

zq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

Gj pa tzpfq ; fis Muk ; g p f ;Fk ;

tzpfu;fSf;fhf eilKiwapy; fhzg;

gLk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSk;> epWtdq;fSk;

mwpKfKk; mjd; Njitg;ghLk;

Cf;Ftpg;G tiffs;

epjp rhu;e;j

epjp rhuhj

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

epjp rhu;e;j Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

epjp rhuhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

7.4 Gjpa tzpfq;

fis Muk;gpg;

g t u ; f i s

Cf;Ftpg;gjw;

fhd eltbf;

iffis Nkw;

n f h s ; S k ;

epWtdq;fs;>

m i t f s J

Ntiyj; jpl;

lq;fs; vd;gd

n j h l u ; g h f

Njbawpjypy;

ehl;lk; nrYj;

Jtij ntspg;

gLj;Jthu;.

xxv

1

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhdMNyhridfs;

2

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhfj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj;

jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf tzpfj;jpl;lj;jpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs;; : 03

fw;wy; NgWfs; : ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lg; ghlNtisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;>

tzpfj; jpl;lj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;

fye;JiuahLthu;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijAk; mJ njhlu;gpy;

ghl E}ypYs;s ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; rpwe;j tpsf;fnkhd;wpidg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sTk;. gpd;du;> gpd;tUk; MNyhridfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa Kjy; ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ,izg;G 5.1.1

,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpid tFg;giwf;F Kd;itf;fTk;.

tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpYk;> tPl;Lg; gFjpfspYk; tPnlhd;iw epu;khzpf;f Kd;du;

mt;thwhd jpl;lnkhd;wpd; Njitg;ghl;bidAk; khztu;fsplk; tpdtpathW

rpe;jidf; fpswnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

Kaw;rpahsupd; tzpff; fUj;Jf;fis> cz;ikahd tzpfnkhd;iw khw;wp

eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F tzpfj; jpl;lkhdJ jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij

khztu;fSf;F cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghl;bd; gpd;du; tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jp>

tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mjd;

ed;ikfs; vd;git njhlu;gpy; khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s topfhl;lTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpy; cs;slq;fpAs;s gpd;tUk; mbg;gil tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy;

RUf;fkhd tpsf;fnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;

re;ij Ma;T


cw;gj;jpf; fpua kjpg;gPL

epu;thfr; nraw;ghL njhlu;gpyhd kjpg;gPL

epjp kjpg;gPL

,izg;G 5.1.2 cs;slq;fpAs;s FOj;Njly; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk;> ,zzg;G

5.1.3 ,y; cs;slq;fpAs;s tpNrl gpuKfupd; ciuapidAk; gad;gLj;jp

khztu;fisj; Njlypy; <LgLj;j KbAk;.

,j;Nju;;r;rp kl;lf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ tplak; rhu;e;j my;yJ

fl;likg;Gf; fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUj;jkhd

kjpg;gPLfis khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

3

cjhuzk; : tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; ed;ikfis Kd;itf;fTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; mbg;gil tplaq;fisg; ngauplTk;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; / vz;zf;fU :

tzpfj; jpl;lKk; mjd; mbg;gil %yq;fSk;.

epiwNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;

re;ij Ma;T


cw;gj;jpf; fpua kjpg;gPL

epu;thfr; nraw;ghL njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPL

epjp kjpg;gPL

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

juk; 11 ,d; ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myF

,izg;G 5.1.1 tPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujpnahd;W

,izg;G 5.1.2> 5.1.3 vd;gtw;wpd; gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

tzpfj; jpl;lj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; gad;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; %yq;fisg; ngaupl;L tpsf;Fthu;.

,izg;G 5.1.1

tPl;Lj; jpl;lk;

4

,izg;G 5.1.2

FOj; NjbawpjYf;fhd MNyhridfs;

cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilj;j tpNrl gpuKfupd; ciuapid ed;whf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sTk;

mt;TiuapDs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid

ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

,it jtpu;e;j tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpy; fhzf;$ba NtW gad;fs;

fhzg;gLkhapd; mtw;wpidf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

ciuapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jbj;j vOj;Jf;fshy; mr;rplg;gl;l gjq;fis

my;yJ nrhw;nwhlu;fis njhFjpfshf;Ftjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.

mg;gjq;fs; my;yJ nrhw;nwhlu; njhFjpfspd; %yk; njspTgLj;jg;gLk;

tplaq;fspdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;W njhlu;ghf tpNrl gpuKfu;fsplkpUe;J NkYk; tpguq;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;b ,Uf;fpd;wJ vdf; fUJk; tplaq;fs; VJkpUg;gpd;;

mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; KO tFg;gpw;Fk;

Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jkhfTk;.

,izg;G 5.1.3

tpNrl gpuKfupd; ciu

ghlrhiy tzpfr; rq;fnkhd;wpdhy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Ntiyj; jpl;;lnkhd;wpw;F

tpNrl gpuKfuhf tUif je;j tq;fp Kfhikahsupdhy; Mw;wg;gl;l ciuapypUe;J

ngau;j;njLf;fg;gl;l gFjpnahd;W fPNo jug;gLfpd;wJ.

fld; toq;FtNj tq;fpfspd; gpujhd tzpff; fUkkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. tzpf

eltbf;iffSf;fhff; flidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s vq;fis ehbtUk; mNdfkhdtu;fs;

jkJ tzpfk; njhlu;ghd jpl;lnkhd;iwf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. ehk; tzpfj;

jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wjd; gpd;du; epiyikfis kjpg;gPL

nra;Nj fld; toq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjw;fhff; fld;

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ mf;fld; njhif tzpfj;jpy; vt;thW KjyPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ>

tzpfupdhy; tzpf eltbf;iffSf;fhf mtuJ epjpapypUe;J ve;jstpyhd njhif

KjyPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ> vf;fhyg; gFjpapy; vj;JiwfSf;F fld; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

tzpfj;ij elhj;jpr; nry;ifapy; tzpfj;jpdhy; <l;lg;gLk; ciog;Gf;fspypUe;J

vt;thW fld; kPsr; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gitfs; njhlu;gpy; ehk; ftdQ;

nrYj;JNthk;. cz;ikapy; flidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F khj;jpuNk tzpfj;

jpl;lk; gaDs;sjhf mikfpd;wJ vdf; fUj KbahJ. Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; tzpfkhdJ

ntw;wpfukhdjhf cs;sjh? KjyPl;bw;Fj; Njitahd ciog;gpidg; ngw;Ws;sjh?

mNjNghd;W tzpfUf;Fj; jdJ tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j ek;gpf;if Vw;gLfpd;wjh?

ehq;fs; tq;fpapd; gf;fj;jpypUe;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpw;fika tzpfk;

elhj;jpr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wjh? ,t;thwhd epiyapy; vq;fshy; mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl

Ntz;ba NtW Nritfs; ,Uf;fpd;wdth? Nghd;w tpguq;fisj; NjbawpNthk;.

5

cj;Njr tzpfk; njhlu;ghf rpwe;j vz;zf;fUg; glnkhd;whf tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpidf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;.

mNjNghd;W tzpfj;jpd; nry;newpapidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; glnkhd;whff; fhzg;gLk;

tPnlhd;iw epu;khzpg;gjw;F Kd;du; jpl;lnkhd;W tiuag;gLk; vd;gjid ePq;fs;

mwptPu;fs;. mNjNghd;Wjhd; tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ vOj;J tbtpy;

jpl;lnkhd;W jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; tzpfkhdJ

mwpKfg;gLj;jp tpgu pf ;fg ;gl ;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jdJ tzpfj;jpw;Fk;

Nghl;bahfTs;s tzpfu;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mtu;fspdhy; cupikg;gLj;pf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s re;ijapd; gq;F> mtu;fsJ tzpf cghaq;fs;> jdJ tzpf

cghaq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpr; re;ijg; gFg;gha;nthd;wpy; <LgLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. mLj;J re;ijg;gLj;Jtjw;F jhd; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; nghUs;fs; my;yJ

NritfsJ msTfis khjj;jpw;F my;yJ xU tUlj;jpw;nfd;wthW fhl;b

mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F my;yJ xU

tUlj;jpw;fhd tpw;gidg; ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpw;gidj; jpl;lj;jpidj;

jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;du; tpw;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nghUs;fs; my;yJ

NritfsJ msTfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F Vw;gLk; nryTfis cs;slf;fpajhd

cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tzpfkhdJ epu;thff;

fUkq;fSf;fhf Vw;gLk; nryTfisf; fUj;jpw ; nfhz;L epUthfr ;

nryTfslq;fpa kjpg;gPnlhd;iw cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; tzpfj;jpdhy;

vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; nryTfs;> tUkhdq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L tUkhdf;

$w;nwhd;iwj; jahupj;J mjidAk; tzpfj; jpl;lj;j;pDs; cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,Wjpahf tzpfupd; tpguq;fs; tzpfj;jpd; ngau;> cj;Njrf; fld; ngWkhdk;>

KjyPl;bw;fhd ciog;G vd;gdtw;wpidr; RUf;fnkhd;whff; fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lkhdJ tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F kl;Lkd;wp jw;NghJ

,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; tzpfnkhd;iw etPdkag;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLk;

flidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gaDilajhf mikAk;. tzpfq;fis Muk;gpf;Fk;

mNefUf;F tzpfj; jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fnkhd;wpy;yhjpUj;jy;

$Lk;. MapDk;> tzpfj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;J toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd

MNyhridfis toq;Fk; njhopy;rhu; epWtdq;fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpypUe;Jk;

jkf;Fk; Njitahd Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

6


jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : tzpf tha;g;gpw;fhf re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iwj;

jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 09


re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd re;ijj;


re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha topKiwfis cjhuzq;fs; %yk; tpsf;Fthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l re;ijj; jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpw;gid

kjpg;gP;l;bid Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidAk; mjDld;

,ize;j ghl tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; rpwe;j njsptpidg;; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.

gpd;du; gpd;tUk; MNyhrid njhlu;gpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; Kjy; ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ “kPd; ghl;L “

vDk; ghliy tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;J mjpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tzpfk; njhlu;gpyhd

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzur; nra;aTk;. my;yJ fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

mUk;nghUl; gjq;fspd; vz;zf;fUf;fis ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sf;$bathW

ePq;fs; mwpe;j ftpijnahd;iw my;yJ fijnahd;iw Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

gz;lq;fs;

re;ij

Efu;Nthu;

tpw;gidg; gpuNjrk;

tpw;gidia mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cgha topKiwfs;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghLfSf;fpilNa re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iw

mwpKfg;gLj;jp mjpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; njhlu;gpy; khztu;fs;

mwpar; nra;aTk;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gJ njhlu;gpy; Kaw;rpahsu; Njitahd

jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ij Ma;nthd;wpid (Njbawpjy; %yk;)

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf

5.2.1 FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gbtj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp khztu;fis

nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;W khztu;fshy;

jahupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

,jw;fhd gapw;rpnahd;iwr; nra;tjw;F MNyhridg; gbtj;ijAk;> ,izg;G

5.2.3 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s “nrhg;l; nlha;];” tzpfj;jpd; re;ijg;gLj;jy;

jp;l;lnkhd;iwAk; khztu;fSf;F toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

7

khztu;fs; “nrhg;l;nlha;]; “ tzpfj;jpd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisg; ngw;W mtu;fs; jkJ Racw;gj;jpg; nghUspw;fhd re;ijg;gLj;jy;

jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;fhd tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by;

<LgLj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; njhlu;gpyhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd tplak;

rhu;e;j my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg;

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPl;bid khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; : re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ mjpy;

cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w re;ijg;gLj;jy; nryTfs; njhlu;ghd

gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

cw;gj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpd; tpw;gidia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf rpw;wsT

tzpfnuhUtu; vLf;f Ntz;ba topKiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.

cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; nraw;gl;LtUk; gpd;tUk; tzpfq;fspd; tpw;gidia

mjpfupg;gjw;F eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s cgha topKiwfis Kd;itf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; : nrhj;J tpw;gid

Nkyjpf tFg;Gf;fs;

ntJg;gf cw;gj;jpfs;

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; / vz;zf;fU : :

re;ij

cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;

Nghl;bj;jd;ik

re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha topKiwfs; ( cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;> tpiy> ,lk;>

Nkk;gLj;jy;)

tpw;gid vjpu;T$wy;

tpw;gid tUkhdk;

tpw;gidr; nryTfs;

tpw;gidia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

juk; 11 ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF

,izg;G 5.2.1 FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gbtk;

,izg;G 5.2.2 FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gbtk;

,izg;G 5.2.3 nrhg;l; nlha;]; tzpfj;jpd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;.


cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpw;fhd re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

toq;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jpg; nghUnshd;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha

topKiwfisj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

8

,izg;G 5.2.1

FOj; NJbawpjYf;fhd MNyhridfs;

“jpUkz cw;trk; “

cq;fsJ jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba tzpfr; re;ju;g;gq;fis

fye;JiuahlypD}lhfj; jPu;khdpj;J mr;re;ju;g;gq;fis vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

mt;tzpfr; re;ju;g;gq;fspypUe;J tzpfnkhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdJ vdj; jPu;khdpf;ff;$ba tzpf re;ju;g;gnkhd;iwj; njupT

nra;aTk;.

mt;tzpfr; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;fika cq;fshy; toq;Ftjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; nghUs;

my;yJ Nritfis cWjpahfg; ngaupl;L mtw;wpid mwpKfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

ePq;fs; mg;nghUs; my;yJ Nritia toq;Ftjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

gpuptpdu;fis (Efu;Nthu; FO) tpgupf;fTk;. (cjhuzk; : taJ> ghy;> tUkhdk;>

njhopy;)

mg;gpuptpdu;fs; g+Nfhs uPjpapy;; guk;gpAs;s tpjj;jpid tpsf;fTk; (gpuNjr

uPjpahf> efu uPjpahf )

me;Efu;Nthu;fs; mg;nghUl;fis my;yJ Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;

Kiw vt;thW vd;gjid (cjhuzk; : ,ilapilNa> ehshe;jk; Njitg;gLk;

NghJ kl;Lk;> vg;NghjhtJ xU ehspy; kl;Lk; ) tpsf;fTk;.

cq;fshy; Kd;itg;gjw;F cj;Njrpf;Fk; nghUs; my;yJ Nritfisj; jw;NghJ

Efu;Nthh; ahuplkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;? vt;ntt; ,lq;fspypUe;J?

Efu;NthUf;F ve;jstpyhd nghUl;fs; my;yJ Nritfs; toq;fg;gLtjw;F

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ? (ehnshd;wpf;F / thunkhd;wpw;F / khjnkhd;wpw;F)

cq;fsJ nghUs; my;yJ Nritia Efu;Nthu; vt;thW nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fr;

re;ju;g;gkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

me;Efu;NthUf;F cq;fsJ nghUs; my;yJ Nritapd; kPJ <u;g;ig

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F cq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba topKiwfs; vit?

cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk;; Kd;itg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fTk;

/ Maj;jkhfTk;.

9

,izg;G 5.2.2

FOj; NjbawpjYf;fhd MNyhridfs;

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspypUe;J cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s jiyg;gpd; kPJ

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jTk;.

ghlrhiyg; Gj;jfg; ig

tho;j;J ml;ilfs;

nrhg;l; nlhap]; tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gidj; jpl;lj;jpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;.

cq;fsJ jiyg;gpw;Fupa re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ijj; jahpg;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd FOf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.

cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;

,yf;F Efu;Nthu; FO

,yf;F re;ijg; gpuNtrk;

Nghl;bahsu;fSk;> mtu;fsJ re;ijg; gq;Fk;

Nghl;bahsu;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha topKiwfs;

jdJ re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha topKiwfs;

cj;Njr tpw;gidj; njhiffSk;> mtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fSk; khjhe;jk;

tUlhe;jk; vDk; tifapy;

cj;Njr tpw;gidg; Gus;T khjhe;jk;> tUlhe;jk; vDk; tifapy;

cj;Njr tpw;gidr; nryTfs; khjhe;jk;> tUlhe;jk; vDk; tifapy;

fye;JiuahlypD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jpa jfty;fis Nkw;fhl;ba jiyg;Gf;fspd;

fPo; cs;slf;fTk;.

cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; KO tFg;gpw;Fk;


10

cj;Njr nrhg;l; nlha;];tzpfj;jpd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;.

cw;gj;jp - myq;fhug; gz;lhf;fs; (Panda) ,yf;F Efu;Nthu; - myq;fhur; nry;yg; gpuhzpfs; kPJ md;G nrYj;Jk;

ngz;fSk;> gps;isfSk;. re;ij - Nffhiy khtl;lj;jpy; myq;fhug; Panda f;fSf;F

Gtpapay; gpuNjrk; - Nffhiy khtl;lj;jpd; cj;Njr Gtpapay;mjpffhuj;j;pw;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrk;

Nghl;bahsu;fSk; mtu;fspd; re;ijg;gq;Fk;. re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha topKiwfs;

r[p nlha;]; - 20%

nrhg;l; nlha;]; - 20%

Vida toq;Feu;fs; - 60%

,izg;G 5.2.3

cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;

tpiy

,lk; - tpepNahfk;

Nkk;gLj;jy;

nrhg;l; nlha;];

Jzp> gQ;R

Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

jahupf;fg;gl;l myq;fhug;

gz;lhf;fs; (Panda)

Nghl;bahsu;fspd;

tpiyf;F mz;kpajhf

Fiwe;jgl;r myF tpiy

&gh 300

myq;fhug; nghUl;fs;

tpw;gid nra;Ak;

tpw;gid epiya

cupikahsu; %yk;

Efu;NthUf;F

tpepNahfpj;jy;.

tpw;gid epiyaq;fspy;

gz;lhf;fiyf;;

fhl;rpg;gLj;jy;

vz;khd Kiwapy;

mr;rplg;gl;l

gjhijfspd; fz;fhl;rp.

