Laboratory Study on Properties of Diatomite and Basalt

Research ArticleLaboratory Study on Properties of Diatomite andBasalt Fiber Compound Modified Asphalt Mastic

Yongchun Cheng1 Chunfeng Zhu12 Guojin Tan1 Zehua Lv1

Jinsheng Yang1 and Jiansheng Ma1

1College of Transportation Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130025 China2Jilin Communications Polytechnic Changchun Jilin 130012 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Guojin Tan tgjjlueducn

Received 23 May 2017 Accepted 2 July 2017 Published 1 August 2017

Academic Editor Peter Majewski

Copyright copy 2017 Yongchun Cheng et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

In order to improve the performance of asphalt mastic some researchers have added diatomite or basalt fiber as a modifier tothe asphalt mastic and the results show that some properties of the asphalt mastic were improved For the simultaneous additionof diatomite and basalt fiber two kinds of modifier compound modified asphalt mastic had not been reported in this paperthirteen groups of diatomite and basalt fiber (DBFCMAM) compoundmodified asphaltmastic with different content were preparedto study the performance Softening point cone penetration viscosity and DSR tests were conducted for the high temperatureperformance evaluation of DBFCMAM whereas force ductility and BBR tests were used in the low temperature performance studyof the DBFCMAMThe results demonstrated that the high temperature performance of DBFCMAMwas increased moreover thelow temperature performance of DBFCMAM improved by diatomite and basalt fiber according to the results of the force ductilitytest however the conclusion of the BBR test data was inconsistent with the force ductility test In summary the high temperatureand low temperature properties of DBFCMAM had been improved

1 Introduction

Compared to the cement concrete pavement the asphaltpavement has the advantages of low cost low noise safetyand comfortable driving as well as recycling Thereforethe asphalt mixture is widely used in road constructionApproximately 90 of the roads in China are constructed byasphalt mixture [1 2] Asphalt mastic is an important part ofthe asphalt mixtureThe corresponding performance directlyaffects the performance of the asphalt mixture [3 4] Asphaltis a typical viscoelastic material which is characterized byflow state at high temperature and brittle hard state at lowtemperature It causes the asphalt pavement to producerutting and cracks [5] The modified asphalt is used toimprove the properties of high temperature low temperatureand fatigue resistanceThis is an important means to prolongthe service life of asphalt pavement At present the commonasphalt modifier can be divided into the polymer-modified

material and the inorganic modified material [6ndash14] By theinorganic modifiedmaterial utilization such as diatomite andbasalt fiber as the modifier not only the asphalt performancecould be enhanced but also the polymer modifier pollutionto the environment could be avoided Therefore researchershave gradually paid attention to the utilization of inorganicmodified materials [15ndash26]

Diatomite is a type of material with light weight highporosity low density high surface absorption rate highreserves and low cost Due to these characteristics it wasutilized in modified asphalt mastics and modified asphaltmixtures [15] Cong et al [16] studied the diatomite modifiedasphalt mastic The results indicated that no chemical reac-tion between diatomite and asphalt occurred The viscosityand the complex modulus of the diatomite modified asphaltmastic were increased as the diatomite content increasedat high temperature But the diatomite could not improvethe asphalt performance at the low temperature Bao [17]

HindawiAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2017 Article ID 4175167 10 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520174175167

2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

studied the basic properties of the diatomite modified asphaltmastic and concluded that as the diatomite content increasedthe penetration and the ductility of modified asphalt masticdecreased whereas the softening point increased Wang[18] studied the antiaging micromechanism and mechani-cal properties of the diatomite asphalt mastic The resultsdemonstrated that diatomite significantly improved the agingof the asphalt mastic compared to the mineral powdersThe asphalt mastic had optimum mechanical properties athigh temperature when diatomite replacement rate was 75Cheng et al [8] reported that the improvement of diatomiteon asphalt mastic was more significant than lime hydratedlime and fly ash under moderate temperature and hightemperature Li et al [19] studied the properties of diatomitemodified asphalt mastic and the corresponding asphalt mix-tures The results demonstrated that the flexural strengthand the flexural strain of diatomite modified asphalt mixturewere lower than the reference material at low temperatureZhu et al [20] evaluated the high temperature stabilityand low temperature crack resistance of diatomite modifiedasphalt mixture in the laboratory The results showed thatdiatomite significantly improved the rutting resistance of theasphalt mixture whereas when the flexural stiffness modu-lus increased the low temperature performance decreasedThe aforementioned results demonstrated that the diatomiteaddition contributed to the high temperature stability andantiaging performance improvement of the asphalt masticand mixture whereas it was not conducive to the ductility ofthe asphalt mastic at low temperature The low temperaturestiffness modulus increased and the flexibility decreased inthis condition

The basalt fiber is a type of high performance fiberwhich is made of basalt rock Due to the correspondinghigh strength and high resistance to water acid and alkalialong with the applicability to a wide range of temperaturesand the good performance of durability basalt fiber causedwidespread concern in the research community [21] Inrecent decades basalt fiber has been widely utilized asa reinforcing modifier for the asphalt mastic and asphaltmixture performance [22ndash26] Rong et al [22] added thechopped basalt fiber into the asphalt mixture discoveringthat the fatigue durability of the mixture increased signif-icantly Morova [23] discovered that the 05 basalt fiberaddition could significantly increase the high temperaturestability of the asphalt mixture Zheng et al [24] studiedthe fatigue property of asphalt mixtures under complicatedenvironments (low temperature bending performance chlo-ride penetration freezing-thawing cycle and correspondingcoupling effect) The results indicated that the low temper-ature bending performance and the fatigue property of theasphalt mixtures under complicated environments could behighly improved by the basalt fiber addition Wang et al[12] conducted both the direct tension test and a newlydeveloped fatigue test for the basalt fiber modified asphaltThe direct tension test results demonstrated that at anappropriate content the tensile strength of the asphalt masticimproved along with the basalt fiber utilization The fatiguetest results indicated that the fatigue life of asphalt masticwas significantly improved by basalt fibers Xiong et al [25]

discovered that the high temperature performance of asphaltmastic could be improved by the basalt fiber addition Liu etal [26] studied the various effects of three types of fibers onthe low temperature performance of both asphalt mastic andasphalt mixture by the BBR test and low temperature beambending tests The results displayed that at minus10∘C comparedto the neat asphaltmastic basalt fibermodified asphaltmastichad lower creep stiffness (119878) and higher creep rate (119898) valuethe low temperature performance of basalt fiber modifiedasphalt mastic was improved and the low temperature crackresistance of basalt fiber asphalt mixture was also improvedGu et al [13] studied rheological behavior of basalt fiberreinforced asphalt mastic by dynamic shear rheological testsand repeated creep tests discovering that basalt fiber hadhighabsorption rate high tensile strength high elastic modulusand high temperature stability It could be observed thatbasalt fiber contributed to the crack resistance improvementof asphalt mastic at low temperature and the deformationresistance at high temperature respectively In summary itcould be observed that the performance of asphalt masticcould be improved by the addition of diatomite or basaltfiber However certain deficiencies still exist The low tem-perature performance of asphalt mastic was decreased bydiatomite addition which could be increased by the additionof diatomite and basalt fiber simultaneously

