KULIAH 10. BIOREMEDIASI

BIOREMEDIASIBIOREMEDIASI

Bi di i k tBioremediasi merupakan suatu usaha penghancuran atau

i k d li b hmengurangi kandungan limbah berbahaya secara biologis pada

l t k t i iareal yang terkontaminasi

Bioremediation Bioremediation is the use of biological treatment

systems to destroy or reduce the concentration of hazardous wastes from a contaminated site.hazardous wastes from a contaminated site.

Bioremediation is the intentional use of biodegradation process to eliminate environmental pollutants from contaminated sitespollutants from contaminated sites.

Bioremediation technologies use the physiological potential of microorganisms to eliminate

i t l t i tenvironmental contaminants.

SEGITIGA BIOREMEDIASISEGITIGA BIOREMEDIASI (Bioremediation Triangle)

Tiga hal penting dalam segitiga bioremediasi adalah :K t i ( ) Kontaminan (cemaran)

MikrobiaN t i i Nutrisi

Tantangan teknis adalah bagaimana membawa ketiga komponen ini saling bersentuhanketiga komponen ini saling bersentuhan (point of contact) pada lokasi dan kondisi yang sulit

IMPLEMENTASI Bioremediasi Implementasi teknologi bioremediasi

didasarkan pada dua pertanyaan yaitu: Dimanakah kontaminan (cemaran) dapatDimanakah kontaminan (cemaran) dapat dimetabolisir? dan bagaimana lokasi remediasi dapat dicapai?

Berkenaan dengan lokasi proses secara Berkenaan dengan lokasi, proses secara mikrobia dapat menghancurkan kontaminan in-situ, sedangkan cemaran ditemukan di l ( it ) di b hlapangan (ex-situ), dimana bahan pencemar harus dibawa dari lapangan ke bioreaktor untuk diolah.

PEMILIHAN METHODA

Keputusan pemilihan methoda yang digunakan dalam bioremediasi tergantung pada:K kt i tik k t i ti t k i it b t Karakteristik kontaminan seperti toksisitasnya, berat molekul, solubilitas, volatilitas, dan kemudahan dirombak mikroorganisme.g

Ditentukan oleh lokasi terjadinya pencemaran: kondisi geologinya, hidrologi, jenis tanah, iklim, aspek hukum ekonomi dan tekanan politikhukum, ekonomi, dan tekanan politik.

Intrinsic Bioremediation Intrinsic bioremediation tergantung kepada

kemampuan mikroorganisme alami dalam melaksanakan proses perombakan tanpamelaksanakan proses perombakan tanpa penambahan nutrisi atau mikroba lain.

Agar Intrinsic Bioremediation berjalan effektif maka kecepatan perombakan kontaminan dalam tanahkecepatan perombakan kontaminan dalam tanah haruslah lebih cepat dibandingkan pergerakan bahan tersebut dalam tanah. Kecepatan relatif perombakan bahan dalam tanah dalam hal ini ditentukan olehbahan dalam tanah dalam hal ini ditentukan oleh jenis bahan, komunitas mikrobia, dan kondisi hidrogeokimia lahan terkontaminasi.

Engineered BioremediationEngineered Bioremediation (EB)

EB dapat mempercepat intrinsic bioremediation atau sepenuhnya menggantikannya melalui modifikasi prosedur seperti penggalian, manipulasi hidrologis,prosedur seperti penggalian, manipulasi hidrologis, dan instalasi bioreaktor.

EB sangat cocok untuk digunakan pada bahan polutan yang tidak menguap dan sedikit larutpolutan yang tidak menguap dan sedikit larut.

Ada berbagai alasan mengapa EB lebih disukai dibandingkan dengan Intrinsic bioremediation d l kt d bi t k tidengan alasan waktu dan biaya serta kepastian.

Assessment of BioremediationAssessment of Bioremediation Strategies

Cek karakteristik yang tidak diinginkan seperti toksisitas dan kemungkinan dapat dirombak oleh mikroorganisme. Jika hal tersebut ditemukan makamikroorganisme. Jika hal tersebut ditemukan maka bioremediasi dapat dikerjakan.

Cek apakah perombakan dapat berlangsung tanpa penambahan oksigenpenambahan oksigen.

Cek apakah polutan (kontaminan) tersedia sebagai subtrat aerobik.

Cek apakah polutan (kontaminan) merupakan subtrat bagi pertumbuhan. Jika tidak penambahan co-sbstrat dibutuhkan.

RENCANA KERJA

Review data yang tersedia Pengambilan sampelPengambilan sampel Karakteristik lokasi

St di t t Bi t t bilit b h Studi tentang Biotreatability bahan Perkiraan Biotreatability Pemilhan methoda Pelaksanaan pembersihanPelaksanaan pembersihan.

METODA BIOREMEDIASI Bioaugmentation: Addition of bacterial cultures to a

contaminated site. It could be ex-situ or in-situ. Biofilters: Use of microbial stripping columns to treat Biofilters: Use of microbial stripping columns to treat

air emission. Biostimulation: Stimulation of indigenous microbial

l ti i il t b d i itpopulation in soils or water, maybe done in ex-situ or in-situ.