Nghl;bahsu;fs;

JzpiaAk;

gQ;rpidAk;

gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;l

gz;lhf;fs; (Panda)

cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; ,yhg tPjk;

Nru;f;fg;gl;L tUk; tpiy.

rpy;yiw tpahghupfs;

%yk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l

thfdj;jpd; %yk;

( thuhe;j re;ijfspy;)

tpahghuf; fopT toq;fy;

tpsk;gug; gyiffs;

20%

20%60%

r[p nlha;];

nrhg;l; nlha;];Vida toq;Feu;fs;

11

tpw;gid myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

tpw;gidg; Gus;T

re;ijg;gLj;jy; nryTfs; (tpw;gid tpepNahfr; nryTfs;)

tpw;gidia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fupa eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fs;

Kr;rf;fu tz;b &gh 480>000

khjhe;j cw;gj;jp

myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

3>000

tUlhe;j cw;gj;jp

myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

36>000

cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;

Jzp> gQ;R

vd;gdtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jpj;

jahupf;fg;gl;l

gz;lhf;fs;(Panda)

cw;gj;jpg;

nghUs;

Jzp> gQ;R

vd;gtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jp

cUthf;fg;gl;l

gz;lhf;fs;;

(Panda)

khjhe;j

tpw;gid

myFfs;

3>000

mynfhd;wpd;

tpw;gid tpiy

&gh

&gh 300

nkhj;jg; Gus;T &gh

khjhe;jk;

900>000

tUlhe;jk;

10>800>00.00

khjhe;j nryTfs;

(&gh)

12>000

15>000

5>000

4>000

36>000

tUlj;jpw;fhdnryTfs;

(&gh)

144>000

180>000

60>000

48>000

432>000

cUg;gbfs;

tpepNahfr; nryTfs;

tpsk;gur; nryTfs;

vupnghUs;fs;

Kr;rf;fu tz;b -

nkhj;jk;

12


jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3: ghjpg;gile;j tpw;gidiaf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L cw;gj;jpf;

fpuaj; jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 09


cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;

cj;Njr cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd cs;sPLfspd; ngWkjpapidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

cj;Njr cw;gj;jpnahd;wpd; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpid kjpg;gpl;L myFf;

f;puaj;jpid fzpg;gpLthu;.


,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb ghl cs;slf;fk; njhlu;gpYk; mjDld;

,ize;j ghlg; Gj;jfj;jpYs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; rpwe;j njsptpidg;; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sTk;.

mjd; gpd;du; gpd;tUk; MNyhridfs; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; Kjyhtjhfg; ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ,yFthff; fpilf;ff;$ba mUikAila nghUl;fs; rpytw;iw midj;Jkhztu;fSf;Fk; fpilf;ff; $bathW ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

fljhrpj; Jz;L cwpQ;Rk; Foha; (Straw) bikj;jhs; if Jilf;Fk; jhs; fbd fljhrp ml;ilj; jl;L fbd fljhrp ml;il ntw;Wg; Ngid toq;Fjy;

mg;nghUl;fis xt;nthU khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;fp mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpVjhtnjhd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd MNyhridia toq;fp mr;nraw;ghl;by;<LgLj;jTk;.

khztu;fsJ ntspaPLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahdgpd;tUk; cUg;gbfs; njhlu;ghf mtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwelhj;jTk;.cjhuzk; :

%yg;nghUl;;fSk;> mjw;fhd fpuaKk; $ypAk; Copaf; fpuaKk; cs;sPl;bw;Fk; ntspaPl;bw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fs; cw;gj;jpf;Fr; nrytplg;gl;l Vida nryTfs; (ntspr;rk;> fhw;W) cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;

cw;gj;jpf; fpua kjpg;gPl;bw;Fupa vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghf NkYk; mDgtq;fisg;ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F fljhrpj; jhs;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhg;gp nra;Ak;tpisahl;L Kd;nkhopag;gLfpd;wJ. fljhrpj; jhs;fspd; %yk; njhg;gp nra;Ak;t pisahl ;Lj ; njhlu ;g pyhd MNyhridfs; ,izg;G 5.3.1,y ;cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld;> mJ njhlu;gpyhd rpwe;j tpsf;fj;jpid Mrpupau;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

13

khztu;fis cj;Njr tpisahl;by; <Lglr; nra;jjd; gpd;du; cw;gj;jpf;Fupa

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zf;fUit NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;jr; nra;aTk;.

mt;thwpd;Nwy; ,jw;fhf ,izg;G 5.3.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s cw;gj;jp

tpisahl;bidAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

tpisahl;bd; gpd;du; ,izg;G 5.3.3 ,y; cs;s FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg;

gbtj;ijAk; ,izg;G 5.3.4 ,y; cs;s gpupah jsghl cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpd;

epfo;tpidAk; khztu;fSf;F toq;fpf; FOj; Njlypy; mtu;fis <Lglr;

nra;aTk;.

gpupah jsghl cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; vDk; tzpfj;jpd; cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd;

nraw;ghl;Lj; jfty;fs; %yk; jahupf;ff;$ba cw;gj;jpf; fpua kjpg;gPnlhd;W

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

cw;gj;jpf; fpuaf; fzpg;gPL

mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuak; =

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; tplak; rhu;e;j my;yJ

fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPLfis

khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

jpde;NjhWk; gfYztpw;fhf czTg; nghjpfis tpw;gid nra;Ak; jdJ

tzpfnkhd;wpd; cj;Njr jfty;fs; gpd;tUkhW :

&gh

15>000

500

1>500

2>500

20>000

22>000

1>000

4>000

2>000

500

1>000

&gh

19>500

42>000

8>500

70>000

%yg; nghUl;fs;;

tpwF 1000 mb

Mzp 2 fpNyh fpuhk;

epwg; g+r;R 2 yPw;wu;

Vida nghUl;fs;

$yp

jr;Rj; njhopyhsp 01

cjtpahsu;fs; 02 (11>000)

cw;gj;jpf;fhd Vida nryTfs;

njhopw;rhiy kpd;rhuk;

njhopw;rhiy thlif

,ae;jpug; guhkupg;Gk; gOJghu;j;jYk;

njhopw;rhiyr; Rj;jpfupg;G

,ae;jpu cgfuzj; Nja;T

nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;


cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if

14

czTg; nghjpfis toq;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;

&gh

rk;gh muprp 8 fpNyh fpuhk; (1 fpNyh fpuhk; &gh 75) 600

fha;fwpfs; 800

kPd; (3 fpNyh fpuhk; - 1 fpNyh fpuhk; &gh 400) 1>200

Vida nghUl;fs; 1>000

Njq;fha; 05 ( xd;W &gh 50 gb) 250

vupnghUs; 500

czT jahupg;gtupd; rk;gsk; 500


myFf; fpuak; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpf;fTk;.


cs;sPLfs;> ntspaPLfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;

eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fs;.

cw;gj;jpg; nghJ Nke;jiyf; fpuak;

cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;

myFf; fpuak;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF

gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf cj;Njr nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;

5.3.3 FOj; Njbawpjy; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

5.3.4 gpupah jsghl tzpfj;jpd; tpla Ma;Tf;Fj; Njitahd gpujpfs;


cw;gj;jpf; fpua kjpg;gPnlhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if nkhj;jf; fpuak; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

cw;gj;jp myFf; fpuaj;ijf; fzp;g;gpLthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspD}lhf cw;gj;jpf; fpua kjpg;gPl;bidj; jahupg;ghu;.

15

,izg;G 5.3.1

njhg;gpia cUthf;Fk; tzpf tpisahl;by; <LgLtjw;fhd

MNyhridfs;

khztu;fis ,U FOf;fshf my;yJ mjidtpf; $ba FOf;fshf cw;gj;jpapy;

<Lglr; nra;aTk;.

gpd;tUk; tpisahl;bw;fhd ,lj;ij tFg;giwapy; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

tq;fp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd ,lnkhd;W

%yg; nghUl;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk; KbTg;nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;Fkhd ,lnkhd;W

xt;nthU FOf;fspypUe;Jk; Rakhf Kd;tUk; ,U khztu;fs; tPjk; njupT

nra;J Nkw;fhl;ba ,lq;fspy; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;. khztu;fs;

NghJkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; ,y;yhjpUg;gpd; Mrpupau; Nkw;fhl;ba nraw;ghl;by;

<LglTk;.

cw;gj;jpf; FOf;fSf;F tq;fpf; flidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; mt;thW

toq;fg;gl;l fld; tl;b vd;gtw;iw mwtpl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy;> cw;gj;jpj;

Jiwapduhy; toq;fg;gLk; gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fSf;fhd gz nrYj;JjYk;> mtw;iw

mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;.

%yg;nghUs; toq;fy;> KbTg;nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; ,lk;

xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; %yg;nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;jy; xt;nthU

FOtpdhYk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l njhg;gpfsJ juj;ijg; guprPyid nra;J

nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; mjid mwpf;ifg;gLj;jYk;>

njhg;gp nra;Ak; tpisahl;bw;fhd nghJthd MNyhridfs;.

xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; tpisahl;bw;Ffhf %d;W re;ju;g;gq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.

xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; cr;rj;njhifahf &gh 200 toq;fg;gLtJld;> %d;W

Rw;Wf;fshf Nghl;b eilngWk;. %d;whk; Rw;wpd; ,Wjpapy; fld; gzj;ij

tl;bAld; tq;fpf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. fld;njhiff;fhd tl;b KOf;

fhyj;jpw;Fk; 10% MFk;. xU myF %yg;nghUis &gh 40/= g;gb nfhs;tdT

nra;a KbAk;.

njhg;gpia tpw;gidnra;jy;- jukhd njhg;gpnahd;wpd; cr;rtpiy &gh 80

MFk;. juk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; &gh 60 tPjk; tpw;gid nra;ayhk;.

xU Rw;wpw;F 03 epkplq;fis khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

%yg;nghUs; toq;fy; gpupTf;F 25 A4 jhs;fis ehd;F Jz;Lfshf ntl;b 100

%yg;nghUs; tif toq;fTk;.

xt;nthU FOTk; xt;nthU Nghl;biag; gpujpepjpj;Jg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fhR

mwpf;ifg;gLj;jiyj; jLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tq;fp eltbf;iffSf;Fj; Njitahd msthd khjpupfs; my;yJ 5>10>50

vDk; tifapy; fljhrpj; Jz;lq;fspy; vOjg;gl;l gzj;jpid tq;fpf;F toq;fTk;.

%yg;nghUl;fis tpepNahfpf;Fk;NghJk;> nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJk;> mg;gpuptpdhy;

cWjpr;rPl;nlhd;W toq;f Ntz;bapUg;gJld;> mjw;Fupa nfhLg;gdTf;fhd

gzj;jpid tq;fpapD}lhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

16

Nghl;b eilngWtjw;F Kd;du; %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F 05

epkplq;fSk; tzpf eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhf 2 epkplq;fSk;

KbTg;nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;F 02 epkplq;fSk; toq;fTk;.

xt;nthU cw;gj;jpf; FOTk; jkf;Fupa fhR mwpf;ifapidj; jahupj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpd;tUk; tifapy; njhg;gpapid cw;gj;jp nra;J juj;jpidg; guprPyid nra;Ak;

Kiwia KO tFg;gpw;Fk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.

A4 mstpyhd Gifg;glg; gpujpj; jhnshd;wpd; 1/4 gq;fpid %yg;nghUs;

mynfhd;whf gad;gLj;jTk;. gad;gLj;jpa jhspy; 1/3 gq;fpw;F %yg;nghUs;

mynfhd;whf milahsg;gLj;jp mg;gFjpia kbf;fTk;.

kbf;fg;gl;l tpopg;Gfs; ntspapy; ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; fljhrpj; jhis Rw;wp>

gpupe;Jtplhj tifapy; xd;Wld; xd;iwj; njhlu;GgLj;jTk;.

kbf;fg;gl;l njhg;gpapd; gFjpapid Nkirapidj; njhLk; tifapy;

jl;bg;ghu;j;J mJ gpupe;J tplhJ cs;sij cWjpg;gLj;jp> mjd; juj;ijg;

guprPypf;fTk;.

Kd;khjpupr; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; tFg;igr; rpwpa FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.

FOf;fSf;F 5 myFfs; tPjk; %yg;nghUl;fis toq;fp> njhg;gpnahd;iwj;

jahupj;J mjd; juj;jpidg; guprPypg;gjw;F Kd;khjpupnahd;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.

ftdpf;fTk;.

,t;tpisahl;by; <LgLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghJthf xU FOtpy; Mff; Fiwe;jJ

,U cWg;gpdu;fshtJ ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;tpisahl;by; <LgLk; mNjNtis> fhR njhlu;gpy; gjpT nra;jy;> ,Ug;G

njhlu;gpy; ,Ug;G mwp;f;if itj;jpUj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; <Lgly; Ntz;Lk;.

cupathW mwpf;iffisg; NgZtjw;F khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jTk;.

17

,izg;G 5.3.2

cw;gj;jp tpisahl;L (njhg;gp jahupj;jy; tpisahl;bw;Fg;

gpujpaPnlhd;whf)

tFg;igr; rpwpa ,U FOf;fshf my;yJ mjid tplf;$ba FOf;fshfg;

gpupf;fTk;.

cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba ehd;F tifg;

nghUl;fisj; njupT nra;aTk;.

cw;gj;jp tpisahl;bw;Fg; nghJthfj; Njitg;glf;$ba Nkyjpf nghUs;fis

toq;fTk; (cjhuzk; : xl;Ljy; nghUl;fs;> fj;jupf;Nfhy; Nghd;witfs;)

mtw;iwj; Njitahd FOf;fSf;Fj; Njitf;Nfw;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bathW

mUfpy; itf;fTk;.

nghUl;fspd; njhFjpnahd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F toq;fTk; (nghUl;fs; rkmstpy;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtrpakpy;iy)

cj;Njr nghUs;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;.

Jzpj; Jz;Lfs;> E}y; Jz;Lfs;> fapW

Jk;Gj;J}s;> ,aw;ifahd Gw;fsJ tiffs;

njd;Ndhiy> gidNahiy Nghd;w Xiy tiffs;

fljhrpj;jhs;> gj;jpupf;ifj; jhs;

rhf;F> nghypj;jPd; ciw Nghd;w fopthf mfw;wg;gl;l nghjpaply; nghUl;fs;.

re;ijapypUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba Fz;Lkzpfs;> E}y;fs;> Nggp upgd;>

bRj;jhs; Nghd;witfs;.

xt;nthU FOtpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd nghUl;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;

toq;fTk;. mg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ahNjDk; cw;gj;jpr; nraw;ghl;bidf;

FOf;fspilNa Nghl;bj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhf elhj;jTk;. Njitahapd; ntw;wpaPl;;Lk;

FO njupT nra;ag;gLk; vd;gij mwptpf;fTk;.

nraw;ghLfis toq;fp FOf;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

18

,izg;G 5.3.3

FOj; NjbawpjYf;fhd MNyhridg;gj;jpuk;

gpupah jsghl cw;gj;jp tzpfk; njhlu;ghd tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;sTk;.

cw;gj;jpf;Fupa gpd;tUk; nryTfs; njhlu;ghf ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.

%yg;nghUl;fSf;Fupa nryTfs;

ciog;gpw;Fupa nryTfs;

Vida nryTfs; (%yg;nghUs;> $ypfs; my;yhjit)

Fwpg;gpl;l nryT tiffis ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhff; FO fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw

Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

cq;fsJ jiyg;gpw;Fupa tpla Ma;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s nryTfisg;

ngWkhdq;fSld; ,dq;fhZq;fs;.

mr;nryTfis ntt;Ntwhf tifg;gLj;jp nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpidf;

fzpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

fjpiu xd;Wf;fhd cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLq;fs;.

cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.