In this paper the thirteen different groups of diatomiteand basalt fiber compound modified asphalt mastic (DBFC-MAM) were studied The softening point test cone penetra-tion test the viscosity test and the DSR test were appliedfor the high temperature performance evaluation of DBFC-MAM the force ductility test and the BBR test were utilizedin the low temperature performance study of DBFCMAMAccording to the results the effects on the properties ofasphalt mastic by diatomite and basalt fiber addition wereanalyzed providing reference for the diatomite and basaltfiber in asphalt pavement applications

2 Experimental

21 Materials The utilized asphalt AH-90 in this paperwas supplied by Panjin Petrochemical Industry located inLiaoning Province of China The physical indicators of theneat asphalt are presented in Table 1

The diatomite originated from the Changbai Mountainarea of Jilin Province The physical properties and particlesize distribution are presented in Table 2 The basalt fiberwas supplied from the Jiuxin Basalt Industry Co Ltd in JilinProvince whereas the technical properties are presented inTable 3

22 Preparation of DBFCMAM According to the referencemethod for the preparation of diatomite or fiber modifiedasphalt mastics [9 13 16 25ndash28] the optimal content ofdiatomite was about 15 or that of basalt fiber is about 3Thus in order to comprehensively analyze the performanceof compound modified asphalt mastic with the change of thecontent of diatomite and basalt fiber the contents of diatomite5 10 and 15 and the contents of basalt fiber 1 23 and 4 were adopted and comprehensive trail design of

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3

Table 1 Physical properties of neat asphalt

Property Value Standard valueDensity (15∘C gcm3) 1016 mdashPenetration (25∘C 01mm) 918 80ndash100Softening point 119879RampB (

∘C) 469 ge45Ductility (25∘C cm) gt150 ge100Viscosity (135∘C Pasdots) 3069 mdash

After TFOTMass loss () 038 le plusmn08Residual penetration ratio (25∘C ) 733 ge57Softening point 119879RampB (

∘C) 496 mdashDuctility (15∘C cm) gt120 ge20Viscosity (135∘C Pasdots) 4325 mdash

Table 2 Properties of diatomite

Property Color pH Specific gravity(gcm3)

Bulk density(gcm3)

Value Off-white 7-8 20ndash22 034ndash041

Table 3 Properties of basalt fiber (provided by manufacturer)

Items Value Standard valueDiameter (120583m) 10ndash13 mdashLength (mm) 6 mdashWater content () 0030 le02Combustible content () 056 mdashLinear density (Tex) 2398 2400 plusmn 120Breaking strength (NTex) 055 ge040Tensile strength (MPa) 2320 ge2000Tensile modulus of elasticity (GPa) 863 ge85Elongation at break () 284 ge25

diatomite and basalt fiber is performed Finally we obtain 13groups of different compoundmodified asphalt mastic in thispaper The contents of diatomite and basalt fiber were listedin Table 4

The preparation of DBFCMAM was as the followingprocess in this paper Firstly the neat asphalt diatomite andbasalt fiber were separately placed in an oven at 150∘C for4 h which ensured the asphalt sufficient liquidity and thatdiatomite and basalt fiber reached the mixing temperatureSubsequently the diatomite and basalt fiber were added inasphalt mastics at a certain proportion and mixed by ahigh-speed shear homogenizer (KRH-I Shanghai KonmixMechanical amp Electrical Equipment Technology Co LtdChina) with a heat preservation potThemixing temperaturewas 150∘C the shearing speed rate was 5000 rmin and themixing duration was 50min so that the diatomite and basaltfiber could be evenly distributed within the asphalt masticsDiatomite or basalt fiber content was calculated by weight ofthe neat asphalt Due to different density values of the threematerials the compoundmodified asphalt mastic was placedfollowing a period of time diatomite and basalt fiber would

3 10

30 10 40

30∘

Unit mm

Figure 1 Cone structure size

have a sink and DBFCMAM should be mixed again prior tofurther utilization

23 Physical and Mechanical Properties fromDBFCMAM Tests

231 Cone Penetration Test Due to diatomite and basalt fiberaddition the uniform system of the asphalt changed intohybrid dispersions The content and particle size affected thecorresponding performance of asphalt mastic consequentlythe penetration test data were highly discrete Through thestudy of Chen et al [14 25] the cone penetration testwas utilized to measure the fluidity and shear strength ofDBFCMAM in this paper

In this paper according to the testmethod for penetrationof bituminous materials (ASTM D5D5M-2013) the conepenetration test was designed for the measurements Thecustom-made cone replaced the standard needle of the pene-tration instrument and the cone structure size is presentedin Figure 1 Through the cone depth the shear stress wascalculated as the test index The shear stress 120591 (kPa) ofDBFCMAM could be calculated by the following equation

120591 =119876 cos2 (1205722)120587ℎ2 tan (1205722)

(1)

where 120591 is the shear stress (kPa)119876 is the cone quality (903 g)ℎ is the sink depth (01mm) and 120572 is the cone angle (30∘)

232 Softening Point Test Softening point is widely utilizedin the high temperature sensitivity evaluation of asphaltmastic [29]Therefore the softening point test of DBFCMAMwith various contents was executed by the method specifiedin ASTM D36 (ASTM D36D36M-2014)

233 Force Ductility Test In 1976 Anderson and Wileyintroduced the force ductility test followed by a high numberof researchers that utilized this method to evaluate thetensile properties of asphalt [29ndash31] The results [7 8 31 32]reported that the force extension test was a reliable andeffective method In this paper the low temperature tensileproperties of DBFCMAM were evaluated by this methodAccording to the standards of EN13589 [33] and EN13703[34] the maximum force (119865max) the stretched elongation(119863ON) and the deformation energy (119869) were used as the eval-uation indexes The maximum force (119865max) and the stretchedelongation (119863ON) values were obtained by the experimentrecording and the force-elongation curves were drawn withthe acquisition data obtained from the experiment recordingThe deformation energy (119869) could be calculated from the areaunder the curve from 20mm to 40mm [34] The test was


Table 4 Contents of diatomite and basalt fiber

Test number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Diatomite content () 0 5 5 5 5 75 75 75 75 10 10 10 10Basalt fiber content () 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

executed by the same test mold for the elastic recovery test(ASTM D6084-13) The test temperature was 5∘C and thestretching speed was 1 cmmin plusmn 05 cmmin

234 Viscosity Test Viscosity represents the shear capacity ofasphalt at high temperatures According to the experimentalmethod of the ASTMD4402 (ASTM 2015b) standard in thispaper viscosity test was executed at the temperature of 135∘CThe testing equipment was the asphalt Brookfield RotationalViscometer SD-0625 (Shanghai Institute of Geosciences andTechnology Institute) where the rotor 21 was selected

235 Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test (AASHTO T315-09) The dynamic shear rheometer test can measure theviscosity and elastic properties of asphalt mastic at mediumand high temperature In this study Malvern Bohlin Gem-ini 200 (British Malvern Instruments Ltd) was utilized tomeasure the complex modulus (119866lowast) and the phase angle (120575)as detailed in the standard of ASTM D7175 (ASTM 2015a)According to the standard ASTM D7175 (ASTM 2015a) thetests were performed by a parallel plate that had a gap of10mm and diameter of 25mm The asphalt specimen wasplaced between two parallel plates the bottom plate wasfixed The upper plate was oscillated at a loading frequencyof 10 rads (159Hz) The complex shear modulus (119866lowast) andthe phase angle (120575) were measured at 52∘C 58∘C 64∘C and70∘C The Superpave specification utilized the rutting factor(119866lowast sin 120575) as a high temperature evaluation index of thebinding material

