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LAWS1205: Australian Public Law

LAWS1205 notes 3.0 preview · parliament!would!have!to!use!a!more! complicated!legislation& • ‘If,andonlyif’,!the!answer!to!this!question!is!yes:! o THEN!YOU!ASK!IF!!the!EARLIER!law!set

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    LAWS1205:  Australian  Public  Law      

  • Core  Principles    Constitutionalism  –  Theory  that  gov  can  and  should  be  legally  limited  in  its  powers  –  authority  and  legitimacy  depend  on  observing  these  limitations    Liberalism  -‐  Individualism  (contrasted  with  socialism)  emphasis  on  individual  rights  v  state,  equality    Rule  of  Law  –  inherent  in  our  C,  ‘Rule  of  law  not  rule  of  persons’  (Communist  Party  case)  

    • Dicey’s  principles    o Supremacy  of  regular  law  as  opposed  to  the  influence  of  arbitrary  power  o Equality  before  the  ordinary  law  of  the  land  

     Popular  Sovereignty  -‐  all  public  power  resides  in  &  derives  from  will  and  consent  of  people    Parliamentary  Sovereignty  –  right  to  make  any  law,  no  person/body  can  override  Parliament  –  Dicey      Separation  of  Powers  -‐  Provided  for  by  structuring  of  C,  separation  of  judicial  power  paramount    Federalism:  

    • Limited  legislative  power  of  Cth  –  s51  • Residual  legislative  power  of  states  –  s107  • Inconsistency  of  state  law  with  valid  Cth  law  resolved  in  favour  of  Cth  –  s109  • States  can’t  legislate  when  excl  vested  in  Cth,  explicitly  (ss21,  90...)  &  implicitly  

    (ss12,  119)  • States  cannot  legislate  on  matters  withdrawn  from  states  –  eg  s114  (military),  

    s115  (coinage)  • States  can  legislate  on  matters  concurrently  vested  with  Cth  subject  to  

    paramount  power    Power  -‐Officials  &  institutions  of  state  may  not  exercise  public  power  unless  authorised  by  valid  law    Conventions  -‐  Not  enforceable?  A  ‘guide’  for  constitutional  actors  –  Minister  for  A,H,E  v  Peko-‐Wallsend,    But  codification  possible    Constitutional  Change    State  C:  Provisions  re  constitution,  power  and  procedure  (of  parl)  only  changed  by  means  provided  by  manner  and  form  provisions  in  these  Cs  (per  CLVA  s5,  AAs6).  Other  changes  as  per  normal.    s128  –  C  Amendment  process  

  •  WA  v  Cth  Issue:  whether  Cth  had  legislative  power  to  provide  for  the  rep  of  the  territories  in  the  senate  

    • Text  ambiguous/contradictory  –  which  section  if  dominant  (s7  or  s122)/Underlying  purpose?  

    • What  is  more  important  –  federalism  or  rep  democracy?  

  • State  Power    State  legislative  powers:    

    • Union  Steamship  o With  regard  to  s5  of  state  constitution-‐  ‘The  Legislature  shall,  subject  

    to  the  provisions  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia  Constitution  Act,  have  power  to  make  laws  for  the  peace,  welfare,  and  good  government  of  New  South  Wales  in  all  cases  whatsoever’  

    HCA  reluctant  to  deal  with  this  issue   That  is,  the  words  “for  the  peace,  order  and  good  government  are  

    not  words  of  limitation  They  did  not  confer  on  courts  of  a  colony,  just  as  they  do  not  confer  on  the  courts  of  a  state,  jurisdiction  to  strike  down  legislation  on  the  ground  that,  in  the  opinion  of  the  court,  the  legislation  does  not  promote  or  secure  the  peace,  order  and  good  the  colony.’  

    o i.e.  states  have  plenary  power,  which  is  not  subject  to  judicial  review  

     • State  prerogative  power  

     o Can  only  be  exercised  in  accordance  with  state  government’s  area  of  

    constitutional  responsibility:    (Davis)    

    Right  to  pardon  (exists  at  both  levels  of  government)   Right  to  mine  metals  within  their  territory  

         

  • Limits  of  State  Legislative  power:    