19

,izg;G 5.3.4

gpupah jsghl cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;.

njhopy; gapw;rp mjpfhu rigapy; jr;Rj; njhopy; njhlu;ghd ghlj;jpl;lnkhd;iwf;

fw;Ws;s gpupah mt;mwptpidg; gad;gLj;jp “ gpupah jsghl cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; “

vDk; ngaupy; Rakhf tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F vz;Zfpd;whu;. mjw;Nfw;g

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l re;ij Ma;tpd;gb> jdJ cw;gj;jpAld; njhlu;Gila jfty;fspy;

rpytw;iwg; gpd;tUkhW ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.

cj;Njr cw;gj;jpg; gz;lk; - rpWtu; ghlrhiyf;fhd Nkirfs;> fjpiufs;

re;ijg;gLj;jy; vjpu;T$wy; - (khjhe;jk; ) - 200;> fjpiufs;

cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba fjpiufspd; vz;zpf;if - 200 myFfs;

Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fSk; fpuaKk; (khjhe;jk;)

&gh

gyif 15>000 (xU mb &gh 15 gb 1000 mbfs;)

Mzp 500 (xU fpNyh Mzp &gh 250)

epwg;g+r;R 1>500 (xU yPw;wu; epwg;g+r;R &gh 750)

jr;Rj; njhopyhspapd; $yp 20>000

cjtpahsu; $yp 10>000

njhopw;rhiy thlif 4>000

njhopw;rhiy kpd;rhuk; 1>000

guhkupg;Gk; jpUj;jq;fSk; 2>000

njhopw;rhiyiaj; Jg;guT nra;Ak;

nryT 500

,ae;jpuq;fSk;> Vida

cgfuzq;fSf;Fkhd Nja;T 1>000

Vida nghUl;fs; 2>500

(xU jr;Rj;njhopyhspAk; ,U

cjtpahsu;fSk; Ntiy nra;fpd;whu;)

,ae;jpuq;fspdJk;> Vida

cgfuzq;fspdJk; ngWkjp 60>000

xU jr;rUk; cjtpahsnuhUtUkhf ,Utu; Ntiy nra;fpd;whu;.

,ae;j;puq;fSf;Fk;> Vida cgfuzq;fSf;Fkhd nkhj;j ngWkjp &gh 60>000

MFk;.

20

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhfj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj;jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.4 : Kd ;nkho pag ; gLk ; tzpfnkhd ;w pd ; e p u ;thfeltbf;iffSf;fhd jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;wy; NgWfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl Ntisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;. cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpd; epu;thff; fUkq;fSf;Fupa nryTfis fzpg;gPL

nra;thu;. cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpd; epu;thf eltbf;iffSf;Fupa nryTfs; njhlu;ghd

kjpg;gPnlhd;iwj; jahhupg;ghu;.

;ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidAk;

mjDld; njhlu;Gilajhd ghlE}ypy; cs;s ghl tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;

rpwe;j tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;. gpd;du; gpd;tUk; MNyhridfs; kPJ

ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; Muk;gj;jpy; ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpd; NghJ cq;fsJghlrhiyia cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mq;Fs;s gjtpfs;> mg;gjtpfSf;fhdfUkq;fs; njhlu;gpy; khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J rpe;jidf; fpswy; nraw;ghl;by;<LglTk;.

mjd; gpd;du; ghlrhiy xOq;fikg;G KiwikiaAk; mjpYs;s gjtpfisAk;gha;r;ry;Nfhl;L tiuglk; %yk; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. my;yJ ghlrhiyf;fhupahyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mjid guprPypg;gjw;F ,lkspf;fTk;.

Nkw;fhl;ba nraw;ghLfspypUe;J tzpfnkhd;wpYs;s gjtpfs;> fUkq;fs;njhlu;ghfTk; mg;gjtpfspYs;stu;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w nfhLg;gdTfs;njhlu;ghfTk; fhupahyaj;ij elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhd Vida nryTfs;njhlu;ghfTk; khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;.

gpd;du; Rkjp ghjzp tzpfj;jpw;Fupa gjtpfs;> gzpfs;> epUthfr; nryTfs;vd;gd mlq;fpa kjpg;gPl;bid gpd;tUkhW Kd;itf;fr; nra;aTk;.

,izg;G 5.4.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s FOj; Njbawpjy; mwpTWj;jy;gj;jpuj;ijAk; 5.4.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpla Ma;tpidAk; khztu;fSf;F

toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

cupikahsu; - Rkjp tp];tehjd;> KO tzpfk; njhlu;gpYk; jhNdjPu;khdnkLg;ghu;. Nkyjpfhupahdtu; nghJthf Kfhikj;Jtk;kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;whu;.

Kfhikahsu; - tzpfj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjidNkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkhfg; gzpahsu;fis newpg;gLj;jy;.

Nkw;ghu;itahsu; - ghjzpfspd; cw;gj;jp> tpw;gid njhlu;ghd Copau;fspd;fUkq;fia Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy; MNyhridtoq;fy; vd;gd ,tu; %yNk ,lk;ngWk;.

21

Copau;fs; - ,ae;jpuj;ij ,af;Fjy; ghjzprhu; cw;gj;jpapd; gy;NtW eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLjy;. ghjzpfisg; nghjpaplYk;> tpgug;gl;bay; ,lYk;. nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisg; gjpT nra;jYk;> vOj;J

Mtzq;fisg; NgzYk;. tpw;gidf;F cjTjy; / tpw;gid nra;jy;.

rpw;W}opau;fs;. Rj;jk; nra;Ak; eltbf;iffs; Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk;

Nkw;ghu;itf;Fj; Jizahf Nritfspy; <LgLjy;.

Rkjp ghjzp tzpfj;jpd; xOq;fikg;G ml;ltizia

gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; fhl;l KbAk;.

epu;thfr; nryTfSf;Fupa kjpg;gPnlhd;W gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLk;.

epu;thfr; nryTfs; ngWkjp (khjhe;jk;)

&gh

vOJ nghUs;fs; 200

fhupahya kpd;rhuk; 500

cgruiz eltbf;iffs; 500

mYtyf kw;Wk; rpw;W}opau; rk;gsk; 25>000

njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzk; 700

mDkjpg;gj;jpug; GJg;gpj;jy; 1750

fhupahya cgfuzj; Nja;T 300

nkhj;j epu;thfr; nryTfs; 28>950

ftdpf;fTk;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy;> cw;gj;jpg; gzpahsu;fSf;fhd rk;gskhdJ re;ijg;gLj;jy;

cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; vd;gijAk; Kfhikahsu;> kw;Wk;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fsJ rk;gsq;fs; Neupy; nryTfspd; mbg;gilapy;

Kd;itf;fg;gLk; vd;gijAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sTk;.

Nkyjpfhup

Kfhikahsu;

Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; ;

mYtyf cw;gj;jp re;ijg;gLj;jy; rpw;W}opau;fs;

Copau;fs; Copau;fs; Copau;fs;

22

Kjd;ik gjq;fs; /vz;zf;fU

gjtpfSk; / gzpfSk;.

Copau; rk;gsKk; $ypAk;

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF

,izg;G 5.4.1 ,w;Fupa FOj; Njbawpjy; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;

,izg;G 5.4.2 ,w;Fupa FOj; Njbawpjy; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;


epWtdnkhd;wpd; / tzpfnkhd;wpy; gjtpfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisAk;

mg;gjtpf;Fupa gzpfisAk; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; Jiznfhz;L epu;thff; fUkq;fSf;Fupa nryTfis

cs;slf;fpa kjpg;gPnlhd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

epUthfr; nryTfis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd cUg;gbfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

,izg;G 5.4.1

FOj; Njbawpjy;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;.

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Rkjp ghjzp cw;gj;jp tzpfk; njhlu;ghd tpla

Ma;tpid ed;whf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;.

gpd;tUk; tzpfj;Jiwfspy; cq;fs; FOtpw;F fpilj;j Jiwapd; kPJ ftdk;

nrYj;jTk;.

nghUs; cw;gj;jp tzpfk;

Nrit cw;gj;jp tzpfk;

cq;fsJ jiyg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; Muk;gpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tzpfnkhd;iwj;

jPu;khdpf;fTk;.

FOf; fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;du; cq;fs; tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk;

jfty;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

cq;fsJ tzpfj;jpd; ngau;

tzpff; fUkq;fSf;Fupajhd cq;fshy; ,dq;fz;l gjtpfspd; ngau;fs;.

xt;nthU gjtpfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba fUkq;fspd; jd;ik

mg;gjtpfSf;Fj; jk; Njitahdit vd ePu; fUJk; fy;tp kw;Wk; Vida

jifikfs;.

ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l gjtpfisf; fhl;Lk; mikg;G tiuglk;

cq;fsJ tzpfj;jpd; epUthff; fUkq;fSld; njhlu;ghd epu;thfr; nryTfs;.

cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jkhfTk;.

23

,izg;G 5.4.2

Rkjp ghjzpfs;

ghjzp cw;gj;jp epWtdnkhd;wpy; flikahw;wpa Rkjp tp;];tehjd; jkf;Nf

cupj;jhd ghjzp cw;gj;jp tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; jPu;khdpj;J mjid

“Rkjp ghjzp “ vDk; ngaupy; gjpT nra;J elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;whu;.

ghjzp cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpd; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l rpy gjtpfSk; gzpfSk;

mtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila rpy nryTfSk; gpd;tUkhW jpl;lkpl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

gjtpfs; gzpfs;

1. cupikahsu; Nkyjpfhup Nehf;fk; njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdnkLj;jy;.

2. Kfhikahsu;fs; Nehf;fj;jpidr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;

epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk; Njitahd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

3. Nkw;ghu;itahsu;fs; ghjzp cw;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld;

njhlu;Gila gzpahsu;fspd; gzpfis

Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;.

4. Copau;fs; ghjzp cw;gj;jpf;Fupa gzpfspy;

<LgLjy;> ghjzpfisg; nghjpapLjy;.

tpgur; rpl;ilfis xl;Ljy;.

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;> gjpT

nra;jy; Mtzf; Nfhitfisg; guhkupj;jy;.

ghjzp tpw;gidf;F cjTjy;.

5. rpw;W}opau;fs; Kfhikahsu;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk;

fUkq;fSf;Fk; Vida Copau;fSf;Fk;

cjtpahfr; nraw;gLjy;.

khjnkhd;wpw;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;l epu;thfr; nryTfshf vOJfUtpfSf;F &gh

200 fhupahya kpd;rhuj;jpw;F &gh 500 vOJtpidQu; rk;gsj;jpw;fhf &gh

25000 cgrupg;Gf; fUkq;fSf;F &gh 500 njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzj;jpw;F &gh 700

mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ijg; GJg;gpg;gjw;F &gh 1750 fhupahya cgfuzg; ngWkhdj;

Nja;tpw;F &gh 300 Vw;gLnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

24


jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.5 : epjpj; jpl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTj;

jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;wy; NgWfs; :

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghlNtisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;.

cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

fUkq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

fUkq;fSf;fhd cj;Njr nryTfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfs; njhlu;ghf

kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;ghu;.


,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slfj;jpidAk;>

mjDld; njhlu;Gilajhf ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghltplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghfTk; $ba tpsf;fnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;. mjd; gpd;du; fPNo

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w MNyhridfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.

tzpfj;jpl;l mikg;gpy; kw;Nwhu; gpupthf epjpj;jpl;lk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,jd; %yk; cj;Njr tzpfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd epjpapd; msT> mjidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwfs;> tzpf eltbf;iffspdhy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

nraw;ghl;L tpisTfs; vd;gd fhl;lg;gLk;. epjpj; jpl;lj;jpy; nraw;ghl;bw;F

Kd;duhd KjyPL> njhopw;gL %yjdk;> nkhj;j KjyPL> fhRg; gha;r;ry;>

tUkhdf;$w;W vd vd;gtw;wpd; kjpg;gPLfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

(,k;kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpid jahupg;gJ njhlu;gpy; gpd;du; tUk; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd;

xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.)

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> Kjypy; ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ>

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpj;Jr; rpe;jidf; fpswypy; “khztu;fis

<LgLj;jTk;. tPnlhd;iw epu;khzpf;f Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUkq;fs;>

nryTfs; vit” vd tpdtTk;. khztu;fsJ Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

gpd;du; tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ Kaw;rpahsnuhUtupdhy;

Muk;gj;jpNy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUkq;fs;> nryTfs; vd;gd fhzg;gLk;

vd;gjid cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;fTk;.

tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUkq;fs;>

nryTfs; vd;gd Muk;gpf;f cj;Njrpf;Fk; tzpfj;jpd; gUkd;> mjd;

jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; NtWgLk; vd;gjid tpsf;fTk;.

mtw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

gpd;du; ,izg;G 5.5.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg;

gbtj;jpidAk;> ,izg;G 5.2.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpla Ma;tpd;

gpujpfisAk; FOf;fSf;F toq;fpr; nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

25

toq;fg;gl;l tpla Ma;T njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;W>

nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd fUkq;fs;> mtw;wpw;fhd nryTfs; vd;gtw;iw

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd MNyhridfis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ tplak;

rhu;e;j my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tiffspyhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPLfis khztu;fSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfis cjhuzq;fspD}lhf tpsf;fTk;.

ePq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy Muk;gpg;gjw;F cj;Njrpf;Fk; tzpfnkhd;iwf;

fUJNfhshff; nfhs;sTk;.

(m) mt;tzpfj;jpd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

(M) mt;tzpfj;ij Muk;gpf;f Kd;duhd fUkq;fisAk; mjw;fhf

Vw;gLk; nryTfisAk; cs;slf;fpa gl;banyhd;iwj;

jahupf;fTk;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; /vz;zf;fU :

epjpj; jpl;lq;fs;

nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfs;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;


,izg;G 5.4.1 ,d; FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg;gbtk;

,izg;G 5.5.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpla Ma;tpd; gpujpfs;


toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; jfty;fspD}lhf tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;f

Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUkq;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUkq;fis

,dq;fhz;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tzpfnkhd;wpd; nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd

nryTfs; njhlu;gpyhd kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

26

,izg;G 5.5.1

FOj; Njbawpjy;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;.

“ ejpah nfhkpdpNf\d; “ tzpfj;jpd; tpla Ma;T njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg;

ngw;W mt;tzpfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfis

(Muk;gpg ;gjw;F Kd;du; Vw;glf;$ba nryTfs;) ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd

FOf;fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpy; ftdQ;

nrYj;jTk;.


Nrit toq;Fk; tzpfk;

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;wthW Muk;gpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd

tzpfnkhd;iwj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;.

mt;tzpfj;jpw;Fg; ngaupl;L mwpKfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

mt;tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba fUkq;fis vOjpf;

fhl;Lq;fs;.

mf;fUkq;fSf;fhf Vw;gLk; nryTfis ,dq;fhzTk;.

mt;thwhd nryTg;gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd nkhj;jr; nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd

nryTfisf; fzpf;fTk;.

cq;fsJ Njly;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhf KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;itg;gjw;F

Maj;jkhfTk;.

27

,izg;G 5.5.2

fkyd; ngl;uy;> Bry; ,d;[pdpaupq;

kpd;dpay; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijf; fw;W ntw;wpfukhfg; g+u;j;jp nra;j gpd;du; fkyd;

jdf;Nf cupj;jhd tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; jPu;khdpj;jhu;. jdJ tpUg;gk;>

jpwd; tzpfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L fkyd; mtuJ

tzpfj;jpd; %yk; Nkhl;lhu; thfd kpd;rhuj; njhopDl;gr; Nritia toq;FtJld;

mtw;iw gOJghu;j;jy; fUkq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;.

,jw;fhfj; jdf;Fj; Njitahd ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisAk;

Nrfupj;jpUe;jhu;. mj;Jld; &gh 500>000 ngWkjpahd fhzpAldhd fl;llnkhd;Wk;

mtu; trk; ,Ue;jJ. tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd midj;J Maj;jq;fSk;

nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. mtu; tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba

fUkq;fisAk;> mjw;fhfj; Vw;f Ntz;ba nryTfs; njhlu;ghfTk;

Njbawpag;gl;lJ. mj;jfty;fshdit gpd;tUkhW ,Ue;jJ.