236 Bending Beam Rheometer Test (AASHTO T313-09)The bending beam rheometer tests (BBR) proposed by theSHRP are widely utilized to measure the low temperaturecreep properties of asphalt mastic BBR test was developed tomeasure the stiffness modulus of asphalt mastic and evaluatethe corresponding crack resistance [32] In BBR test creepstiffness (119878) and 119898-value (119898) were measured In accordancewith ASTM D6648 (ASTM 2008) in this study the lowtemperature creep property of DBFCMAM was measuredby the bending rheometer (TE-BBR Cannon InstrumentCompany USA) The test temperature was minus12∘C and thespecimen was formed with an aluminum film of 125mm times125mm times 625mm in dimensions

DBFCMAM was heated to 150∘C for 3 h to ensuresufficient liquidity Following it was mixed prior to beingpoured into the mold The molds filled with the sampleswere placed on the test bench Subsequently the sampleswere cooled down at room temperature for 60min soonafterwards the molds were insulated in the environment atminus5∘C for 1min and demolded The samples were placed inthe test solution at minus12∘C for 60min Following the sampleswere placed on two steel supports (span 102mm) and applied

a sustained load of 098 kN for 240 sThrough the load and themeasured central crown the creep stiffness (119878) and the creeprate (119898) were calculated The 119898-value represented the stressrelaxation ability of DBFCMAM

The creep stiffness (119878) and the creep rate (119898) werecalculated by (2) when the applied loading durationwas 80 s150 s 300 s 600 s 1200 s and 120 s

lg 119878 (119905) = 119860 + 119861 lg (119905) + 119862 [lg (119905)]2

119898 (119905) = 1003816100381610038161003816119861 + 2119862 lg (119905)1003816100381610038161003816

(2)

According to the ASTMD6648 standard both 119878 and 119898were determined at a loading duration of 60 s The creepstiffness (119878) was higher and asphalt mastic was harderand quite susceptible to cracking at low temperatures Thehigher the creep rate (119898) was the quite improved the stressrelaxation capacity was

3 Results and Discussion

31 Traditional Asphalt Mastic Test Measurements The conedepth the shear stress the softening point and the viscositytest results of asphalt mastic are presented in Table 5

According to the data in Table 5 the cone depth of DBFC-MAM apparently decreased whereas the shear strength sig-nificantly increasedThe softening point of asphaltmastic fol-lowing diatomite and basalt fiber addition was increasedTheviscosity value of DBFCMAM also was improved with theaddition of diatomite and basalt fiber which indicated thatthe fluidity of DBFCMAM was reduced at high temperaturebut higher viscosity would cause that the mixing temperatureand compaction temperature to increase [33] The diatomitecould effectively adsorb the lower molecular group andthe lower polar aromatic molecules for the correspondingmesoporous structure [35] therefore the softening point andviscosity of DBFCMAM were higher compared to the neatasphalt Xiong et al [25] indicated that basalt fiber couldinduce the three-dimensional spatial networking effect Inaddition fibers could absorb the light components of theasphalt and increase the stiffness and viscosity of asphalts [14]Accordingly basalt fiber had higher effect on the cone sinkdepth reduction improving the shear stress and increasingthe softening and viscosity of DBFCMAM

The cone sink depth reduction and the shear stressincrease showed the stiffness of DBFCMAM increase Theincreased stiffness indicates a higher rut resistance of thecompound modified asphalt master The softening point andthe viscosity increased with the addition of diatomite andbasalt fiber This meant that the modification with diatomiteand basalt fiber made the asphalt mastic less susceptibleto traffic-induced deformation at high temperatures whencompared with neat asphalt mastic These variations in cone


Table 5 Conventional test results of modified asphalt

Modifiers content() Cone depth (01mm) Shear stress

120591 (kPa) Softening point (∘C) Viscosity (135∘C)

(0 0) 862 132 467 3069(5 1) 781 161 469 4204(5 2) 705 197 472 4132(5 3) 606 267 477 4457(5 4) 604 269 478 4832(75 1) 637 242 470 3501(75 2) 612 262 473 3868(75 3) 601 273 481 4683(75 4) 577 295 485 4702(10 1) 578 294 477 4335(10 2) 574 298 479 4552(10 3) 564 308 479 4766(10 4) 538 339 480 5027

Table 6 Results of force ductility test

Modifiers content () 119865max (N) 119863ON (mm) 119869 (Nsdotm)(0 0) 782 388 10897(5 1) 801 379 13677(5 2) 832 255 14103(5 3) 1128 225 16776(5 4) 894 216 14639(75 1) 851 286 12057(75 2) 944 260 15294(75 3) 968 220 17394(75 4) 991 202 15787(10 1) 1044 170 15656(10 2) 915 131 15698(10 3) 899 96 15196(10 4) 838 96 12330

depth softening points and viscosity were beneficial thehigh temperature stability of the asphalt mastic with theaddition of both diatomite and basalt fiber was enhanced andthey were further checked with DSR tests

32 Force Ductility Test The force ductility test at 5∘C wasemployed for the low temperature tensile property evaluationof asphalt mastic In order for the low temperature perfor-mance of asphalt mastic to be quantitatively compared by theaddition of diatomite and basalt fiber 119865max 119863ON and 119869 wereused for the evaluation index The force-elongation curveswere shown in Figure 2 and the values of 119865max 119863ON and 119869were listed in Table 6

From the test data the following could be concluded

119865max of DBFCMAM exceeded the neat asphalt corre-sponding value 119865max represented the tensile cohesivefailure strength of asphalt mastic It indicated thatthe tensile cohesive failure strength of DBFCMAMincreased therefore the low temperature tensile

strength of DBFCMAM improved When diatomiteand basalt fiber content was (5 3) the low tem-perature tensile property of DBFCMAMwas the best

119863ON represents the deformation performance ofasphalt mastic 119863ON of DBFCMAM decreased com-pared to the neat asphalt it was demonstrated that thelow temperature tensile flexibility of DBFCMAMwasreduced

With the inconsistent conclusions obtained from 119865maxand 119863ON consideration the deformation energy (119869) whichwas a comprehensive indicator was selected to evaluate thelow temperature performance of DBFCMAM 119869 revealedthe results of 119865max and 119863ON 119869 was higher the tensileresistance of asphalt mastic was better [8] As presented inTable 6 the tensile property of DBFCMAM was improvedWhen diatomite and basalt fiber content was (75 3)DBFCMAM had the best low temperature tensile properties

The results from Table 6 demonstrated that the low tem-perature performance of DBFCMAM was improved com-pared to the neat asphalt When the content of diatomiteis constant as basalt fiber content increased the low tem-perature performance increased firstly and consequentlydecreased When the diatomite and basalt fiber content was(75 3) the low temperature performance of DBFCMAMwas the best In general when diatomite and basalt fibercontent is different the low temperature tensile propertyof asphalt mastic differed but the low temperature tensileproperty of DBFMCAM is improved