Soil slurry reactor: Biodegradation in a container or reactor. It could be used to treat soil slurry or liquid.

METODA BIOREMEDIASI Bioventing: Method of treating contaminated soils by

drawing oxygen through the soil to stimulate microbial growth and activity.microbial growth and activity.

Composting: Aerobic thermophilic treatment process in which contaminated material is mixed with a bulking agent; can be done using static piles aeratedbulking agent; can be done using static piles, aerated piles or continuously fed piles.

Land farming: Solid-phase treatment system for t i t d il b d i it it icontaminated soils: may be done in-situ or ex-situ in

a constructed cell.

METODA BIOREMEDIASI

Pump and Treat: This consists of extracting contaminated ground water and treating it on the surface This technology is generally consideredsurface. This technology is generally considered when significant levels of ground water contamination exist.

Biofluffing: Augering soil to increase porosity. Biopile: An engineered pile of excavated

contaminated soil with engineering to optimize aircontaminated soil with engineering to optimize air, water, and nutrient control.

METODA BIOREMEDIASI

Bioleaching: Use of microbes to transform elements so that elements can be extracted from a material when water is filtered throughfrom a material when water is filtered through it.

Phytoremediation: Use of plants to removePhytoremediation: Use of plants to remove and accumulate contaminants from soil or water to harvestable biomass.

Aquifer Sparging: Injection of air into a contaminated aquifer to stimulate aerobic degradation: may also stimulate volatilizationdegradation: may also stimulate volatilization.

METODA BIOREMEDIASI

Sanitary Landfill: A highly engineered site where solid waste is dumped and allowed to decompose It is a very slow degradationdecompose. It is a very slow degradation process.

Treatment train system: Combination of twoTreatment train system: Combination of two or more bioremediation methods. It could be a physical method and a biological method or

h i l th d ith bi l i l th da chemical method with a biological method or two different biological methods in sequence.seque ce

METODA BIOREMEDIASI Anaerobic System: Several alternative electron

acceptors such as nitrate, sulfate, and iron are used for anaerobic degradation. This is successful infor anaerobic degradation. This is successful in places where it is difficult to establish and maintain aerobic conditions in some ground water sites.

Addition of Surfactants: Surfactants are added to Addition of Surfactants: Surfactants are added to increase the bioavailability of class of contaminants such as DNAPL (dense non aqueous phase liquid) or LNAPL (light non aqueous phase liquid)LNAPL (light non aqueous phase liquid).

Groundwater ContaminationGroundwater Contamination from Gasoline

QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

In-Situ Bioremediation



Pump and Treat



Soil Slurry Reactor



Lagoon Bioremediation



Land Farming



Bioventing



Bioventing to Remove TCE



Air Sparging



Results of Air Sparging



In-Situ Steam EnhancedIn Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process



Soil Flushing



Composting



Treatment Train System



Marine Oil Spills

Marine oil spills are major pollution events that can have a dramatic impact pon coastal ecosystems.

The best approach to open water oilThe best approach to open water oil spill is intrinsic (passive) bioremediation. The best we can do is spray nitrogenThe best we can do is spray nitrogen fertilizer and monitor chemical concentrationconcentration.

Coastal Oil Spills

The coastal oil spill is often dealt by biostimulation method. Nutrient supplements such as supply of oxygen and nitrogen are essentialoxygen and nitrogen are essential.

Most common nutrients that are lacking in the coastal water is nitrogen and phosphorous.g p p

The best form of adding these nutrients is through oleophilic fertilizer.

Oleophilic Fertilizer Oleophilic fertilizer is effective because they are

retained in oil and not diluted by tidal fluxes. The most commonly used oleophilic fertilizer is Inipol The most commonly used oleophilic fertilizer is Inipol

EAP 22. This is a microemulsion of urea in brine encapsulated in oleic acid and lauryl phosphate.Thi t i l d f l f 1989 This was extensively used for clean up of 1989 Exxon Valdez Alaskan Oil spill. This fertilizer formulation is very effective for rocky shorelines but

t th t ff ti i d b hnot that effective in sandy beaches.

Limitation of Bioremediation

Microbial: Not enough microbes available. Environmental: Lack of nutrients and

f i hibit ditipresence of inhibitory conditions. Toxicity: Contaminant is too toxic.

Bi il bilit C t i t i t t Bioavailability: Contaminant is not water soluble.

Mass Transfer Limitations: Diffusion ofMass Transfer Limitations: Diffusion of nutrients is difficult in some sites due to the presence of clay and other barriers.

Limitation of Bioremediation

Ability to meet time line. Ability to conform space limitationAbility to conform space limitation. Regulations: GEMS are not allowed.

H R F t Th i l k Human Resource Factor: There is lack of trained human resources in this field. Thi i ltidi i li fi ld d tThis is a multidisciplinary field and most of the training is acquired on the job.

Advantages of Bioremediation

Can be done on site Keeps site disruption to a minimum Eliminates transportation costs and liabilities Eliminates waste permanently

Eli i t l t li bilit Eliminates long-term liability Biological systems are often less expensive Can be coupled with other treatment methods into aCan be coupled with other treatment methods into a

treatment train.

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KULIAH 10. BIOREMEDIASI