&gh

re;ij Ma;tpw;F 10>000

tzpfj;ijg; gjpT nra;jy; 1>000

Rw;whly; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngwy; 650

tzpfj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;jy;. 12>000

kpd;dpizg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; 15>000

ePu; toq;fy;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; 10>000

Rj;jpfupj;J> ,lmikg;gpid xOq;fikj;jy; 20>000

tzpfj;jpd; Muk;g itgtj;jpw;fhd nryTfs; 8>000

,ae;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fspd; jfty; mwpjy; 2>000

>

28


jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.6 : cj;Njr tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njiahd

nkhj;jr; nryTfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L KjyPl;Lj;

jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;wy; NgWfs; :

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;;lj;Jf;Fupa ghlNtisapd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;

cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpd; nkhj;j KjyPl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;

cUg;gbfis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpd; md;whlf; fUkq;fis elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj;

Njitahd nryTfis vjpu;T$Wthu;.

toq;fg;gLk; tzpnkhd;wpw;fhd nkhj;j KjyPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slfj;jpidAk;>


njhlu;ghfTk; $ba tpsf;fnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ljd; gpd;du; fPNo


Muk;gj;jpy; ,j;Nju;r;rp kllj;jpw;fhd ghlg; gpuNtrk; nra;Ak; NghJ gpd;tUk;

tpla Ma;tpid khztu;fSf;Fr; rku;g;gpj;J nraw;ghl;by; <Lglf; nra;aTk;.

cq;fs; ghlrhiyapd; E}yfj;jpw;F E}y;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhdepjpapid jpul;bf; nfhs;tjw;F re;ijnahd;iw elhj;Jtjw;Fj;jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdf; fUJf. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; cq;fs; tFg;gpYs;s%d;W FOf;fSf;F gpd;tUk; tzpfq;fis elhj;Jtjw;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.1. Fspu;fsp (Ice cream) ) tpw;gidafk;2. fhiy> kjpa czTg; nghjp tpw;gidafk;3. Fspu;ghd tpw;gidafk;

Nkw;fhl;ba xt;nthU tzpfj;jpw;Fk; Njitahd nghUl;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;vd;gtw;Wf;F nrytplg;gLk; gzj;njhiff;fhd kjpg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj;jahupg;gjw;Fupa nraw;ghl;il khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

khztu;fs; Kd;itf;fpd;w jfty;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L eilKiway;yhjnrhj;Jf;fs;> md;whl eltbf;iffis elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj; NjitahdfhR vd;gdit njhlu;gpy; khztu;fSf;Ff; $ba tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk;.

eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs; nraw;ghl;bw;F Kd;duhd nryTfs; njhlu;gpy;khztu;fs; ,jw;F Kd;du; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjdhy; njhopw;gL %yjdk;njhlu;ghf $ba tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpd; nkhj;j KjyPl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpy; eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fs;>nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfs;> md;whlf; fUkq;fis elhj;jpr;nry;tjw;fhd fhR (njhopw ;gL %yjdk;) Nghd ;w cUg;gbfs;cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vd;gij njspTgLj;jTk;. ,q;F njhopw;ghl;bw;FKd;duhd nryTfs;> njhopw;gL %yjdk; vd;gd nghJthf cupikahsu;

(Kaw;rpahsu;) %yk; ,lg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.

29

tq;fpapypUe;J fld; ngwg;gLtjdhy; nkhj;j KjyPl;by; cupikahsupdhy;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk; KjyPLk; tq;fpaplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gzk;

njhlu;ghfTk; fhl;lg;gl Ntz;b ,Ug;gNj tzpfj; jpl;lk; jhahupf;fg;gl

Ntz;bajd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

re;ijg;gLj;jy;> cw;gj;jp> epu;thf eltbf;iffs;> vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;GgLk;

kjpg;gPLfspy; cs;slq;Fk; eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fNs tzpfj;

jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupf;Fk;NghJ eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fshff; fUjgg;Lk;

vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpw;fhd nkhj;j KjyPl;Lj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupf;ff; $ba

jpwidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F ,izg;G 5.6.1 ,d; FOj; Njly;

MNyhridfisAk; ,izg;G 5.6.2 ,y; cs;s tpla Ma;tpidAk; gad;gLj;jp

khztu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

ejp nfhkpdpNf\d; tzpfj;jpd; KjyPl;L kjpg;gPl;bidg; gpd;tUkhW Kd;itj;jjd;

gpd;du; khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

nkhj;j KjyPL njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPL

cUg;gbfs;

eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fs;fhzpfl;blk;,ae;jpu cgfuzk;jsghlk;Vida cgfuzq;fs;

nkhj;j eilKiway;yhjnrhj;Jf;fs;

nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhdKjyPLre;ij Ma;Ttzpfj;ijg; gjpTnra;jy;tzpfj; jpl;;lk; jahupj;jy;tzpfj;ij Muk;gpf;Fk; nryTfs;

nraw;ghl;bw;F Kd;duhdKjyPL

njhopw;gL %yjdk;md;whl eltbf;iffSf;fhfkjpg;gPl;Lf; fhR

nkhj;j KjyPL

jw;NghJs;s cj;Njr

cupikahsupd;nrhj;Jf;fs;

&gh

200>000100>000

---

300>000

-

-

300>000

cupikahsu;<LgLj;Jk;

&gh

--

100>00025>00050>000

175>000

15>0001>50010>0008>500

35>000

48>000

258>000

fld;fs;%yk;&gh

--

50>000--

50>000

----

-

-

50>000

nkhj;j

KjyPL

&gh

200>000100>000150>000 25>000 50>000

525>000

15>0001>50010>0008>500

35>000

48>000

608>000

30

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; tplak; rhu;e;j

my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisj; jahupj;J

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPl;bid khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

cjhuzk; : tzpfnkhd;wpid ngaupl;L mt;tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj;

Njitnadf; fUJk; eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fslq;fpa

gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

nkhj;j KjyPl;L kjpg;gPnlhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; md;whlr; nryTfSf;Fupa

cUg;gbfis gpd;tUk; gl;baypypUe;J njupT nra;aTk;.

&gh

1. jsghlq;fs; nfhs;tdT 100>000

2. kpd;rhug; gl;baYf;fhd nfhLg;gdT 6>000

3. ,yj;jpudpay; epWitj; juhR 400>000

4. fhR tpw;gid 25>000

5. fld; tl;b 12>000

mKjd;ikg; gjq;fs; / vz;zf;fU : nkhj;j KjyPL

md;whlf; fUkq;fSf;fhf jd;dplk; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba fhR (njhopw;gL

%yjdk;)

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; juk; 11 ,d; ghlE}ypy; ghl myF

,izg;G 5.6.1 FOj; Njbawpjy; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpd; gpujpfs;

,izg;G 5.6.2 ,d; tpla Ma;tpd; gpujpfs;

ghlj;ijj; jpl;kpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : tzpfnkhd;wpd; eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; jfty;fspd; cjtpAld; nkhj;j KjyPl;Lj;

jpl;lnkhd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

tzpfnkhd;wpd; md;whlf; fUkq;fis elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk;

nryTfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

31

,izg;G 5.6.1

FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg;gbtk;

nkhj;j KjyPl;L kjpg;gPl;bidj; jahupg;Nghk;.

ejp nfhkpdpNf\d; tzpfj;jpw;fhd tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf tpsq;fp

mt;tzpfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs;> nraw;ghl;bw;F

Kd;duhd nryTfs; vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhzTk;.

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; cq;fsJ FOtpw;F fpilf;Fk; jiyg;G njhlu;gpy;

ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.


Nrit toq;Fk; tzpfk;

mjd; gpd;du; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;g Muk;gpg;gjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd tzpfj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;. mt;tzpfj;jpw;fhd nganuhd;wpidg;

Fwpg;gplTk;.

mt;tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs;>

tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Vw;glf;$ba nryTfs; vd;gtw;iw

,dq;fhzTk;.

me;eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk;> tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du;

Vw;glf;$ba nryTfSld; md;whlf; fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jd;dplk;

itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba gzj;njhifapidAk; (njhopw;gL %yjdk;) jPu;khdpf;fTk;

tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs;>

nraw;ghl;bw;F Kd;duhd nryTfs;> njhopw;gL %yjdk; vd;gdtw;iwg;

ngWkjpfSld; Rl;bf;fhl;b ml;ltiznahd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

cq;fsJ tzpfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd cj;Njr epiyahd %yjd cUg;gbf;fhf

cq;fshy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af; $baJk;> tq;fpahy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fld;

njhifapidAk; Fwpg;gpl;L nkhj;j KjyPl;L kjpg;gPnlhd;iwj; jahhpf;fTk;.

,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; kjpg;gPl;L khjpupapidg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

eilKiway;yhr;nrhj;Jf;fs;................................................................................nraw;ghl;bw;F Kd;duhdnryTfs;...............................................................................njhopw;gL %yjdk;...............................................................................

cupikahsupdhy;

<LgLj;jg;gLk; epjp

.........................

.........................

.........................

.........................

cj;Njrf;

fld;fs;

.........................

.........................

.........................

.........................

nkhj;j

KjyPL

.........................

.........................

.........................

.........................

.

32

,izg;G 5.6.2

tpla Ma;T

nry;tk; nfhkpdpNf\d;

ntspehl;by; Ntiy nra;j nry;tk;; jhd; Nrkpj;j gzj;jpypUe;J nrhe;jkhf

tzpfnkhd;iw elj;jpr; nry;yj; jPu;khdpj;jhd;. mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;l

re;ij Ma;tpy; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fSf;Nfw;g mt;tzpfj;ij “nry;tk;

nfhkpdpNf\d; “ vd;w ngaupy; gjpT nra;J Muk;gpg;gjw;F mtd; jPu;khdpj;jhd;.

njhiyNgrp> njhiyNgrp cjpupg;ghfq;fs;> njhiyNgrp gOJghu;j;jy;> njhiyNgrp

miog;Gr; Nrit Kw;nfhLg;gdTr; Nrit> Lg;Nyh gpujp fl;Ljy; (Binding)

Nghd;w Nritfis toq;Ftjw;F mtu; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;. ,Jtiuapy;

re;ijg;gLj;jy;> nraw;ghl;L> kdpjtsj; jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;j mtDf;F epjpj;

jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupf;f Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ. epjpj; jpl;lj;jpd; gFjpnahd;whd nkhj;j

KjyPl;Lj; jpl;lj;ijj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.

Njitahd eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fs; &gh

fhzp 200>000

fl;;llk; 100>000

,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fs; 150>000

jsghlk; 25>000

Vida cgfuzq;fs;. 50>000

nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfs;

re;ij Ma;T 15>000

gjpT nra;jy; 1>500

tzpfj; jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; 10>000

tzpfj;ij Muk;gpf;Fk; nryT 8>500

Muk;g epiyahd %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F &gh 50>000 ngWkjpahd

tq;fpf; flndhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;g;gJld;> mj;njhifapid

,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fspy; <LgLj;Jtjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;Lfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ &gh

300000 ngWkjpahd fhzp> &gh 100>000 ngWkjpahd fl;llk; vd;git mtUf;Nf

cupj;jhff; fhzg;gLtJld;> Vida eilKiway;yhj nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;Fk;> nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; Njitahd

epjp &gh 210>000 vd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJld;> mj;njhifapid nry;tj;jpd;

Nrkpg;Gg; gzj;jpypUe;J <Lnra;tjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;. tzpfj;jpd; md;whlf;

fUkq;fSf;fhf ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F &gh 48>000 I jd;dplk; itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lnkd mtu; $Wfpd;whu;.

33


jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.7: cj;Njr fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry; vd;git

cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :


cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpd; fhR cl;gha;r;ry;fis cjhuzq;fSld;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

cj;Njr tzpfnkhd;wpd; fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry;fis cjhuzq;fSld;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; fhR cl;gha;r;ry;fs; fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry;fis

cs;slf;fpa ml;ltiznahd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidAk;>




,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; Muk;gj;jpy; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf

khztu;fspdhy; ed;F ,dq;fhzg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;iw cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L

(rpw;Wz;br;rhiynahd;W> Gj;jf vOJfUtpfs; tpw;gidafnkhd;W)

,t;tzpfj;jpw;F fhR cs;tUk; fhR ntspr;nry;Yk; topfisAk; khztu;fsplk;

Nfl;lwpe;J rpe;jidf; fpswnyhd;wpy; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpy; gpd;tUk; “Rjhfu; Kb jpUj;Jk; epiyak; “ tzpf

tpla Ma;tpid Kd;itj;J mt;tzpfj;jpw;Ff; fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR

ntspg;gha;r;ry; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Kiwapidf; fhl;Lk; ml;ltiznahd;iwj;

jahupf;fTk;.

Kb jpUj;Jk; epiyaj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Rjhfuu; mjid

“Rjhfu;; KbjpUj;Jk; epiyak; “ vDk; ngaupy; gjpT nra;tjw;F vz;zpAs;shu;.

Kbntl;Ljy;fSf;fhf 15 egu;fSk; kPir rpiug;gjw;fhf 10 egu;fSk; xt;nthU

jpde;NjhWk; tUthu;fs; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;. Kbntl;LjYf;fhf xUtUf;F

&gh 125 tPjKk; kPir rpiug;gjw;fhf &gh 75 tPjKk; mwtpLtjw;F

vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;. xU khjj;jpw;fhd kpd;rhuf; fl;lzkhf &gh 1800> ePu;

fl;lzkhf 6000> ck; epiyahd thlif &gh 6000 vDk; tifapy; nrytpl

Ntz;ba Vw;gLnkd kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; Vida nryTfs; vDk;

tifapy; ehnshd;Wf;F &gh 100 tPjk; nryT Vw;gLk; vdTk; khjj;jpy; 5

ehl;fs; tzpfj;ij %btpLtjw;Fk; mtu; vz;zpAs;shu;.

mjd; gpd;du; ,izg;G 5.7.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s FOj; Njbawpjy;

MNyhridg; gj;jpuj;Jld; ,izg;G 5.7.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhuq;fd;

Rw;Wyhr; Nrit tpla Ma;tpd; Njitahd mstpyhd gpujpfisAk; khztu;

FOf;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

34

“rhuq;fd; Rw;Wyhr; Nrit” vDk; tpla Ma;tpidg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

“ rhuq;fd; Rw;Wyhr; Nrit” tzpfj;jpy; fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry;

cs;slf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;bidg; gpd;tUkhW Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

vjpu;tUk; tUlj;jpw;fhd cj;Njr fhRg; gha;r;ry; jpl;lk;

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd;NghJ tplak;

rhu;e;j my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPLfis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

espdh Gj;jfrhiyapd; 2015Mk; Mz;bw;fhd cj;Njr jfty;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

&gh

Gj;jff; nfhs;tdT 40>000

Gj;jfq;fs; flDf;F nfhs;tdT 25>000

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTf; nfhLg;gdT 4>000

nfhLj;j rk;gsk; 6>000

kpd;rhug; gl;baYf;fhd nfhLg;gdT 1>200

kuj;jpyhd mLf;fzp nfhs;tdT 10>000

Gj;jfq;fs;> vOJfUtpfs; tpw;gid %yk; ngWtdT 125>000

cj;Njr fhR cl;gha;r;r;y;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry; njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPnlhd;iwj;

jahupf;fTk;.

cUg;gbfs;

fhR cl;gha;r;ry;fs;

cupikahsupd; KjyPL

Nrit toq;fy; tUkhdk;

tq;fpaplkpUe;J ngw;w fld;

nkhj;jf; fhR cl;gha;r;ry;

fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry;fs;

vOJfUtpr; nryTfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs;

Nkhl;lhu; gOJghu;j;jy; nryTfs;

Nkhl;lhu; guhkupg;Gr; nryTfs;

Nkhl;lhu; thfdf; nfhs;tdT

gzpahsu; rk;gsf; nfhLg;gdTfs;

fld; tl;b nrYj;jy;

Vida nryTfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfs;

re;ij Ma;Tr; nryTfs;

nkhj;jf; fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry;fs;

fhrpy; Vw;gl;l Njwpa khw;wk;

&gh

800>000

550>000

1>500>000

10>000

50>000

40>000

1>000>000

120>000

150>000

25>000

12>000

&gh

2>850>000

(1>407>>000)

1>443>000

35

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; / vz;zf;fU : fhR cl;gha;r;ry;.

fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; juk; 11 ,d; ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

,izg;G 5.7.1 ,w;Fupa FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

,izg;G 5.7.2 ,w;Fupa rhuq;fd; Rw;;Wyhr; Nrit tpla Ma;tpd; gpujpfs;


fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry; ml;ltiznahd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w

cUg;gbfisg; ngaupLthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; jfty;fspD}lhf fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR

ntspg;gha;r;ry; njhlu;ghd kjpg;gPnlhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.

fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Njwpa

fhrpy; Vw;gl;l NtWghl;bidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

,izg;G 5.7.1

FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridfs;;

“cs;tUk;> ntspr; nry;Yk; fhR”

cq;fSf;F fpilj;j rhuq;fh Rw;Wyh Nrit tzpfj;jpw;fhd thrpg;gGg;

gbtj;ij ed;whf thrpj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;.