33 Dynamic Shear Rheological (DSR) Test The dynamicshear rheological (DSR) test was utilized to measure theviscoelasticity of asphalt mastic at medium and high temper-ature The main viscoelastic parameters of the asphalt masticare the complex shear modulus (119866lowast) and the phase angle(120575) 119866lowast was used to evaluate the antirutting ability of asphaltmastic The phase angle (120575) represented the time lag betweenthe applied shear stress and the resulting shear strain [32]


(0 0) base asphalt mastic(5 1) modified asphalt mastic(5 2) modified asphalt mastic(5 3) modified asphalt mastic(5 4) modified asphalt mastic

Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(a)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

Forc

e (N

)

(b)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(c)

Figure 2 FDT force-elongation curves of asphalt mastics

When the phase angle (120575) was zero asphalt mastic was a pureelastic material whereas when 120575 was 90∘ asphalt mastic wasa purely viscous material Under high temperature the phaseangle reduction of asphaltmastic could enhance the elasticityThe higher the119866lowast value was the greater the stiffness was andthus the more resistant to rutting the asphalt mastic wouldbe The lower the phase angle (120575) the more elastic the binder[36 37]

In this paper the DSR test was conducted to compare thedifference of rheological property between different asphaltmastics The complex modulus (119866lowast) and phase angle (120575)at certain temperature (52∘C 58∘C 64∘C and 70∘C) andparticular frequency (10 rads) were obtained which could beconsidered that the shear rheological properties of differentasphalt mastics could be compared and analyzed accordingto references [8 10 28]


Table 7 Result of DSR test

Content()

119866lowast (kPa) 120575 (∘)52∘C 58∘C 64∘C 70∘C 52∘C 58∘C 64∘C 70∘C

(0 0) 24081 13101 68281 24404 8289 8439 8594 8701(5 1) 30901 16881 877603 30117 809 8327 8489 8653(5 2) 32701 1828 99429 34755 797 8271 8458 8603(5 3) 376 19191 105278 37996 7822 8228 8416 8577(5 4) 38703 20833 111901 39362 777 8194 8386 8551(75 1) 36502 18512 87614 29204 7894 8284 8406 861(75 2) 39457 22642 98548 34952 7768 8219 8365 8586(75 3) 42505 23117 108593 38334 7625 8172 8339 8568(75 4) 43391 24164 118563 41401 7515 8126 8301 8521(10 1) 39731 21753 91982 32764 7778 8224 8382 8605(10 2) 42302 23978 103312 35965 766 8182 8347 8576(10 3) 43833 24845 112616 39881 7591 8142 8315 8551(10 4) 44124 25083 119564 42487 7536 8104 8304 8538

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

0608101214161820

Glowast

52∘C

70∘C64

∘C58

∘C

Figure 3 119866lowast1015840 change trend graph

The experimental data was listed in Table 7 Asphaltwas a typical viscoelastic material which presents smallcomplex modulus at high temperature and large one at lowtemperature In order to compare the change trend of 119866lowast 120575and119866lowast sin 120575with different content at different temperaturesthe results (119866lowast 120575 and 119866lowast sin 120575) were normalized treatmentand then showed in Figures 3ndash5 Equation (3) was used fornormalization

1199101015840 =119910(119894119895)119910(00) (3)

1199101015840 is normalized parameter 119910(119894119895) is the parameter of DBFC-MAM 119910(00) is the parameter of the neat asphalt 119894 = 5 75and 10 (content of diatomite) and 119895 = 1 2 3 and 4(content of basalt fiber)

It could be observed from the complex shear modulustrend graph (Figure 3) that all the complex shear moduli ofDBFCMAM were higher than the neat asphalt The complexshear modulus (119866lowast) was decreased by increasing the testtemperature At the same temperature when the diatomite

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

085

090

095

100

Figure 4 1205751015840 change trend graph

content was constant the increment of 119866lowast was graduallygreater as basalt fiber content increased

According to Figure 4 it could be observed that the phaseangle (120575) of DBFCMAM changed trend and the phase angle(120575) of DBFCMAM decreased comparing to the neat asphaltwhereas the reduction was decreased as the test temperaturerose it indicated that the viscosity of the asphaltmastic variedslightly as the temperature increased At the same tempera-ture when the diatomite content was constant the reductionof 120575 was gradually greater as basalt fiber content increased

The increase 119866lowast and decrease phase angle 120575 indicatethat addition of diatomite and basalt fibers to asphalt masticreduces the thermal susceptibility of DBFCMAM Thus theDBFCMAMwould bemore capable of recovering its originalshape after being subjected to loads The increase in the 119866lowastand decrease in the 120575 demonstrated that the stiffness of theasphalt mastic were enhanced by the use of diatomite andbasalt fibers which meant increased resistance to rutting athigher temperatures

The rutting factor (119866lowast sin 120575) is a measure of high tem-perature resistance stiffness or rutting resistance of asphalt


Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

Figure 5 119866lowast1015840 sin 1205751015840 change trend graph

mastic and regularly utilized to describe the rutting resistanceat high temperatures [38] The Superpave technique requires119866lowast sin 120575 gt 10 kPa for asphalt mastic sample [39 40] Thehigher the 119866lowast sin 120575 was the better the rutting resistanceproperty of asphalt pavement was [41] From Figure 5 the119866lowast sin 120575 values of DBFCMAM were higher than that of theneat asphalt At the same temperature when the diatomitecontent was constant the increment of 119866lowast sin 120575 was grad-ually greater as basalt fiber content increased which mightbe attributed to the good distribution of fibers in differentdirections in asphalt mastic which resisted the shear displace-ments and improved the shear resistance of the asphalt fromthe external forces [42] As the temperature increased theincrement of 119866lowast sin 120575 gradually decreased Asphalt masticresistance to rutting weakened at high temperature but therutting resistance was improved by addition of diatomite andbasalt fiber All rutting factors exceeded 10 kPa at 70∘C sothe antirutting ability of DBFCMAM satisfied Superpaversquosrequirement

These parameters showed that diatomite and basalt fibercould offer better rutting resistance at high service tempera-ture

34 Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) Test The creep stiff-ness 119878 and the creep rate (slope) 119898 of DBFCMAM weredetermined under different temperature by the bending beamrheometer (BBR) in SHRP of US SHRP generally requires119878(119905=60 s) le 300MPa119898 ge 03 [26]The smaller 119878was the betterthe cryogenic flexibility and nondeformability of modifiedasphalt mastic are 119898 was higher the asphalt creep stiffness119878 was lower the cryogenic stress relaxation ability of asphaltmastic was better and the low temperature performancewas better With the data obtained from BBR test the lowtemperature performance of various contents of DBFCMAMcould be evaluated Taking the average of three parallel teststhe results under the low temperature (minus12∘C) were presentedin Figures 6 and 7

According to Figure 6 when the content of basalt fiberwas constant as the diatomite content increased and 119878increased If the content of diatomite was constant basaltfiber content increased and that leads to 119878 increase Thereas the content of diatomite and basalt fiber increased 119878

57510

1 2 3 40Content of basalt fiber ()

20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)

Figure 6 119878 of asphalt mastics versus content

57510

02

03

04

05

06

m


Figure 7119898 of asphalt mastics versus content

increasedThe 119878 values of DBFCMAMwere higher comparedto the neat asphalt When the content was (5 1) 119878 wassimilar to the neat asphalt According to Figure 7 the119898 valueswere lower than the neat asphaltThe119898 value decreased firstlyand then increased as the diatomite and basalt fiber contentincreased

The low temperature creep stiffness 119878 of DBFCMAMwas larger than that of neat asphalt indicating that wherediatomite and basalt fiber were added the viscosity andstiffness of asphalt mastic increased whereas the toughnessdecreased and the stress relaxation ability weakened So thelow temperature performance of DBFCMAM declined Atminus12∘C 119878 was below 300Mpa 119898-value exceeded 03 withinthe scope of SHRP requirements therefore DBFCMAMmetthe low temperature performance requirements at minus12∘C


The data of the BBR test indicated that the addition ofdiatomite and basalt fiber did not improve the low tem-perature performance of asphalt mastic The conclusion wasinconsistent with the force ductilityThe inconsistent conclu-sions of BBR test and force ductility test were caused by thedifferential test conditions and test mechanism of the twotests In the BBR test the values of flexural stress and flexuralstrain were obtained and used to calculate creep stiffness 119878(119905)and creep rate (slope)119898The deformations of specimenswerevery low at the end of BBR test It could not reflect the cross-linking effect of basalt fiber And the creep stiffness 119878 wasimproved for the absorbing effect of diatomite However inthe force ductility test the specimens reached its ultimatedamage the basalt fibers played a reinforcing role Thusthe BBR test was probably not suitable to evaluate the lowtemperature performance of DBFCMAM

Liu et al [26] concluded that the stiffness of basalt fiberasphalt was smaller than that of neat asphalt while the 119898valuewas higher than that of neat asphalt atminus10∘C Cryogenicproperty of asphalt was improved by the basalt fiber atthat temperature However the basalt fiber weakened thecryogenic property of asphalt at minus20∘C according to resultsof BBR test whereas the fiber could improve the cryogenicanticracking properties of the asphalt mixture

In this paper the conclusion of BBR test at minus12∘C was notin agreement with the previous study done by Liu et al atminus10∘C There might be two reasons why BBR result was notin good agreement with Liu et al The first one was differenttest temperature The other one was the different modifiers(ie basalt fiber in Liursquos study diatomite and basalt fiber inthis paper) The reference [16 43] had suggested that thecryogenic creep stiffness of diatomitemodified asphaltmasticis higher which leads to the cryogenic performance of asphaltdecreasing So the conclusion of this paper is not completelyconsistent with that by Liu et al However in this paper theforce ductility test conclusion was consistent with the con-clusion of Liu et al that the cryogenic anticracking propertyof the asphalt mixture was improved So we recommend thatthe force ductility test was more reliable to evaluate the lowtemperature tensile properties of DBFCMAM

4 Conclusions

In this paper the properties of diatomite and basalt fiber com-pound modified asphalt mastic were investigated throughlaboratory experiments the following conclusions could bedrawn

(1) According to the cone penetration test the softeningpoint test and the viscosity test cone depth was reducedwhereas shear stress softening point and viscosity wereincreased when diatomite and basalt fiber were added toasphalt mastic Hence the diatomite and basalt fiber com-pound asphalt (DBFCMAM) had better resistance to ruttingat high temperature compared to the neat asphalt the hightemperature stability of asphalt mastic was improved bydiatomite and basalt fiber

(2) The DSR test demonstrated that following diatomiteand basalt fiber addition complex shear modulus 119866lowast andrutting factor (119866lowast sin 120575) increased and the phase angle (120575)

decreased The addition of diatomite and basalt fiber signifi-cantly improved stiffness and elasticity of the asphalt mastictherefore the high temperature performance of DBFCMAMdisplayed a sharp increase compared to neat asphalt

(3) The low temperature performance of asphalt masticwas improved by the addition of diatomite and basalt fiberaccording to the results of the force ductility testTheBBR testwas considered not suitable to evaluate the low temperatureperformance of DBFCMAM because the BBR test could notreflect the cross-linking effect of basalt fiber

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors express their appreciation for the financialsupports of the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina under Grant nos 51678271 51508150 and 51408258Science Technology Development Program of Jilin Province(20160204008SF) and Transportation Science amp TechnologyProject of Jilin Province (2015-1-13)

References

[1] G King ldquoAdditives in asphaltrdquo Journal of the Association ofAsphalt Paving Technologisists vol 68 pp 32ndash69 1999

[2] B Guan R Xiong and R He ldquoInvestigation of usabilityof brucite fiber in asphalt mixturerdquo International Journal ofPavement Research and Technology vol 7 no 3 pp 193ndash2022014

[3] X J Deng Subgrade and Pavement Engineering China Com-munications Press Beijing China 2004 (Chinese)

[4] Y R Kim Modeling of Asphalt Concrete McGraw-Hill NewYork NY USA 2009

[5] C Giavarini P De Filippis M L Santarelli and M ScarsellaldquoProduction of stable polypropylene-modified bitumensrdquo Fuelvol 75 no 6 pp 681ndash686 1996

[6] H Yao Z You L Li et al ldquoPerformance of asphalt binderblended with non-modified and polymer-modified nanoclayrdquoConstruction and Building Materials vol 35 pp 159ndash170 2012

[7] Y Cheng J Tao Y Jiao Q Guo and C Li ldquoInfluence ofdiatomite and mineral powder on thermal oxidative ageingproperties of asphaltrdquo Advances in Materials Science and Engi-neering vol 2015 Article ID 947834 10 pages 2015

[8] Y Cheng J Tao Y Jiao et al ldquoInfluence of the properties offiller on high andmedium temperature performances of asphaltmasticrdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 118 pp 268ndash275 2016

[9] P Cong N Liu Y Tian and Y Zhang ldquoEffects of long-termaging on the properties of asphalt binder containing diatomsrdquoConstruction and BuildingMaterials vol 123 pp 534ndash540 2016

[10] G G Al-Khateeb and K Z Ramadan ldquoInvestigation of theeffect of rubber on rheological properties of asphalt bindersusing superpave DSRrdquo KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering vol19 no 1 pp 127ndash135 2015

[11] K H Moon A C Falchetto J Y Park and J H JeongldquoDevelopment of high performance asphalt mastic using fine


taconite fillerrdquo KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering vol 18 no 6pp 1679ndash1687 2014

[12] D Wang L Wang X Gu and G Zhou ldquoEffect of basalt fiberon the asphalt binder andmastic at low temperaturerdquo Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering vol 25 no 3 pp 355ndash364 2013

[13] X Gu T Xu and F Ni ldquoRheological behavior of basaltfiber reinforced asphalt masticrdquo Journal Wuhan University ofTechnologyMaterials Science Edition vol 29 no 5 pp 950ndash9552014

[14] H Chen and Q Xu ldquoExperimental study of fibers in stabilizingand reinforcing asphalt binderrdquo Fuel vol 89 no 7 pp 1616ndash1622 2010

[15] Q Guo L Li Y Cheng Y Jiao and C Xu ldquoLaboratory eval-uation on performance of diatomite and glass fiber compoundmodified asphalt mixturerdquo Materials amp Design vol 66 pp 51ndash59 2015

[16] P Cong S Chen and H Chen ldquoEffects of diatomite on theproperties of asphalt binderrdquo Construction and Building Mate-rials vol 30 pp 495ndash499 2012