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspy; cq;fs; FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpd; kPJ ftdQ;

nrYj;jTk;.

tzpfj;jpDs; fhR cl;gha;jy;.

tzpfj;jpypUe;J fhR ntspg;gha;jy;.

cq;fspd; jiyg;gpw;Fupa cUg;gbfis rhuq;fd; Rw;Wyhr; Nrit

tzpfj;jpypUe;J ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.

nkhj;j fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L

Njwpa fhR kPjpapidf; fzpf;fTk;.

nghUj;jkhd khjpupnahd;wpD}lhf cq;fsJ Mf;fq;fis KO tFg;gpw;Fk;


36

,izg;G 5.7.2

“rhuq;fd; Rw;Wyhr; Nrit;”

rhuq;fd; Rw;wyhr; Nritapid Muk;gpg;gjw;F N[hrg; ngu;zhd;Nlh

vz;zpAs;shu;. ,tu; NtW tzpf eltbf;iffspYk; <LgLk; mNjNtis

,jd; Nkyjpf gbKiwahf Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; NritapidAk; elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;F

vz;Zfpwhu;. ,jw;fhd cj;Njrj; jfty;fs; gpd;tUkhW :

cupikahsu; &gh 800>000 %yjdkpl;L tzpfj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;. mk;KjyPL

Nghjhikapdhy; tq;fpapypUe;J 10% tUl tl;bapy; &gh 1>500>000 tq;fpf;

flidg; ngWtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;shu;. Nrit toq;fy; %yk; tUlhe;j

tUkhdk; fhrhf 550>000 ck; fldhf &gh 150>000 ck; fpilf;Fk; vd mtu;

vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;whu;.

&gh 2>000>000 ,w;F thfdnkhd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;jJld;> mjpy; &gh

1>000>000 I cld; fhrhfr; nrYj;jpaJld;> vQ;rpa njhifapid gpd;du;

nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; jpl;lkpl;Ls;shu;. vOJfUtpr; nryTfs; &gh 12500 Mf

fhzg;gLtJld;> mjpy; &gh 10000 fhrhf cld; nrYj;jg;gl;lJld; vQ;rpa

njhifapid gpd;du; nrYj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;shu;. thfdg; guhkupg;G>

kw;Wk; thfd gOJghu;j;jYf;fhf KiwNa &gh 40>000 &gh 50>000 nryTfs;

Vw;gLnkdTk; Copau; rk;gsj;jpw;F &gh 120>000ck;> flDf;fhd tl;b &gh

150>000 Vw;gLnkdTk; kjpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpw;fhff; nfhs;tpiyapy;

tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;thf 20% ,id Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F vz;zpAs;s

mNjNtis> Vida nryTfSf;F &gh 25>000 ck; re;ij Ma;tpw;F &gh

12>000; ck; nrythFnkd mtu; fUJfpd;whu;.

37

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhfjj; jpl;lnkhd;iwj;

jahupg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.8 : cj;Njr tUkhdq;fs; nryTfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

tzpf eltbf;iffspd; ngWNgw;wpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; :


Fwpj;j fhyg; gFjpnahd;wpd; tzpfg; ngWNgw;wpidf; fzpg;gjw;Fj;

Njitahd cUg;gbfis cjhuzq;fSld; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; ngWNgw;wpidf; fzpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd

cUg;gbfis ngWkhdq;fSld; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

toq;fg;gl;l tzpfnkhd;wpd; Fwpj;j fhyg;gFjpnahd;wpw;fhd ngWNgw;wpidf;

fzpg;gpLthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slfj;jpidAk;>




,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghl myfpy; Muk;gj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ,izg;G

5.8.1 ,y; fhzg;gLk; “[Pthtpd; ,sePu; tzpfk;”tpla Ma;tpid tFg;gpy;

Kd;itj;J mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L

ehnshd;wpw;fhd ,yhgj;ijf; fzpg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

gpd;du; tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfs; vd;gd njhlu;gpyhd vz;zf;fU gw;wp

khztu;fSf;Fr; rupahd tpsf;fj;ij toq;fTk;. ,q;F tzpfnkhd;wpd;

tUkhdf;$w;wpidj; jahupf;Fk; NghJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk; cUg;gbfs;

njhlu;ghfTk; khztu;fSf;Fg; NghJkhdsT tpsf;fj;ij toq;fTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhf Njwpa ,yhgj;jpid kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;NghJ Fwpj;j

fhyg;gFjpf;fhd tzpfj;jpd; nkhj;j tpw;gidfs; fpuak;> nrYj;j Ntz;ba

tup vd;git ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F mwpar;

nra;aTk;.

cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;> cw;gj;jpay;yhf; fpuak; Nghd;w cUg;gbfspd; Nru;f;ifNa

nkhj;jf; fpuak; vd;gij njspTgLj;jTk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhf Njwpa ,yhgj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; NghJ Fwpj;j

fhynkhd;wpw;fhf tzpfj;jpd; nkhj;j tpw;gidfs;> nkhj;jf; fpuak; vd;git

ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidAk; ,jpy; cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;>

cw;gj;jpay;yhj fpuak; Nghd;w cUg;gbfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;;Ls;sd vdTk;

mwpar; nra;aTk;.

,izg;G 5.8.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s uhk rhkp tzpfk; vDk; tpla

Ma;tpidf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sTk;.

38

uhkrhkp tzpfj;jpd; jfty;fspypUe;J Njwpa ,yhgj;ijg; gpd;tUkhW kjpg;gPL

nra;a KbAk; vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l nraw;ghl;bd; gpd;du; ,izg;G 5.8.4 ,Ys;s “gpugh tzpfk; “

vDk; tpla Ma;tpid khztu;Sf;F toq;fp ,izg;G 5.8.3 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

Njbawpjypy; <LglTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd;NghJ tplak; rhu;e;j

my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPnlhd;wpid khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

cjhuzk; : Rkjp njhlu;ghly; epWtdj;jpd; vjpu;tUk; fhyg;gFjpf;fhd

jfty;fs; gpd;tUkhW

&gh

Nrit toq;fypdhy; fpilj;j tUkhdk; 60>000

vOJfUtpfs;. 20>000

Copau; rk;gsk; 15>000

kpd;rhuf; fl;lzk; 2>000

fld; tl;b 10>000

tpsk;gur; nryTfs; 500

gjptopf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;bw;F Kd;duhd nryTfs; 500

“Rkjp tzpfj;jpd; “ jfty;fspypUe;J Njwpa ,yhgj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;J

rku;g;gpf;fTk;.

kjpg;gplg;gl;l tUkhdf;$w;W

tpw;gid tUkhdq;fs;

fop : nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuaq;fs;

%yg;nghUs; fpuak;

$ypf; fpuak;

Vida nryTf; fpuak;

fop : nkhj;j cw;gj;jpay;yhj fpuaq;fs;

tpw;gid tpepNahff; fpuak;

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

epjpr; nryTfs; (fld; tl;b)

gjptopf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghl;bw;F

Kd;duhd nryTfs;

Njwpa ,yhgk;

&gh

75>000

20>000

15>000

3>000

2>000

5>000

3>000

&gh

150>000

(110>000)

40>000

(13>000)

27>000

39


tzpfg; ngWNgW

tUkhdq;fs;

nryTfs;

cj;Njr ,yhgk;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;


,izg;G 5.8.1 ,y; cs;s “[Pthtpd; ,sePu; tzpfk;” tpla Ma;tpd; gpujpfs;

,izg;G 5.8.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s “uhkrhkp tzpfk;“ vd;w tpla

Ma;T gpujpfs;

,izg;G 5.8.3 ,y; cs;s Rkjp tzpfk; tpla Ma;tpd; gpujpfs;.

,izg;G 5.8.4 cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s “gpugh tzpfk; “ tpla Ma;tpd; gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPL epajpfs; :

tzpfnkhd;wpd; ngWNgw;wpid kjpg;gpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghl;Lj;


toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;wpw;fhd

kjpg;gplg;gl;l tUkhdf; $w;nwhd;wpidj; jahupg;ghu;.

tzpfnkhd;wpd; nkhj;j tUkhdk; my;yJ nryTfs; mjpfupj;jy; my;yJ

FiwjYf;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

40

,izg;G 5.8.1

“[Pthtpd; ,sePu; tzpfk;”

cyfpy; ek;gfj;jd;ik nfhz;l jukhd ghdnkhd;whf nrt;tps ePu;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;fhyr; re;ijapy; nrt;tps ePUf;fhd rpwe;j Nfs;tp

epiyikfs; fhzg;gLtij mwpe;j [Pth jdJ tPl;Lf;fUfpy; mike;Js;s

nrt;tpsePu;j; Njhl;lq;fspypUe;J rpy nrt;tps ePu; Fiyfis nfhs;tdT

nra;J thuhe;jr; re;ijf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;gid nra;fpd;whu;. tpahghuk;

eilngWk; ehnshd;wpw;fhd jfty;fs; gpd;tUkhW

nrt;tps ePu; fha; xd;wpd; nfhs;tdT tpiy &gh 10.

nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l fha;fspd; vz;zpf;if 500 fha;fs;.

nrt;tps ePu; fha; xd;wpd; tpw;gid tpiy &gh 20

Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs; &gh 700

re;ijf; fl;lzk; (tup) &gh 200

,lj;ijj; Jg;guT nra;tjw;fhf CopaUf;F

toq;fg;gl;l $yp &gh 100

41

,izg;G 5.8.2

“uhkrhkp tzpfk;”

gpj;jisahy; nra;ag;gl;l fjT ,Lf;fpfisAk;> nfhOtpfisAk; cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak; tzpfnkhd;iw elhj;jpr; nry;Yk; uhkrhkp mt;tzpfj;jpid tpUj;jp

nra;Ak; nghUl;L tzpfj; jpl;lnkhd;W jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd jPu;khdpj;jhu;.

,jw;fhf Kaw;rpahz;ikg; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila MNyhrfu; xUtiu

re;jpj;J mtu; toq;fpa MNyhriddf;Nfw;g jdJ tzpfj;jpd; Njwpa

,yhgj;ij kjpg;gpl Ntz;ba Njit mtUf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf gpd;tUk;

jfty;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd.

fl;lisfisg; ngw;W cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ vQ;rpa ,Ug;Gf;fs;

fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

cUg;gbfs;

tpw;gid tUkhdq;fs;

%yg;nghUs; fpuak;

gpj;jis 70>000

,urhadg; nghUl;fs;. 2>000

Vidait 3>000

$ypf;fpuak;

gapw;rp ngw;w Copau; rk;gsk;

gapw;rp ngwhj Copau; rk;gsk;

Neupy; Vida nryTfs;

tpw;gid tpepNahfr; nryTfs;

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

epjpr; nryTfs; (fld; tl;b)

nraw;ghl;Lf;F Kd;duhd nryTfs;

ngWkjp

&gh

150>000

75>000

12>000

8>000

15>000

3>000

2>000

5>000

3>000

42

,izg;G 5.8.3

“FOj; NjbawpjYf;fhd MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;

nryTfs; tUkhdq;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jp ,yhgj;ijf; fzpg;Nghk;.

,izg;G 5.8.4,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l “gpugh tzpfj;jpd;” tpla Ma;tpd;

tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.

,t;tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jp cq;fsJ cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;Fupa

gpd;tUk; jfty;fis ,dq;fhZq;fs;.

xU khjj;jpy; tpw;gid nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fspd;

msT.

mj;njhifapid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Neubahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

nryTfshtd.

%yg;nghUl;fSf;fhd nryTfs;.

Copau;fSf;fhd nryTfs;.

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; msTfSf;F Neubahf gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ahj

$ypAk; kw;Wk; Vida nryTfspd; tiffs;.

tpw;gid tpepNahfr; nryTfs;.

epu;thfr; nryTfs;

epjpr; nryTfs;

nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk; xU khjj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; nkhj;j

tpw;gid tUkhdk;

tpw;gid tUkhdk; nkhj;jr; nryTfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L

khjj;jpw;fhd ,yhgj;jpidf; fzpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jr;

nra;aTk;.

43

,izg;G 5.8.4

“gpugh tzpfk;”

rikf;fg;gl;l czT tiffis tPLfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;w tpw;gid nra;Ak;

tzpfnkhd;W njhlu;ghf mwpe;J nfhz;l tpdPjh vd;gtu; mJ njhlu;gpyhd

tzpfnkhd;wpid Muk;gpg;gjw;F vz;zk; nfhz;lhu;. mtsJ rpj;jp ,bag;gk;

tpw;gid nra;Ak; tzpfnkhd;iw elj;jpr; nrd;wikapdhy; mt;tDgtq;fSk;

mtsplk; fhzg;gl;lJ. re;ij njhlu;ghf Ma;T nra;j NghJ gpd;tUk; jfty;fs;

njhlu;ghd tpguq;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

,bag;gk; mg;gk; Kl;il

mg;gk;

ehnshd;wpy; tpw;gid nra;af;$ba 3>000 500 50

msT

mynfhd;wpd; tpw;gid tpiy 2.50 &.10 &.30

Njitahd khtpd; msT 50fp.fp 10 fp. fp

ehnshd;Wf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; nghUl;fs;

&gh

xU fpNyh muprp khtpd; tpiy 75

Kl;ilnahd;wpd; tpiy 12

Njq;fhnahd;wpd; tpiy 50 (10 Njq;fha;fs; Njitg;gLfpwJ)

Vida nryTfs;

ehnshd;wpw;Fr; rk;gskhf &gh 1000 tPjk; ,U Copau;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wdu;.

vz;nza; nryTfs; ehnshd;wpw;F &gh 5000

Vida nryTfs; ehnshd;wpw;F &gh 600

fl;ll thlif khjj;jpw;F &gh 1500

ePu;f;fl;lzk; khjj;jpw;F &gh 1200

kpd;rhuf; fl;lzk; khjj;jw;F &gh 1800

tq;fpf; fld;tl;b &gh 1200 (cj;Njr flDf;F)

tzpfj;jpd; tpsk;gug; gjhijf;F &gh 1500

cgfuzj;jpd; ngWkhdk; &gh 20000

(tUlg; ngWkhdj; Nja;T 20%)

tzpfj;jpd; cupikahsupd; gq;fspg;gpw;fhf

ehnshd;Wf;F &gh 2000 xJf;fg;gLk;.

44

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : tzpfj;ijMuk;gpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd tzpf

mikg;Gf;fisj; Njbawpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : tzpf mikg;G tiffis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghl Ntisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis mtw;wpd; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jp

mjw;fhf cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fhd cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidAk;>



Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w MNyhridfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g Muk;gj;jpy; ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ

ghlrhiyia cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L mikg;Gf ;fs; njhlu ;ghf

njspTgLj;jyhk;. gpd;du; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mur> kw;Wk; jdpahu;

Jiw tzpf mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

,jw;fika VNjDk; Nehf;fnkhd;iw epiwNtw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; nraw;gLfpd;w

FOnthd;Nw mikg;ghFk; vd mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L

ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;jTk;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fs;

Nehf;fj;jpd; cupikapd;

mbg;gilapy; mbg;gilapy;

,yhg Nehf;fj;ij r%f eyd;Gup

mbg;gilahff; Nehf;fj;ij

nfhz;l tzpf mbg;gilahff;

mikg;Gf;fs; nfhz;l tzpf

mikg;Gf;fs;

jdpahs; cupik

gq;Flik

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp

mq;fPfhu tzpfk;

nghJj;Jiwtzpf

mikg;Gf;fs;

jdpahu;Jiwtzpf

mikg;Gf;fs;

45

Nkw;fhl;ba gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L ml;ltizapy; xt;nthU tzpfj;Jiwfspd;

fPo; nraw;gLk; tzpfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

jd pahu ; Jiw tzpfk ; njhlu ; ghf ,jd ; g p ;d ;du ; $Ljyhf

fye;Jiuahlg;gLtjdhy; ,q;F vspikahd mwpKfnkhd;iw khj;jpuk;

Kd;itg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

nghJj;Jiw tzpfq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ,k;kl;lj;jpy; fye;JiuahlTs;sjdhy;

khl;lhJ vd;gijf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ tplak; rhu;e;j

my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPnlhd;iw cUthf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapYk;> cupikapd;

mbg;gilapYk; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

,yhg Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; r%f

eyd;Gupia Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; 3 cjhuzq;fs;

tPjk; Kd;itf;fTk;.


tzpf mikg;Gf;fs;

,yhgj;ij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l tzpfq;fs;

r%f eyd;Gupia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l tzpfq;fs;

mq;fPfhu tzpfk;

jdpahs; cupik tzpfk;

gq;Flik tzpfk;

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l tzpfq;fs;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;


tzpf mikg;gpid tifg;gLj;jiyf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L

ml;ltiz.


tzpf mikg;Gf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

tzpf mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

46

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tzpf


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : jdpahs; cupik tzpf mikg;ig mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; :


jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspd; mbg;gilg; gz;GfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

jdpahSupik tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.

jdpahSupik tzpfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fs;> tiuaiwfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.


,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s ghl tplaj;jpidAk; mjDld;

njhlu;Gila ghl E}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;L ghl tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; rpwe;j

tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;. gpd;du; gpd;tUk; MNyhridfs; kPJ ftdk;

nrYj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;F KjyhtJ ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ khztu;fs;

mwpe;j tzpfq;fs; njhlu;gpy; mtu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpa KbAk;. khztu;fspd;

Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; nfhs;sTk;. mj;jfty;fspd; JizAld;

jdpahs; cupik tzpfq;fis ,dq;fz;L mjid khztu;fSf;F

Kd;itf;fTk;.

mjd; gpd;du; jdpnahUtupd; cupik> Kfhik vd;gtw;wpd; fPo; elj;jpr;

nry;yg;gLk; tzpf mikg;G jdpahs; cupik tzpfkhFk; vd;gij

mtu;fSf;F tpsf;fTk;. ,t;tzpfk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtJld; kpf ,yFthf

Muk;gpj;J elj;jpr; nry;y KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

jdpahs; cupik tzpfj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;> mjd; ed;ikfs;> jPikfs;

vd;gd njhlu;gpy; khztu;fSf;F tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf

,izg;G 6.2.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gj;jpuj;ijAk;

,izg;G 6.2.2 ,y; cs;s tpla Ma;tpidAk; khztu; FOf;fSf;Fk;

ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fis Kd;itj;jd; gpd;du; jdpahs; cupik

tzpfq;fspd; mbg;gilg; gz;GfisAk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mD$yq;fs;>

gpujp$yq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; khztu;fSf;Fj; njspthd tpsf;fnkhd;iw

toq;fTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; fPo; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ tplak;

rhu;e;j my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUj;jkhd

kjpg;gPLfis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

47

cjhuzk; :

gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fspy; jdpahs; cupik tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila vj;jifa

mbg;gilg; gz;GfSld; xj;Jg; Nghfpd;wJ.

1. tzpfj;jpd; cupikahsupd; ngaupy; tof;Fj; njhlu;jy;.

2. ntspf; fld;fis jPu;g;gjw;fhf jdJ nrhj;Jf;fis ,of;f Ntz;bNaw;gly;

3. tzpfj;jpd; cupikahsu; ,wg;ghuhapd; mtupd; tzpf eltbf;iffs;

jilg;gLk;.

ePq;fs; tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F Maj;jkhAs;sPu;fs; vdf; fUjTk;.

mjid jdpahSupik tzpfnkhd;whf elj;jpr; nry;tjdhy; cq;fSf;F

fpilf;ff;$ba mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fis jyh 03 tPjk; vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.


nghWg;Gf;fs;.

rl;l uPjpahd jdp kdpj me;j];J

cupik

%yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

epiyg;Gj; jd;ik

gjpT nra;jy;

Kfhikj;Jtk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; 11Mk; Mz;L ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myF

FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gbtj;jpd; gpujpfisAk; ,izg;G 6.2.2. ,d;

gpujpfs;.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : jdpahSupik tzpfj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

jdpahSupik tzpfj;jpy; fhzg;glf;$ba mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis

ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

jdpahSupik tzpfq;fSf;Nf cupj;jhd rhjf> ghjfg; gz;Gfisr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

,izg;G 6.2.1

FOj; NjbawpjYf;fhd MNyhridfs;;

Clftpayhsu;fSf;Fk;> Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fye;Jiuahliy

ed;whf thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.

[gpd; tzpfj;jpy; fhzf;$ba gz;Gfs; ahit?

mf;fye;Jiuahlypy; ntspg;gLk; tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;Gila rpwe;j gz;Gfs;

vit?

mt;tzpfj;Jld; ,ize;j ghjfkhd gz;Gfs; vit?

ePq;fs; [gPd; Mapd; Clftpayhsu; tpdtpa tpdhf;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf

toq;ff;$ba tpilfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

FOf;fsplk; Njly;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd; itg;gjw;Fj; jahuhfTk;.

48

,izg;G 6.2.2

,sk; Kaw;rpahsu;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; Nghl;bapy; rpwe;j Kaw;rpahsuhfj;

njupT nra;ag;gl;l [gPDf;Fk; ClftpaahsUf;FkpilNa ,lk;ngw;w ciuahlypd;

gFjpnahd;W fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Clftpayhsu; : ePq;fs; ,Jtiu tzpfj;ij Muk;gpj;J elhj;jp te;j

topKiwapid tpsf;fpdPu;fs;. cq;fs; tzpfj;jpd; gjpT

njhlu;ghf ehd; mwpe;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

[gPd; : Muk;gj;jpy; ehd; tzpfj;ijg; gjpT nra;jpUf;ftpy;iy.

MapDk;; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w rpy tplaq;fspd; fhuzkhf

gjpT nra;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf vdf;F tpsq;fpaJ.

mjw;fika “ [gPd; ml;tilrpq; “ vDk; ngaupy; nrhe;j

tzpfnkhd;whf gpuNjr nrayhsu; fhupahyaj;jpy; gjpT

nra;Njd;.

Clftpayhsu; : tzpfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd epjpapid vt;thW ngw;Wf; nfhz;Bu;.

[gPd; : vdJ ngw;Nwhu;fsplk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l gzk;> tq;fpapypUe;J

ngw;w gzk;> tzpff; fUkq;fspD}lhfr; Nrkpj;j gzk;

vd;gtw;iw ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpNdd;.

Clftpayhsu; : ePq;fs; jdpahf elj;jpr; nry;Yk; tzpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J

njhlu;gpy; cq;fsJ kdg;ghq;F ahJ?

[gPd; : ehd; jhd; tzpfj;jpd; ngh]; (Boss) tzpfj;jpd; midj;Jf;

fUkq;fSk; vdJ mwptpw;fika ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ehd; ngw;w

flidAk; Vida nfhLg;gdTfisAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;b

cs;sJ. mtw;iw cupathW Nkw;nfhs;fpNwd;.

Clftpayhsu; : VjhtJ vjpu;ghuhj ,ila+nwhd;W Vw;gLkhapd; cq;fsJjpl;lk; vd;d?

[gpd; : mt;thwhdnjhU ,lnuhd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;F ehd;,g;NghNj FLk;gj;jpy; ,Uf;FnkhUtUf;F tzpff; fUkq;fisNkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd gapw;rpfisAk; mDgtq;fisAk; toq;fptUfpd;wNwd;.

Clftpayhsu; : tzpff; fUkq;fspd; vjpu;fhyk; njhlu;gpy; ePq;fs; ahJ Fwpg;gpltpUk;GfpwPu;

[gpd; : tzpfj;ij NkYk; tpupTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. midj;Jf;fUkq;fisAk; jhNd nra;a Ntz;b ,Ug;gjhy; vdf;FXa;tpy;iy. tq;fpfSk; vd; Nghd;w jdpahf tzpfj;ijelhj;jpr; nry;Yk; tpahghupfSf;Fk; cjtp nra;tjw;F mf;fiwnrYj;Jtjpy;iy. mjpfkhd Copau;fis ,izj;Jmtu;fSf;Fr;rk;gsk; nfhLggJk;> rpukkhdJ. vt;thwhapDk;tzpfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Ntd;.

49

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tzpf


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : gq;Flik tzpf mikg;ig mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww;NgWfs; :


gq;Flik tzpfq;fspd; mbg;gilg; gz;GfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis toq;Fthu;.

gq;Flik tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.

gq;Flik tzpfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fisAk;> tiuaiwfisAk;

Kd;itg;ghu;.






,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; Muk;gj;jpy; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ

,uhfgtDk; - ghyDk;.

“,yhgk; ngUFtjw;F - el;lkilahjpUg;gjw;Fk; ek;kpUtUk; tzpfnkhd;iw

elj;JNthkh”

vDk; ghliy khztu;fSf;F epidtpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;J mt;tzpfj;jpd; jd;ik

njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij toq;fTk;. mt;thwpd;Nwy; xd;wpize;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

eltbf;ifnahd;W njhlu;ghf ePq;fs; mwpe;j ftpij /ghly; /fijnahd;iwNaDk;

Kd;itf;f KbAk;.

,Utu; my;yJ mjpYk; $ba egu;fs; xd;wpize;J ,yhgk; ngWk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpy;

elhj;jg;gLk; tzpfk; gq;Flik tzpfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

gq;Flik tzpfq;fspd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij

khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhf Ntz;b ,izg;G 6.3.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s

FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gj;jpuj;Jld; ,izg;G 6.3.2 ,y;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpla Ma;tpidAk; gad;gLj;jp khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by;

<Lglr; nra;aTk;.

khztu;fsJ Njbawpjy;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L gq;Flik tzpfnkhd;wpd;

mbg;gilg; gz;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ

tplak; rhu;e;j my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpg; nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPLfis khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

jdpahs; cupik tzpfj;Jld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ gq;Flik tzpfnkhd;wpy;

fhzg;gLk; rhjfkhd ghjfkhd gz;Gfs; ,uz;L tPjk; Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;.

50


gjpT nra;jy;.

cupik

nghWg;G


epiyg;Gj;jd;ik

%yjdkply;

Kfhikj;Jtk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPL juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myF

,izg;G 6.3.1 ,d; FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg;gbtk;

,izg;G 6.3.2 khah kzkfs; moF epiyak; - tpla Ma;T

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : jdpahs; cupik> gq;Flik tzpfq;fsJ mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis xg;gpLthu;.

gq;Flik tzpfnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis Kd;itg;ghu;.

gq;Flik tzpfnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

,izg;G 6.3.1


“khah kzkfs;” vDk; tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.

mkypd; tzpfj;jpw;F ep`hiy ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk;

gad;fs; ahit?

tzpf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghf mtu;fs; ,Utuplj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; gyk;;fs;

vit?

,t;tzpfk; vt;thwhd tifapy; %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,t;tzpfkhdJ vt;tifahd tzpf mikg;G tifiar; rhu;e;jJ. mjw;fhd

fhuzq;fisr; rku;g;gpf;Ff.

,t;tzpfj;ijg; gjpT nra;jy; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;.

,t;tzpfj;jpd; vjpu;fhy epiyg;ghL njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;.

,t;thwhd tzpfnkhd;iw NkYk; ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;F cq;fshy;

Kd;itf;ff; $ba MNyhridfisf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

cq;fsJ Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;itf;fTk;.

51

,izg;G 6.3.2

khah kzkfs; moF epiyak;

cau; juf; fy;tpiaf; fw;wjd; gpd;du; khah jdf;NF cupj;jhd njhopnyhd;whf

rpifayq;fhu epiya tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpj;jhu;. rpy fhyj;jpd; gpd;du; moFf;

fiyg; ghl tpjhdj;ijf; fw;w jdJ Njhopahd uk;ahitAk; tzpf eltbf;iffspy;

,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. ,t;tpUtupdJk; xj;Jiog;G xUikg;ghL mu;g;gzpg;G

vd;gd fhuzkhf ,t;tzpfkhdJ ehSf;F ehs; tpUj;jpailayhapw;W.

mtu;fspUtUk; mt;tzpfj;ij vt;tpjf; fUj;J Kuz;ghLfSkpd;wp elj;jpr;

nrd;wdu;.

mt;tzpfj;jpw;Fr; Nritia ehbtUNthu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifahdJ ehSf;F ehs;

mjpfupj;Jr; nry;tijf; fz;l ,tu;fs; ,jid NkYk; tpU;jjp nra;tjw;fhff;

flndhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F tpz;zg;gpj;jhu;fs;. ,jw;fhf tzpfj;ijg;

gjpT nra;a Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJld; mf;fld; uk;ahtpd; ngaupNyNa

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; tzpf eltbf;iffSf;fhf tzpfj;jpd; gzj;ijf;

nfhz;L Nkhl;lhu; thndhd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;jJld; mJ khahtpd; ngaupNyNa

gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

mtu;fs; rk;gsk; ngwhjtu;fshf ,Ue;jJld; tzpfj;jpd; midj;Jr; nryTfSk;

Nghf vQ;rpa ,yhgj;jpid mtu;fspUtUk; jkJ ,zf;fg;ghl;bw;fika gfpu;e;J

nfhz;ldu;;. vjpu;ghuhj tifapy; uk;ahtpw;F Vw;gl;l mq;ftPdk; fhuzkhf

rpwpJ fhyk; tzpfj;jpw;F mtsJ gq;fspg;G fpilf;fhJ Nghapw;W. mj;Jld;

,f;fhyg;gFjpapDs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tq;fpf; flidr; nrYj;j Kbahky; Nghdjd;

fhuzkhf mjid khahtpd; nrhe;jg; gzj;jpypUe;J nrYj;j Ntz;b

Vw;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; ,t;tzpfj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhfg; gzpahsu;fis ,izj;Jf;

nfhz;L NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.

52

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd tzpf

mikg;Gf;fis Njbawpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.4 : $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfis mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; :


$l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;wpd; milg;gilg; gz;GfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdpfis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdpnahd;wpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mD$yq;fisAk;>

tiuaiwfisAk; Kd;itg;ghu;.


,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidAk;>


njhlu;ghfTk; $ba tpsf;fnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhss;Tk;. mjd; gpd;du; fPNo


,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; fPo; Muk;gj;jpy; ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ cq;fSf;Fj;

njupe;j fk;gdpfs; ,uz;bidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf;fhl;Lq;fs;. gpd;du;

khztu;fSf;Fj; njupe;j NtW fk;gdpfspd; ngau;fisf; Nfl;L vOjpf;

fhl;Lq;fs;.

mj;jfty;fspd; cjtpAld; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; njhlu;gpy; rpwpa

fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;. mNjNghd;W tzpfj;jpd; ngau;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vDk; gjk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; fk;gdp tiffis

,yFthf milahsk; fhzyhk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

2007Mk; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;f fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPO; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;w

tzpf epWtdq;fs; $l;bizf;fg ;gl ;l fk ;gdpahFk; vd;gjid

mwpKfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdp kdpj me;j];J> ePbj;j tho;T

vd;git fk;gdpfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd gz;GfshFk; vd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

gy;NtW tifahd fk;gdp tiffs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; njhlu;gpy; khj;jpuNk ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk; vd;gjid

khztu;fs; mwpar; nra;aTk;.

gpd;du; ,izg;G 6.4.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njbawpjy; MNyhridg;

gbtj;ijAk; ,izg;G 6.4.2 cs;slf;fg;ggl;Ls;s ciuahlypd; gpujpapidAk;

FOf;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.

khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu;

fk;gdpfspd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghfTk;> mtw;wpd; mD$yq;fs;

gpujp$yq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fye;JiuahlTk;.

53

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ tplak; rhu;e;j

my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; nghUj;jkhd

kjpg;gPl;bid khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahu; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfisg;

ngauplTk;.

jdpahSupik gq;Flik tzpfq;fSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

jdpahu; fk;gdpnahd;W mtw;wpypUe;J NtWgLfpd;w Kiwapidg; gpd;tUk;

jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lf.

gjpT nra;jy;

cupik

nghWg;G


epiyg;Gj;jd;ik

%yjdj;ijj; jpul;Ljy;


gjpT nra;jy;

cupik

nghWg;G

rl;l uPjpahd jdpkdpj me;j];J

epiyg;Gj;jd;ik

%yjdj;ijj; jpul;Ljy;

Kfhik

jdpahu; fk;gdpfs;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; juk; 11 ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myF.

,izg;G 6.4.1 ,d; FOj; Njbawpjy; MNyhridg; gbtk;

,izg;G 6.4.2 ,d; ciuahlypd; gpujp

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpapid mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.

gq;Flikf;Fk;> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdp fk;gdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis

xg;gpLthu;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpf; fk;gdpfspy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fisAk;>

tiuaiwfisAk; fye;JiuahLthu;.

54

,izg;G 6.4.1


Fkhu; vd;gtUf;Fk; tzpf MNyhrfnuhUtUf;F ,lk;ngw;w nrt;tpapid ed;whf

mtjhdpj;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpyhd jfty;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.

1. ciuahlYf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j tzpf tiffs;

2. mt;tikg;G tiffspd; tpNrl gz;Gfs;

3. ePq;fs; ,jw;F Kd;du; fw;w tzpf mikg;Gf;fspypUe;J ,t;tikg;Gf;fs;

NtWgLk; gz;Gfs;.

4. tzpfj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhf ,t;tikg;G tifahdJ nghUj;jkhf ,Ug;gjw;F

my;yJ nghUj;jkw;wpUg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.