[17] Y N Bao Study of asphalt mixture modified by diatomite[Master dissertation] Changrsquoan University Xirsquoan China 2005(Chinese)

[18] YDWangResearch on the anti-ageingmechanism andmechan-ical properties of diatomite modified asphalt binder [Masterrsquosthesis] Jilin University Changchun China 2015 (Chinese)

[19] J Li P W Hao and Q B Mei ldquoA study on the performance ofdiatomitemodified asphalt and themixturerdquo PetroleumAsphaltvol 26 pp 16ndash18 2003 (Chinese)

[20] D-P Zhu J-Z Zhang J-B Chen K Yuan and C ChengldquoExperiment on road performance of diatomite modifiedasphalt mixture in permafrost regionsrdquo China Journal of High-way and Transport vol 26 no 4 pp 23ndash28 2013

[21] T Xu Research on performance and mechanism of basalt fibersseries reinforced asphalt concrete [Masterrsquos thesis] SoutheastUniversity Nanjing China 2011

[22] C Rong Y E Jun W U Feng-Chun et al ldquoInvestigation onfatigue properties of short-cut basalt fiber asphalt mixturerdquoHighway no 11 pp 188ndash191 2013 (Chinese)

[23] N Morova ldquoInvestigation of usability of basalt fibers in hot mixasphalt concreterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 47pp 175ndash180 2013

[24] Y Zheng Y Cai G Zhang and H Fang ldquoFatigue property ofbasalt fiber-modified asphalt mixture under complicated envi-ronmentrdquo Journal Wuhan University of Technology MaterialsScience Edition vol 29 no 5 pp 996ndash1004 2014

[25] R Xiong J Fang A Xu B Guan and Z Liu ldquoLaboratoryinvestigation on the brucite fiber reinforced asphalt binder andasphalt concreterdquo Construction and Building Materials vol 83pp 44ndash52 2015

[26] K Liu W Zhang and F Wang ldquoResearch on cryogenicproperties of different fiber asphalts and mixturesrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 146-147 pp 238ndash242 2011

[27] H Yao Z You L Li et al ldquoEvaluation of asphalt blended withlow percentage of carbon micro-fiber and nanoclayrdquo Journal ofTesting amp Evaluation vol 41 no 2 pp 278ndash288 2013

[28] L Yao Y Hu Q Ma and X Ma ldquoStability of asphalt binder andasphalt mixture modified by polyacrylonitrile fibersrdquo AdvancedMaterials Research vol 228-229 pp 242ndash247 2011

[29] D A Anderson and T W Kennedy ldquoDevelopment of SHRPbinder specificationsrdquo Journal of Proceedings of the Associationof Asphalt Paving Technologists vol 62 no 93 pp 481ndash507 1993

[30] T Hoare and S Hesp ldquoLow-temperature fracture testing ofasphalt binders regular and modified systemsrdquo in Proceedingsof the Transportation Research Board 79th Annual Meeting pp36ndash42 Transportation Research Board Washington DC USA2000

[31] Y Edwards Y Tasdemir and U Isacsson ldquoRheological effectsof commercial waxes and polyphosphoric acid in bitumen160220mdashlow temperature performancerdquo Fuel vol 85 no 7-8pp 989ndash997 2006

[32] Y Yildirim ldquoPolymer modified asphalt bindersrdquo Constructionand Building Materials vol 21 no 1 pp 66ndash72 2007

[33] BS ldquoBitumen and Bituminous Binders-Determination of theTensile Properties of Modified Bitumen by The Force DuctilityMethodrdquo BS EN 135892008 European Committee for Stan-dardization Brussels Belgium 2008

[34] BS ldquoBitumen and Bituminous BindersndashDetermination ofDeformation Energyrdquo BS EN 137032004 European Committeefor Standardization Brussels Belgium 2004

[35] Y Song J Che and Y Zhang ldquoThe interacting rule of diatomiteand asphalt groupsrdquo Petroleum Science and Technology vol 29no 3 pp 254ndash259 2011

[36] Y Ruan R R Davison andC J Glover ldquoThe effect of long-termoxidation on the rheological properties of polymer modifiedasphaltsrdquo Fuel vol 82 no 14 pp 1763ndash1773 2003

[37] S Wu Z Chen Q Ye and W Liao ldquoEffects of fibre additiveon the high temperature property of asphalt binderrdquo JournalWuhan University of Technology Materials Science Edition vol21 no 1 pp 118ndash120 2006

[38] W Uddin ldquoViscoelastic characterization of polymer-modifiedasphalt binders of pavement applicationsrdquo Applied Rheologyvol 13 no 4 pp 191ndash199 2003

[39] G D Airey ldquoRheological properties of styrene butadienestyrene polymer modified road bitumensrdquo Fuel vol 82 no 14pp 1709ndash1719 2003

[40] R B Mcgennis S Shuler and H U Bahia ldquoBackground ofSuperpave asphalt binder test methodsrdquo Manuals 1994

[41] A Khadivar and A Kavussi ldquoRheological characteristics ofSBR and NR polymer modified bitumen emulsions at averagepavement temperaturesrdquo Construction and Building Materialsvol 47 pp 1099ndash1105 2013

[42] P M Kathari ldquoRheological Properties of Polypropylene Rein-forced Asphalt Binderrdquo Transportation Infrastructure Geotech-nology vol 3 no 3-4 pp 109ndash126 2016

[43] Y Zhang H Zhu G Wang and T Chen ldquoEvaluation oflow temperature performance for diatomite modified asphaltmixturerdquo Advanced Materials Research vol 413 pp 246ndash2512012

Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of



studied the basic properties of the diatomite modified asphaltmastic and concluded that as the diatomite content increasedthe penetration and the ductility of modified asphalt masticdecreased whereas the softening point increased Wang[18] studied the antiaging micromechanism and mechani-cal properties of the diatomite asphalt mastic The resultsdemonstrated that diatomite significantly improved the agingof the asphalt mastic compared to the mineral powdersThe asphalt mastic had optimum mechanical properties athigh temperature when diatomite replacement rate was 75Cheng et al [8] reported that the improvement of diatomiteon asphalt mastic was more significant than lime hydratedlime and fly ash under moderate temperature and hightemperature Li et al [19] studied the properties of diatomitemodified asphalt mastic and the corresponding asphalt mix-tures The results demonstrated that the flexural strengthand the flexural strain of diatomite modified asphalt mixturewere lower than the reference material at low temperatureZhu et al [20] evaluated the high temperature stabilityand low temperature crack resistance of diatomite modifiedasphalt mixture in the laboratory The results showed thatdiatomite significantly improved the rutting resistance of theasphalt mixture whereas when the flexural stiffness modu-lus increased the low temperature performance decreasedThe aforementioned results demonstrated that the diatomiteaddition contributed to the high temperature stability andantiaging performance improvement of the asphalt masticand mixture whereas it was not conducive to the ductility ofthe asphalt mastic at low temperature The low temperaturestiffness modulus increased and the flexibility decreased inthis condition