5. ,t;tikg;G tiffisg;gjpT nra;jy;.

,izg;G 6.4.2

ciuahly;;

fk;gdpahfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s rpw;wsT> eLj;jutsT Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F

kpf ,yFthd epge;jidfspd; fPo; fld;fisAk;> tup tpLjiyiaAk; toq;Fk;

Ntiyj;jpl;;lnkhd;iw (nraw;wpl;lk;) eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F muR jPu;khdpj;Js;sJ.

jdpahs; cupik tzpfnkhd;whfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Fkhu; rpj;jk;gyj;jpd;

tzpfj;ij fk;gdpnahd;whfg; gjpT nra;tjw;fhd Njit Vw;gl;lJ. mJ

njhlu;gpyhd MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F tzpf MNyhrfu; xUtupd;

cjtp ehlg;gl;lJ. FkhUf;Fk;> tzpf MNyhrfUf;Fkpilapy; ,lk;ngw;w

fye;Jiuahlypd; xU gFjp fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fkhu; : vdJ tzpfk; xU ngupa tzpfky;y. vdpDk; ,jidf;

fk;gdpnahd;whfg; gjpT nra;a KbAkh?

tzpf MNyhrfu; : fk;gdpnahd;whfg; gjpT nra;tjw;F tzpfj;jpd; msT

njhlu;gpy; ve;jg; gpur;rpidAk; ,y;iy. jdpnahUtUf;Fk;

tzpfj;ij fk;gdpnahd;whfg; gjpT nra;ayhk;. Mdhy;

mjw;Fr; rpy rl;ltpjpKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fkhu; : ehd; ,jw;F Kd;du; gpuNjr nrayhsu; fhupahyaj;jpNyNa

vd;w tzpfj;ijg; gjpT nra;Njd;. fk;gdpnahd;iw

mf;fhupahyaj;jpy; gjpT nra;a KbAkh?

tzpf MNyhrfu; : fk;gdpfisg; gjpT nra;tjw;Ff; fk;gdpg; gjpthsu;

mYtyfk;; vDk; jdpahd mYtyfnkhd;W

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

55

Fkhu; : jw;NghJ ehd; <Lgl;Ls;s tzpfj;jpw;Fk; me;j fk;gdpf;Fk;

,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs; vd;d?

tzpf MNyhrfu; : $Ljyhd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fk;gdpahdJ

rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdpkdpjdhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy;

fk;gdpapd; ngaupy; gy;NtW tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s

KbAk;. fk;gdpapd; ngaupNyNa fld; vLg;gjw;F> tzpff;

fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fk; KbAk;. fk;gdpapd;

ngaupNyNa rl;lj;j pd ; Kd; nry;yyhk; . tzpf

eltbf;iffspd; ntgspafg; nghWg;Gf;fs; fk;gdpf;F

xg;gilf;fg;gLfpd;wd. %yjdj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

NjitNaw;gbd; ,d;ndhU egupd; gq;fspg;gpidAk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;syhk;. tzpfj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;j mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;Fk;.

tzpfj;jpd; cupikahsu;fs; khwpdhYk;> fk;gdpapy; khw;wk;

nra;ahJ njhlu;e;J elhj;jpr; nry;yyhk;. Vida

tzpfq;fisg; Nghyd;wp ,jid elhj;jpr; nry;Yk; NghJ

e piwNtw ;w Ntz;ba r py rl ;l eilKiwfs ;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fkhu; : mg;gbnad;why; fk;gdpnahd;whfg; gjpT nra;tjw;F vd;d

nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

tzpf MNyhrfu; : fk;gdpg; gjpthsu; fhupahyj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W>

- fk;gdpapd; mftpjp

- fk;gdpapd; ngau; NtnwhU fk;gdpapd; ngau; ,y;iy

vd;gjw;fhd cWjpf;$w;W

- fk;gdpapd; ,af;Feu;fshf flikahw;Wtjw;F tpUg;gj;ij

njuptpf;Fk; $w;W

- fk;gdpapd; nrayhsuhf flikahw;w tpUk;Gtjw;fhd

$w;W

Nghd;w Mtzq;fisg; g+uzg;gLj;jpr; rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,jid vdf;Fk; nra;J juKbAk;. mt;thwpy;yhky;

,iza tiyaikg;G trjpiag; gad;gLj;jpAk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltw;iw Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

gpd;du; fk;gdpg; gjpTr; rhd;wpjnohd;W fpilf;fg;ngWk;

mjd;gpd;du;> fk;gdpahf epWtdj;ij elhj;jpr; nry;yyhk;.

56

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : tzpfj;ij Muk;gpg ;gjw;F nghUj;jkhd tzpf


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.5 : mq;fPfhu tzpfj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghlNtisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;.

mq;fPfhu tzpfnkhd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.

mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd tpjpKiwfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fs;> tiuaiwfis Kd;itg;ghu;.


,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidAk;>




,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghl myfpy; Kjypy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ cq;fshy;

ed;whf mwpag;gl;l mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fs; rpytw;iw cjhuzq;fshff;

fhl;Lq;fs;.

eilKiwapy; ,Uf;fpd;wJk;> ntw;wpfukhf ,aq;Fk; tzpfnkhd;wpd; ngau;>

tpahghuf; Fwp> tpahghu Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpr; nraw;gLfpd;wit

(Franchise, A business that uses the names, Logo and trading of an existing success ful

business) mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fs; vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. ,J

mq;fPfhuj;ij toq;FgtUf;Fk;> mjidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;gtUf;Fk; ,ilNa

Vw;gLk; cld;gbf;ifahFk;. ,jw;fika> tzpfnuhUtUf;F mq;fPfhu Kiwapy;

tzpfj;ij elhj;jpr; nry;y KbAk;. ,t;tifahd tzpf Kiwfs; ,d;W

gpugy;akile;J tUfpd;w mikg;Gf;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gpLtjhapd; re;Njh]; vDk; ngaupy; gpugy;akpf;f ,dpg;Gg;

gz;l tifapyhd tzpfnkhd;W ,Ug;gjhff; fUjpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. mtuJ

cw;gj;jpg; nghUSf;F re;Njh]; vDk; ngaupy; NtW Kaw;rpahsnuhUtUu;

,g;ngaupNyNa jdJ %yjdj;ij ,l;L kw;Nwhu; gpuNjrj;jpy; tzpfj;ij

Muk;gpj;J elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;F xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

mq;fPfhu tzpfnkhd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;> Muk;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> mjd;

mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fs; vd;git njhlu;gpy ; khztu;fSf;F

tpsf;fkspf;fTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpdbg;gilapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ tplak;

rhu;e;j my;yJ fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nghUj;jkhd kjpg;gPnlhd;iw khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk;

mq;fPfhu tzpfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

mq;fPfhu tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;gpf;Fk; tzpfnuhUtUf;F ,jd; %yk;

fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

57


mq;fPfhu tzpfk;

mq;fPfhuk; toq;Fgtu;

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;wtu;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :


fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : mq;fPfhu tzpf Kiwapd; tpNrl gz;Gfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

mq;fPfhu tzpfKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fs;> gpupjp$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

fhl;Lthu;.

mq;fPfhu tzpfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

58

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,yq;ifapy; Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;W

Njhd;Wtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fisj; Njbawpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : ,yq;ifapd; Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;W

cUthtjpy; fhzg;gLk; re;ju;g;gKk; mJ njhlu;ghff;

fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfisAk; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; :

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghlNtisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;

,yq;ifapd; Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;wpd; Njitg;ghl;bid

fhuzq;fNshL Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fhyhr;rhunkhd;W Njhd;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

nghUshjhu> r%f fhuzq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis cjtpfSld;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

,yq;ifapd; Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;W Njhd;Wtjpy; jilahftpUf;Fk;

fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.






,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ghl myfpy; Kjypy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztu;fSf;F Kd;itj;J rpe;jidf; fpswy;

gapw;rpnahd;wpy; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

fyhr;rhuk; vd;gjd; fUj;J vd;d?

fyhr;rhuj;jpy; fhzf;$ba gz;Gfs; vit?

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhuk; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; : ahNjDk; kf;fs; FOnthd;wpdhy; jk;kpilNa gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk;

ek;gpf;iffs; ngWkhdq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa fyitNa

fyhr;rhuk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

Calture can be defirned of the make by norms, values and beliefs that are shared by a

particular community

r%fnkhd;iw vLj;J Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ,q;F fyhrhur; nray;Kiw ....

mikg;ghf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; fhzg;gLtJld; mjidg; gpd;tUk; tifapy;

Kd;itf;f KbAk;;.

59

jdp egu;fs; cUthf;fp tpUj;jpailar; nra;Ak; fyhr;rhunkhd;wpy; mtu;fspd;

vz;zq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> kdg;ghq;F elj;ijfs; vd;gd kPJ jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;JtJld; fyhr;rhunkhd;wpdhy; jdp egu;fspd; mwpT Qhdj;ij

Kiwikg;gLj;jf; $ba gyd;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

tho;thjhunkDk; tifapy; jdf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd tzpfnkhd;W elhj;jpr;

nry;yg;gLfpd;wjh my;yJ rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopnyhd;wpy; <LgLfpd;whu;fsh

vd;w jPu;khdkhdJ fyhr;rhuj;jpd; kPJ; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;

,yq;iff; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopnyhd;wpy; <LgLjyhdJ

rKfj;jpdhy; $Ljyhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

ahNjDk; fyhr;rhunkhd;wpy; vz;zpylq;fhj Jizf; fyhr;rhuq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cjhuzkhf : Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhukhdJ Jizf; fyhr;rhunkhd;whFk;.

,f;fyhrhuj;jpy; Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; mq;fPfhuk; ek;gpf;iffs;>

ngWkhdq;fs;> kdg;ghq;Fj; njhlu;Gfs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;baitfs;

vd;gd cs;slq;Fk.

,g;ghlj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhrhunkhd;W cUthtjw;fhd

Njitg;ghl;bid fhuzq;fNshL tpsf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

njhopy; toq;fy; Fiwe;J nry;Yk; Nghf;F

fw;w Copau;gilnahd;W fhzg;gly;

fw;fhj gpuptpdiu tpl fw;w ,isQu; gpuptpdu;fspilNa Ntiyapy;yhik

$Ljyhd tPjj;jpy; ,Uj;jy;.

,yq;if kpff; $ba nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

Ntz;bapUj;jy;.

njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;Fj; njhopiy

cUthf;Fdu;fis cUthf;f Ntz;bapUj;jy;.

nghUj;jkhd murpay;> nghUshjhur; #onyhd;W fhzg;gly;.

tsq;fs; mUikahff; fhzg;gly;.

r%f xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpr; nry;Yk; Njitg;ghL

nraw;gLNthu; (Actors)cjhuzk; :

Mrpupau;> kjj;jiytu;fs;>

Clftpayhsuf;s;>

fiyQu;fs;> tzpfu;fs;

fyhrhuq;fs; (Culture)cjhuzk; :

kuGupik thjq;fs;>

elj;ij thjq;fs;>

ek;gpf;ifthjq;fs;

cUthf;Fgtu;fs;; (Stuctures)cjhuzk; :

murpay;> nghUshjhuk;>

rkak;> kjk;> Fyk;

60

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;W cUthtjw;F ghjfkhfTs;s

epiyikapidf; fhl;Ltjw;Fk; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; r%f> nghUshjhu>

fhuzpfs; njhlu;gpyhd njspnthd;iw toq;Ftjw;Fg; ghlnkhd;iwg;

gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

,jw;fika ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghlj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s r%f>

nghUshjhuk;> fhuzq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jTk;.

gpd;du; jdp egu;fs; Kaw;rpahz;ik njhlu;gpy; ehl;lk; nfhs;tijj;

jLg;gjw;fhfTk; r%f eltbf;if njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij toq;Ftjw;Fk;

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLq;fs;.

,q ;F jdpegu ;fs ; vf ;fhuzj ;j pdhy ; tzpfr ; nraw ;ghLfspy ;

<LglhjpUf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;w tpdhit tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;Jr; rpe;jidf; fpswy;

gapw;rpnahd;wpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jp ciuahlnyhd;iw ikakhff;

nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy njwpg;gLj;jpj; Njitahd ghltplaq;fis

ntspg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

cjhuzk;

rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; $ba mq;fPfhuk;

,lu;fs; my;yJ rthy;fis nghWg;Ngw;gjw;Fs;s tpUg;gkpd;ik

fy;tpapd; %yk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhik

murpd; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; NjitahdsT fpilf;fg; ngwhik

tzpfq;fspy; <LgLNthu; njhlu;gpy; r%f uPjpahd Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jd;ik

Fiwthff; fhzg;gly;.

jdpegu;fs;> csuPjpahf kw;Nwhu;fspd; kPJ jq;fpapUj;jy;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ

GwtakhdJk;> fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tpdhf;fis toq;fp nghUj;jkhd

kjpg;gPLfis khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk;

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;wpd; gz;Gfis RUf;fkhf tpsf;fTk;.

,yq;iff;F Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; Njitg;ghl;Lf;fhd 4

fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

r%fnkhd;W gpujhdkhf %d;W gpupTfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mg;gpupTfis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;fTk;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; / vz;zf;fU : Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhuk;

nghUshjhu r%ff; fhuzpfs;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myF

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : ,yq;iff;F Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;W Njitg;gLtjw;fhd

fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;W Njhd;Wtjpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapd; Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhr;rhunkhd;W Njhd;Wtjw;Fj; jilahf

61

mikAk; fhuzq;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhd MNyhridfis Kd;nkhopthu;.

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ,yq;ifapd; Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhrhunkhd;W


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : ,yq ;ifa pd ; Kaw ; r pahz ;ikf ; #onyhd ;W

cUthf;Ftjpy; ngz;fsJ tfpgq;fpd; Njitg;ghl;bid

tpku;rpg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; :


ngz;fs; Kaw;rpahz;ikapy; <LgLtjd; Njitg;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fUkq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F ngz;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;

gyq;fisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

ngz;fs; Kaw;rpahz;ikapy; <LgLtJ njhlu;gpy; ,yq;ifapy; r%fq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.






,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; Kjypy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ Rakhf

Kd;tUk; ,U khztu;fis mioj;J MzpdJk; ngz;zpdJk; ,d;Kfj;Jlhd

cUtnkhd;iw fUk;gyifapy; tiutjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;. gpd;du;

MizAk; ngz;izAk; xUtupypUe;J kw;nwhUtu; NtWgLtjw;fhdJk;

mtu;fSf;Nf cupj;jhdJkhd gz;Gfisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;. ngz;Zld;

njhlu;Gila gz;Gfs; mtspd; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; ghj;jpuj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;gjid njspTgLj;jTk;. Kaw;rpahsuhff; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;

tzpfj;jpy; <LgLk; ngz;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F ,lkspj;J

ngz; Kaw;rpahsu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.

,g;ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ ngz; Kaw;rpahsu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

khztu;fs; Njbawptjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gjd; %yk; ngz; Kaw;rpahsu;fs;

njhlu;ghd cz;ikahd mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f KbAk;.

cjhuzk; :

gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffspy; ntspahFk; ngz; Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; jfty;fs;

,iza tiyaikg;gpidg; guPl;rpj;J mt;thW Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ngz;

Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; tho;f;ifj; jfty;fs;.

khztu;fSf;Fj; njupe;j cz;ikahd ngz; Kaw;rpahsu;fs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fs;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwfspy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;giwapy;

Kd; itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.

62

re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;Fkhapd; ePq;fs; ed;whf mwpe;j Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Kaw;rpahz;ikg; ngz; xUtiu tsthsuhf tFg;giwf;F mioj;J mtu;

tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;l Kiw njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd

re;ju;g;gj;ij mspf;fTk;.

mtsJ tpupTiuapd; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ftdj;ijr;

nrYj;Jtjw;F mtSf;F Kjypy; MNyhrid toq;fTk;.

cjhuzk;

tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Rakhd tzpfj;jpy; <LgLtjw;F mtsplkpUe;j gyq;fSk;> jilfSk;.

khztu;fSf;F ed;ikaspf;ff;$ba mtsJ mDgtq;fs;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba jfty;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L ngz; Kaw;rpahz;ikg; ghj;jpuk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;fTk;.