The basalt fiber is a type of high performance fiberwhich is made of basalt rock Due to the correspondinghigh strength and high resistance to water acid and alkalialong with the applicability to a wide range of temperaturesand the good performance of durability basalt fiber causedwidespread concern in the research community [21] Inrecent decades basalt fiber has been widely utilized asa reinforcing modifier for the asphalt mastic and asphaltmixture performance [22ndash26] Rong et al [22] added thechopped basalt fiber into the asphalt mixture discoveringthat the fatigue durability of the mixture increased signif-icantly Morova [23] discovered that the 05 basalt fiberaddition could significantly increase the high temperaturestability of the asphalt mixture Zheng et al [24] studiedthe fatigue property of asphalt mixtures under complicatedenvironments (low temperature bending performance chlo-ride penetration freezing-thawing cycle and correspondingcoupling effect) The results indicated that the low temper-ature bending performance and the fatigue property of theasphalt mixtures under complicated environments could behighly improved by the basalt fiber addition Wang et al[12] conducted both the direct tension test and a newlydeveloped fatigue test for the basalt fiber modified asphaltThe direct tension test results demonstrated that at anappropriate content the tensile strength of the asphalt masticimproved along with the basalt fiber utilization The fatiguetest results indicated that the fatigue life of asphalt masticwas significantly improved by basalt fibers Xiong et al [25]

discovered that the high temperature performance of asphaltmastic could be improved by the basalt fiber addition Liu etal [26] studied the various effects of three types of fibers onthe low temperature performance of both asphalt mastic andasphalt mixture by the BBR test and low temperature beambending tests The results displayed that at minus10∘C comparedto the neat asphaltmastic basalt fibermodified asphaltmastichad lower creep stiffness (119878) and higher creep rate (119898) valuethe low temperature performance of basalt fiber modifiedasphalt mastic was improved and the low temperature crackresistance of basalt fiber asphalt mixture was also improvedGu et al [13] studied rheological behavior of basalt fiberreinforced asphalt mastic by dynamic shear rheological testsand repeated creep tests discovering that basalt fiber hadhighabsorption rate high tensile strength high elastic modulusand high temperature stability It could be observed thatbasalt fiber contributed to the crack resistance improvementof asphalt mastic at low temperature and the deformationresistance at high temperature respectively In summary itcould be observed that the performance of asphalt masticcould be improved by the addition of diatomite or basaltfiber However certain deficiencies still exist The low tem-perature performance of asphalt mastic was decreased bydiatomite addition which could be increased by the additionof diatomite and basalt fiber simultaneously

In this paper the thirteen different groups of diatomiteand basalt fiber compound modified asphalt mastic (DBFC-MAM) were studied The softening point test cone penetra-tion test the viscosity test and the DSR test were appliedfor the high temperature performance evaluation of DBFC-MAM the force ductility test and the BBR test were utilizedin the low temperature performance study of DBFCMAMAccording to the results the effects on the properties ofasphalt mastic by diatomite and basalt fiber addition wereanalyzed providing reference for the diatomite and basaltfiber in asphalt pavement applications

2 Experimental

21 Materials The utilized asphalt AH-90 in this paperwas supplied by Panjin Petrochemical Industry located inLiaoning Province of China The physical indicators of theneat asphalt are presented in Table 1

The diatomite originated from the Changbai Mountainarea of Jilin Province The physical properties and particlesize distribution are presented in Table 2 The basalt fiberwas supplied from the Jiuxin Basalt Industry Co Ltd in JilinProvince whereas the technical properties are presented inTable 3

22 Preparation of DBFCMAM According to the referencemethod for the preparation of diatomite or fiber modifiedasphalt mastics [9 13 16 25ndash28] the optimal content ofdiatomite was about 15 or that of basalt fiber is about 3Thus in order to comprehensively analyze the performanceof compound modified asphalt mastic with the change of thecontent of diatomite and basalt fiber the contents of diatomite5 10 and 15 and the contents of basalt fiber 1 23 and 4 were adopted and comprehensive trail design of









Bulk density(gcm3)






3 10

30 10 40

30∘

Unit mm






120591 =119876 cos2 (1205722)120587ℎ2 tan (1205722)

(1)














lg 119878 (119905) = 119860 + 119861 lg (119905) + 119862 [lg (119905)]2

119898 (119905) = 1003816100381610038161003816119861 + 2119862 lg (119905)1003816100381610038161003816

(2)










(0 0) 862 132 467 3069(5 1) 781 161 469 4204(5 2) 705 197 472 4132(5 3) 606 267 477 4457(5 4) 604 269 478 4832(75 1) 637 242 470 3501(75 2) 612 262 473 3868(75 3) 601 273 481 4683(75 4) 577 295 485 4702(10 1) 578 294 477 4335(10 2) 574 298 479 4552(10 3) 564 308 479 4766(10 4) 538 339 480 5027














Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(a)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

Forc

e (N

)

(b)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(c)






Content()


(0 0) 24081 13101 68281 24404 8289 8439 8594 8701(5 1) 30901 16881 877603 30117 809 8327 8489 8653(5 2) 32701 1828 99429 34755 797 8271 8458 8603(5 3) 376 19191 105278 37996 7822 8228 8416 8577(5 4) 38703 20833 111901 39362 777 8194 8386 8551(75 1) 36502 18512 87614 29204 7894 8284 8406 861(75 2) 39457 22642 98548 34952 7768 8219 8365 8586(75 3) 42505 23117 108593 38334 7625 8172 8339 8568(75 4) 43391 24164 118563 41401 7515 8126 8301 8521(10 1) 39731 21753 91982 32764 7778 8224 8382 8605(10 2) 42302 23978 103312 35965 766 8182 8347 8576(10 3) 43833 24845 112616 39881 7591 8142 8315 8551(10 4) 44124 25083 119564 42487 7536 8104 8304 8538

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

0608101214161820

Glowast

52∘C

70∘C64

∘C58

∘C



1199101015840 =119910(119894119895)119910(00) (3)



Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

085

090

095

100







Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C






57510


20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)


57510

02

03

04

05

06

m









4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of










Bulk density(gcm3)






3 10

30 10 40

30∘

Unit mm






120591 =119876 cos2 (1205722)120587ℎ2 tan (1205722)

(1)














lg 119878 (119905) = 119860 + 119861 lg (119905) + 119862 [lg (119905)]2

119898 (119905) = 1003816100381610038161003816119861 + 2119862 lg (119905)1003816100381610038161003816

(2)










(0 0) 862 132 467 3069(5 1) 781 161 469 4204(5 2) 705 197 472 4132(5 3) 606 267 477 4457(5 4) 604 269 478 4832(75 1) 637 242 470 3501(75 2) 612 262 473 3868(75 3) 601 273 481 4683(75 4) 577 295 485 4702(10 1) 578 294 477 4335(10 2) 574 298 479 4552(10 3) 564 308 479 4766(10 4) 538 339 480 5027














Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(a)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

Forc

e (N

)

(b)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(c)






Content()


(0 0) 24081 13101 68281 24404 8289 8439 8594 8701(5 1) 30901 16881 877603 30117 809 8327 8489 8653(5 2) 32701 1828 99429 34755 797 8271 8458 8603(5 3) 376 19191 105278 37996 7822 8228 8416 8577(5 4) 38703 20833 111901 39362 777 8194 8386 8551(75 1) 36502 18512 87614 29204 7894 8284 8406 861(75 2) 39457 22642 98548 34952 7768 8219 8365 8586(75 3) 42505 23117 108593 38334 7625 8172 8339 8568(75 4) 43391 24164 118563 41401 7515 8126 8301 8521(10 1) 39731 21753 91982 32764 7778 8224 8382 8605(10 2) 42302 23978 103312 35965 766 8182 8347 8576(10 3) 43833 24845 112616 39881 7591 8142 8315 8551(10 4) 44124 25083 119564 42487 7536 8104 8304 8538

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

0608101214161820

Glowast

52∘C

70∘C64

∘C58

∘C



1199101015840 =119910(119894119895)119910(00) (3)



Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

085

090

095

100







Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C






57510


20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)


57510

02

03

04

05

06

m









4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of












lg 119878 (119905) = 119860 + 119861 lg (119905) + 119862 [lg (119905)]2

119898 (119905) = 1003816100381610038161003816119861 + 2119862 lg (119905)1003816100381610038161003816

(2)










(0 0) 862 132 467 3069(5 1) 781 161 469 4204(5 2) 705 197 472 4132(5 3) 606 267 477 4457(5 4) 604 269 478 4832(75 1) 637 242 470 3501(75 2) 612 262 473 3868(75 3) 601 273 481 4683(75 4) 577 295 485 4702(10 1) 578 294 477 4335(10 2) 574 298 479 4552(10 3) 564 308 479 4766(10 4) 538 339 480 5027














Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(a)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

Forc

e (N

)

(b)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(c)






Content()


(0 0) 24081 13101 68281 24404 8289 8439 8594 8701(5 1) 30901 16881 877603 30117 809 8327 8489 8653(5 2) 32701 1828 99429 34755 797 8271 8458 8603(5 3) 376 19191 105278 37996 7822 8228 8416 8577(5 4) 38703 20833 111901 39362 777 8194 8386 8551(75 1) 36502 18512 87614 29204 7894 8284 8406 861(75 2) 39457 22642 98548 34952 7768 8219 8365 8586(75 3) 42505 23117 108593 38334 7625 8172 8339 8568(75 4) 43391 24164 118563 41401 7515 8126 8301 8521(10 1) 39731 21753 91982 32764 7778 8224 8382 8605(10 2) 42302 23978 103312 35965 766 8182 8347 8576(10 3) 43833 24845 112616 39881 7591 8142 8315 8551(10 4) 44124 25083 119564 42487 7536 8104 8304 8538

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

0608101214161820

Glowast

52∘C

70∘C64

∘C58

∘C



1199101015840 =119910(119894119895)119910(00) (3)



Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

085

090

095

100







Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C






57510


20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)


57510

02

03

04

05

06

m









4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of






(0 0) 862 132 467 3069(5 1) 781 161 469 4204(5 2) 705 197 472 4132(5 3) 606 267 477 4457(5 4) 604 269 478 4832(75 1) 637 242 470 3501(75 2) 612 262 473 3868(75 3) 601 273 481 4683(75 4) 577 295 485 4702(10 1) 578 294 477 4335(10 2) 574 298 479 4552(10 3) 564 308 479 4766(10 4) 538 339 480 5027














Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(a)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

Forc

e (N

)

(b)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(c)






Content()


(0 0) 24081 13101 68281 24404 8289 8439 8594 8701(5 1) 30901 16881 877603 30117 809 8327 8489 8653(5 2) 32701 1828 99429 34755 797 8271 8458 8603(5 3) 376 19191 105278 37996 7822 8228 8416 8577(5 4) 38703 20833 111901 39362 777 8194 8386 8551(75 1) 36502 18512 87614 29204 7894 8284 8406 861(75 2) 39457 22642 98548 34952 7768 8219 8365 8586(75 3) 42505 23117 108593 38334 7625 8172 8339 8568(75 4) 43391 24164 118563 41401 7515 8126 8301 8521(10 1) 39731 21753 91982 32764 7778 8224 8382 8605(10 2) 42302 23978 103312 35965 766 8182 8347 8576(10 3) 43833 24845 112616 39881 7591 8142 8315 8551(10 4) 44124 25083 119564 42487 7536 8104 8304 8538

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

0608101214161820

Glowast

52∘C

70∘C64

∘C58

∘C



1199101015840 =119910(119894119895)119910(00) (3)



Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

085

090

095

100







Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C






57510


20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)


57510

02

03

04

05

06

m









4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of




Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(a)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

Forc

e (N

)

(b)


Elongation (mm)400350300250200150100500

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Forc

e (N

)

(c)






Content()


(0 0) 24081 13101 68281 24404 8289 8439 8594 8701(5 1) 30901 16881 877603 30117 809 8327 8489 8653(5 2) 32701 1828 99429 34755 797 8271 8458 8603(5 3) 376 19191 105278 37996 7822 8228 8416 8577(5 4) 38703 20833 111901 39362 777 8194 8386 8551(75 1) 36502 18512 87614 29204 7894 8284 8406 861(75 2) 39457 22642 98548 34952 7768 8219 8365 8586(75 3) 42505 23117 108593 38334 7625 8172 8339 8568(75 4) 43391 24164 118563 41401 7515 8126 8301 8521(10 1) 39731 21753 91982 32764 7778 8224 8382 8605(10 2) 42302 23978 103312 35965 766 8182 8347 8576(10 3) 43833 24845 112616 39881 7591 8142 8315 8551(10 4) 44124 25083 119564 42487 7536 8104 8304 8538

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

0608101214161820

Glowast

52∘C

70∘C64

∘C58

∘C



1199101015840 =119910(119894119895)119910(00) (3)



Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

085

090

095

100







Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C






57510


20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)


57510

02

03

04

05

06

m









4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of




Content()


(0 0) 24081 13101 68281 24404 8289 8439 8594 8701(5 1) 30901 16881 877603 30117 809 8327 8489 8653(5 2) 32701 1828 99429 34755 797 8271 8458 8603(5 3) 376 19191 105278 37996 7822 8228 8416 8577(5 4) 38703 20833 111901 39362 777 8194 8386 8551(75 1) 36502 18512 87614 29204 7894 8284 8406 861(75 2) 39457 22642 98548 34952 7768 8219 8365 8586(75 3) 42505 23117 108593 38334 7625 8172 8339 8568(75 4) 43391 24164 118563 41401 7515 8126 8301 8521(10 1) 39731 21753 91982 32764 7778 8224 8382 8605(10 2) 42302 23978 103312 35965 766 8182 8347 8576(10 3) 43833 24845 112616 39881 7591 8142 8315 8551(10 4) 44124 25083 119564 42487 7536 8104 8304 8538

Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

0608101214161820

Glowast

52∘C

70∘C64

∘C58

∘C



1199101015840 =119910(119894119895)119910(00) (3)



Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C

085

090

095

100







Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C






57510


20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)


57510

02

03

04

05

06

m









4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of



Content ()

(10

4)

(10

3)

(10

2)

(10

1)

(75

4)

(75

3)

(75

2)

(75

1)

(5 4

)

(5 3

)

(5 2

)

(5 1

)

(0 0

)

08

10

12

14

16

18

20

Glowast Ｍ

ＣＨ(

)

52∘C

64∘C

58∘C

70∘C






57510


20

40

60

80

100

120

S (M

Pa)


57510

02

03

04

05

06

m









4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of






4 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





















































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of











































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of









CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Documents

Laboratory Study on Properties of Diatomite and Basalt