,q;F Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhrhunkhd;W ,yq;ifapy; cUthtjpy;

Kaw;rpahsu;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

tsthsnuhUtuhf Kaw;rpahsnuhUtiug; gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; mtsJ

ciuapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;j

KbAk;. ,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjpy;

khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.

mtsJ Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; jd;ik

mts; tzpfj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

mtsJ fy;tpAk; gapw;rpAk;

FLk;gg; gpd;dzp

vjpu;fhy ,yf;F

mts; vjpu;nfhz;l jilfSk;> mtw;iw ntw;wp nfhz;l KiwfSk;

tzpfj;jpw;Fr; rhjfkhf mtsplk; fhzg;gl;l gyq;fs;

mtspd; ciuapd; %yk; cq;fSf;F gadspf;ff;$ba mtsJ

mDgtq;fs;.

ngz;fs; tzpf Kaw;rpapy; <LgLtjw;fhd Njitg;ghLk; mjw;fhf; fhzg;gLk;

re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghl tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;LtJ kpf

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

NjitahdJ vd;gjw;fhf

cjhuzk;

rdj;njhifapy; $Ljyhd gq;fpdu; ngz;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;

ngz;fspilNa mjpfkhNdhu; Ntiy tha;g;gpd;wp ,Uj;jy;.

ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gj; Njitahf ,Uf;Fk; tzpfq;fs; fhzg;gly;.

ngz;fs; cau;fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nghf;F fhzg;gly;.

63

re;ju;g;gq;fs; ,Ug;gjw;fhd cjhuzq;fs;.

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Copau;fS;ffhd $ba Nfs;tp ,Ug;gJ kl;Lkd;wp

ngz;fspd; Nritapd; gq;fspg;ghdJ ,q;F kpf mj;jpahtrpakhdjhf

,Ug;gJ gpuNtrpf;ff;$ba rpw;wsT tzpfq;fs; fhzg;gly;.

tpNrl Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fshd Kd;nkhopTfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly;.

r%f mq;fPfhuk; kdg;ghq;F vd;gd rhjfkhd Kiwapy; khw;wkile;J

tUfpd;wik

FLk;gj;jpdJ tzpf cupik jdf;F cupj;Jilajhf khwy;.

ngz; Kaw;rpahsu;fs; vDk; tifapy; ngz;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; gyq;fisAk;>

mtu;fs; tzpfj;jpy; <LgLjy; njhlu;ghff; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;> rthy;fs;>

vd;gd njhlu;ghf khztu;fis mwpar; nra;tJ kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

ngz;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; gyq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;

rpf;fdj; jd;ik

Neuj;ij xOq;fhd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jy;.

Ra xOf;fk;

ek;gfj;jd;ik nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Uj;jy;.

ngz;fs; tzpfk; nra;tJ njhlu;ghff; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfSk;>

rthy;fSf;Fkhd cjhuzq;fs;.

Mzhjpf;f thjk;

ghuk;gupaj;ij gpd;gw;wy;.

FLk;gk; njhlu;ghff; fhzg;gLk; nghWg;G

rpy tzpfq;fspy; <LgLjy; njhlu;ghf r%f uPjpahd kdg;ghq;F

rhjfkhfjhdf; fhzg;glhik


rhu;e;j my;yJ mikf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUj;jkhd

kjpg;gPnlhd;iw khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

,yq;if Nghd;w ehnlhd;wpd; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F ngz;fspd;

Kaw;rpahz;ikapd; gq;fspg;Gj; Njitahf ,Ug;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;.

ngz;fs; tzpfj;jpy; <LgLjy; njhlu;ghf rKfj;jpd; rpyupilNa rpwe;j

kdg;ghq;nfhd;W ,y;yhjpUf;;fpd;wJ. ,J njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;.

Kjd;ikg; gjq;fs; / vz;zf;fU : ngz; Kaw;rpahsu;fs;

gyq;fSk;> tiuaiwfSk;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}y;py; cupghl myF

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : ngz;fs; Fiwthf <LgLk; tzpfq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

tzpff; fyhrhunkhd;iw cUthf;Ftjpy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gPl;bw;F

cl;gLj;Jthu;.

ngz;fs; tzpfj;jpy; <LgLjYk;> mjDld; njhlu;Gila tiuaiwfisAk;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

64



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.3 : r%f nghWg;Gf;fs; tpOkpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;wpr; rpwe;j

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fyhrhunkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjpy; mf;fiwapid fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; ; : 03

fw;wy; NgW :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghl Ntisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;.

tzpf> r%f nghWg;Gf;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; Rakhd fUj;jpid

tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpfq;fs; %yk; r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Ff; flg;ghLs;s

gpuptpdu;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tpsf;Fthu;.

tzpfq;fspy; r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fs; tpOkpaq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;bajd;

Njitg;ghl;bid fye;JiuahLthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghljpl;lj;jpy; ghzg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidak;>

mjDlk; njhlu;GilaJkhf ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghl tplaq;fs;

njhlu;ghfTk; $ba tpsf;fnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;. gpd;du; fPNo


,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ghlj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ tFg;G

khztu;fis nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. (ehd;F

FOf;fshfg; gpupg;gJ kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;. )

gpd;tUk; xt;nthU jiyg;Gf;fisAk; mf;FOf;fSf;Fk; toq;fp khztu;fsJ

Jyq;fy;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.

1. jdJ gps;isfs; kPJs;s ngw;Nwhu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs;.

2. ngw;Nwhu;fspd; kPJs;s gps;isfspd; nghWg;Gf;fs;.

3. khztu;fspd; kPjhd Mrpupau;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs;.

4. Mrpupau;fs; kPjhd khztu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs;.

khztu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;. (,jw;fhf

vl;L epkplq;fs; NghJkhdJ)

gpd;du; r%fj;jpd; kPjhd khztu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjid khztu;fSf;F Kd;itj;J mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.

,izg;G 7.3.1 cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s nuhf;̀ py; N`hl;ly; vDk; tpla Ma;tpid

khztu; FOfSf;F toq;fp mJ njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fp gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilapidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.

,t;tpla Ma;tpw;fika tzpfu;fs; %yk; rKfj;jpw;F epiwNtw;wg;gLk;

rpwe;jitfs; vit?

mt;tzpfu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fisr; rupahf epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gpuptpdu;fs;

65

ahtu;?

mtu;fspdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; nghWg;Gf;fs; ahtu;

ey;yijr; nra;jy;> jPatw;iwr; nra;ahjpUj;jy; vd;gd njhlu;ghf

tzpfu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba Kd;khjpupfs; vit?

,t;tpla Ma;tpw;fika tzpfj;Jld; njhlu;GgLk; gpuptpdu;fs; njhlu;ghff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mg;gpuptpdu;fs; ahtu;?

tzpfu;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; rpwe;j xOq;F Kiwfs; fhuzkhf mtu;fSf;F

fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ vd;d vd;gjidf;

Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

FOj; Njbawpjy;fis KO tFg;gpYk; Kd;itg;gjpy; <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;.

r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fs; tpOkpaq;fisg; gpd;gw;WtjpD}lhf tzpfu;fSf;Ff;

fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;.

tzpfk; njhlu;ghd ey;nyz;zk; cUthFk;.

thbf;ifahsu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifapy; tpUj;jp Vw;gLk;.

Copau;fspd; kd ijupak; Vw;gLtJld; tzpfj;jpd; kPJhd tpUg;G

mjpfupf;Fk;.

tzpfj;jpw;fhd ghJfhg;Gf; fpilf;Fk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nranyhq;fpy; Gwtakhd

fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tifapyhd tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp nghUj;jkhd

kjpg;gPLfis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.

r%fk; kPjhd tzpfu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gjdhy; ahJ fUjg;gLk;

vd;gJ njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs; vd;d?

tzpfu;fspd; %yk; r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjd;

Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lq;fs;.


tzpfj;jpd; rKfg; nghWg;Gf;fs;.

tzpf xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs;

tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;fs;.


,izg;G 7.3.1 ,d; nuhf;`py; N`hl;ly; tpla Ma;tpd; gpujpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : tzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fs;> tpOkpaq;fs; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis

tpgupg;ghu;.

tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jk; gpuptpdu;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpl;L mg;gpuptpdu;fs; tzpfj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;Jtjw;fhd

fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

tzpf r%fg; nghWg;Gf;fs; tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wk; tzpfu;fs;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba mD$yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

66

,izg;G 7.3.1

nuhf;`py; N`hl;ly;

fz;b k`paht tPjpf;fUfpy; elj;jpr; nry;Yk; rpwpastpyhd rpw;Wz;br;rhiyNa

,uhrh FLk;gj;jpd; tzpfkhf ,U;ejJ. ,jdUNf Cw;nwLj;Jr; nry;Yk; eP&w;whdJ

,t;tpw;gidafj;jpw;F thbf;ifahsu;fs; tUif jUtjw;fhd fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ>

Muk;gj;jpypUe;J fpJy; fUg;gl;bAld; (nty;yk;) NjdPu;> gRk; ghy;> Njq;fha;

nuhl;b >mg;gk;> kw;Wk; gy;NtW rpw;WzT tiffis #lhd epiyapy; cz;gjw;F

ngwf; $bajhf ,Ug;gJ ,t;tpw;gidaj;jpd; tpNrl gz;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tPjp

topahfg; gazpf;Fk; mNdf NgUe;J thfdq;fs; ,q;F epWj;jg;gl;L gazpfs;

NjePu;; mUe;jptpl;Lr; nry;tJ tof;fkhFk;. ,uhrh ghlrhiy tpLKiw fhyq;fspy;

je;ijapd; tzpf eltbfiffSf;Fj; Jizahf ,Ue;jhd;. ,uhrhtpdJ je;ijapd;

jpBu; kuzj;jpd; fhuzkhf mtd; jdJ jhAld; ,ize;J tzpfj;jpy; KO

NeuKk; fUkkhw;w Ntz;ba epiyNaw;gl;lJ.

,uhrh gUt taij milAk;NghJ tzpfj;jpd; tpUj;jpapy; Fwpg;gpl;lsT

Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mtd; jdJ tzpfj;ij tpuptilar; nra;J ,U khbf;

fl;blk; vDk; epiyf;F khw;wpaJld;; fPo; khbahdJ NjePu; mUe;Jtjw;Fk;> Nky;

khbahdJ fhiy> kjpak;> ,uT czTfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fkhf

xJf;fg;gl;lJ. mtdJ cztfj;jpy; czT ghd tiffSf;fhf Rjjkhd

gRikahd epiyapYs;s nghUl;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; cztfj;jpy;

Rfhjhuj; jd;ikAld; $ba czT Fbghdq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. cztfj;jpd;

mfw;wg;gLfpd;w midj;Jf; fopTg; nghUl;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp mtw;iwf; nfhz;L

kpd;rhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ,aw;if thA mynfhd;W epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cztfk; kpfr; Rj;jkhfg; guhkupf;fg;gl;L tUtUld;> Copau;fs; ,d;Kfj;Jld;

Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhd gapw;rpfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gzpahsu;fSf;F

cupathW rk;gsk;> nfhLg;gdT> rPUil czT> Fbghdk; vd;git rupahd

Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. cztfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis

tpepNahfpg;Nghu;fSf;F cupathW nfhLg;gdTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld;> nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fisAk; rupahd Kiwapy; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;L nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupfSk;

xOq;FKiwahfr; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtuJ cztfj;jpYs;s czT> Fbghd

tiffs; kpfTk; epahakhdJ vd thbf;ifahsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;;.

cztfj;jpw;F mUfpy; gha;e;J nry;Yk; ePUw;iwr; Rw;wpAs;s gpuNjrkhdJ

kdijf; ftuf;$ba #onyhd;whd epiyf;F khw;wp thbf;ifahsuJ jhfj;jpidAk;

g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtu; jdJ

,yhgj ;ijg ; gw ;w p kl ;Lkd ;w p mtu pdhy ; e piwNtw;wg ;gl Ntz;ba

flikfs;njhlu;ghfTk; mbf;fb epidT$Uthu;. NkYk; gUt taijf; fle;J

nry;Yk; ,uhrhtpd; vjpu;fhykhdJ kpfTk; gpufhrkhd epiyf;F khWk; vd;gJ

cWjpahdJ.

67



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 : Gj pa tzpfq ; fis Muk ; g p g ; gtu ; fis

Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

epWtdq;fs;> mitfsJ Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; vd;gd

njhlu;ghf Njbawpjypy; ehl;;lk; nrYj;Jtij

ntspg;gLjJthu;.

ghlNtisfs; ; : 06

fw;wy; NgWfs; :,j;Nju;r ;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghl Ntisfspd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs;.

Gjpa tzpfq;fSf;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd;

Njitg;ghl;bidf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

,yq;ifapy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; epjp kw;Wk; epjp rhuhj

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

,yq;ifapy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F epjp kw;Wk; epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis

toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs; :,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;Jf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s ghl cs;slf;fj;jpidAk; mjDld;

,ize;j ghl tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; rpwe;j njsptpidg;; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.

gpd;du; MNyhrid njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Muk;gj;jpy; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;ifapy;

tzpfnkhd;iwj; Muk;gpf;Fk; nghOJ Kaw;rpahsnuhUtUf;F Vw;gLk;

Njitfs; vit? vDk; tpdhtpid tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;J khztu;fisr;

rpe;jidf; fpswy; gapw;rpnahd;wpy; <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;.

khztu;fspdhy; Kd; itf;fg;gLk; jfty;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Gjpa

tzpfnkhd;iw Muk;g pf ;Fk; Kaw;r pahsu;fSf;fhff; fhzg;gLk;

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisAk;> mt;thwhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

njhlu;ghfTk; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.

,q;F tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg ;Nghu;fSf;F murpd; Cf;Ftpg ;Gf;fs;

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;jTk;.

cjhuzk; :

jdp egu;fs; tzpfq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fs;s tpUg;gj;jpw;fhd re;ju;g;gk;

toq;Fq;fs;.

jdp egu;fsJ tzpff; fUj;Jf;fs; tzpfk; vDk; epiyf;F

khw;wg;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.

tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;gtu;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhd Muk;gnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jy;.

tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;gtu;fSld; rhjfkhd njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzy;.

tzpfq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Nthu;fsplk; jd;dk;gpf;ifapidAk; Neuhd

kdg;ghq;fpidAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

68

murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jp tpsf;f

KbAk;.

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

epjp Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

tzpfj;jpd; Vida tq;fpf; MNyhrid njhopy; re;ij

fld; fld; trjpfs; Nrit El;gNrit trjp

trjpfs;

epjp trjpfis toq;Ftjd; Njitg;ghL njhlu;gpy; khztu;fis mwpar;

nra;aTk;.

cjhuzk; : ,ae;jpu cgfuzf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;

mYtyf cgfuzf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.

epu;khz eltbf;iffSf;fhf

tzpfj;ij tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf

nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjw;fhf

epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; : Kaw;rpahsu;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

gzpahsu;fisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.

re;ijg;gLj;jy; gapw;rp

rl;l Nrit

juf;fl;Lg;ghL

gz;lg; nghjpaply;

tzpfj;jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;.

tzpf MNyhridr; NRitfis toq;fy;

epjp epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

Kd;itf;fTk;. epjp Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

cjhuzk; : rfy cs;ehl;L tzpf tq;fpfs;

tzpf tq;fpay;yhj Vida epjp epWtdq;fs;.

DFCC tq;fp

gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

cjhuzk; : njhopy; mgptpUj;jpr; rig

Vw;Wkjp mgptpUj;jpr; rig

rpw;wsT tzpf mgptpUj;jpr; rig myF

,isQu; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; jpwd; mgptpUj;jp mikr;R

,yq;ifj; njhopy; gapw;rp mjpfhu rig

,yq;if tpahghu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rig

Njrpa tbtikg;G kj;jpa epiyak;

69

njhopy; El;g epWtdq;fs;.

Njrpa El;g rig

,yq;if nerTf; ifj;njhopw; rig

rpw;wsT ifj;njhopw; jpizf;fsk;.

,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpj;j ghl myFf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;

nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ tsthsu;fspd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

,jDld; njhlu;Gila tpNrl epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w mjpfhupfs; midj;Jg;

gpuNjr nrayhsu; fhupahyaq;fspYk; epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Njitg;gLkhapd;

mt;tjpfhupapd; cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.


rhu;e;jjhfTk;> fl;likf;fg;gl;l fl;Liu tif tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp

nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gPnlhd;iw khztu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; :

tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;gtu;fSf;F Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; Njitg;gLtjw;fhd

fhuzq;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

tzpfj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk; epjp> epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSf;F ,uz;L

cjhuzq;fs; tPjk; Kd;itf;fTk;.


tzpfj;jpw;fhd fhzg;gLk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;

epjp> epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs;.

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;.


fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; : Gjpa tzpfq;fis Muk;gpg;Nghu;fSf;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fspd; Njitg;ghl;bidr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.

,yq;ifapy; Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; epjp> epjpay;yhj

Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Fwpg;gpLthu;.

Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;F epjp> epjpay;yhj Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.

Documents

Kaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tp - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/T11tim186.pdfKaw;rpahz;ikf; fy;tp juk; - 11 Mrpupau; topfhl;b Kjyhk; gjpg;G: 2015 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; ISBN tzpff; fyh;tpj;Jiw tpQ;Qhd