    • Cth  Constitution    o S109    state  laws  will  yield  to  commonwealth  in  case  in  of  

    inconsistency  o Express  

    S92  state  laws  shouldn't  interfere  with  freedom  of  interstate   S51  cth  sole  legislative  powers  

     

    MANNER  AND  FORM  PROVISIONS    State  constitutions  are  enactments  of  state  parliaments,  and  thus  amendable  as  per  normal  (McCawley  v  R)  bar  where  supra-‐state  constitutional  provisions  (CLVA,  AA,  C  etc)  limits  that  power.  State  Parl  can’t  abolish  entrenched  legislation  except  by  proscribed  manner  and  form  –  CLVA  s5/AA  s6    How  to  analyse  manner  and  form  problems  

    • When  there  is  a  potential  manner  and  form  issue  under  s  5  of  the  CLVA  (or  now  under  s  6  Australia  Act)  you  will  have  two  acts:  

    o  the  first  act  which  sets  up  the  additional  legislative  procedure,  (the  ‘manner  and  form’  requirement)  which  needs  to  be  adhered  to;  and  

    o  a  later  act  which  is  seeking  to  make  some  other  change  to  the  law.  

    • You  then  need  to  ask  two  questions  (Trethowan  test)  

    o First  ‘whether  the  law  that  is  later  in  time  is  a  law  “respecting  the  Constitution  Powers  and  Procedures  of  such  Legislature”’  

    o Test  applies  not  to  entrenching  provision  or  entrenched  provision,  but  to  law  which  purports  to  amend  or  repeal  the  entrenched  provision  (South-‐Eastern  Drainage  Board)  

    What  laws  deal  with  Commonwealth  Powers  and  

    Procedures?  

    Legislation  regarding  constitution  would  deal  with  nature  and  composition    

    Legislation  regarding  procedure  would  deal  with  its  own  legislative  authority  

    Legislation  regarding  powers  would  deal  with  own  legislative  authority  

    • parliaments  cannot  restrict  substantive  power  of  future  parliaments  but  may  impose  procedural  restrictions  on  certain  legislation,  which  means  a  future  

  • parliament  would  have  to  use  a  more  complicated  legislation  

    • ‘If,  and  only  if’,  the  answer  to  this  question  is  yes:  

    o THEN  YOU  ASK  IF    the  EARLIER  law  set  down  any  ‘manner  and  form’  

    requirement  which  dictates  how  the  later  law  is  to  be  passed.   What  is  a  valid  manner  and  form  provision?  

    Importance  of  the  requirement  that  manner  and  form  

    (procedural  requirement)  actually  relate  to  ‘the  legislative  process’.  (Commonwealth  Aluminum  Corporation)  

    all  the  conditions  which  are  essential  to  the  

    enactment  of  a  valid  law  [by  the  Parliament]  (Dixon  J  in  Trethowan)  

      must  be  proportionate  regarding  issue  it  is  designed  

    to  entrench  (Trethowan,  Westlakes)    

    Manner  and  form  provisions  must  not    

    Be  an  attempt  to  deprive  parliament  of  powers  (King  CJ  obiter  in  Westlakes)  

    • Special  majority  provisions  may  do  this  (but  not  necessarily  always)-‐  King  CJ  in  Westlakes  

      Cannot  be  overly  onerous  

    • Requiring  consent  on  non-‐parliamentary  bodies  –  Comalco;  Westlakes  

    • Unanimous  votes  –  Westlakes  • Preventing  the  bill  from  passing  completely  

    (rather  than  subject  to  manner  and  form  provision)    -‐  Comalco  

    • Non-‐core  constitutional  provisions  –  Westlakes  

    • Regulating  other  elements  of  the  state  (eg.  Executive)  –  Comalco;  Westlakes

    requiring  a  future  enactment  to  be  expressed  in  a  particular  way  (SE  Drainage  Board)  

      Be  a  provision  which  has  the  effect  of  significantly  

    transferring  legislative  power  to  another  body  (abdication)    

     • ‘(King  CJ  obiter  in  Westlakes)    i.e.  cant  have  

    concurrence  of  people  outside  parliament    

     ‘do  more  than  prescribe  the  mode  in  which  laws  respecting  these  matters  must  be  made…  [This  is  the  

  • extent  of  the]  ‘rigidity…[that]  can  be  given  by  the  legislature  to  the  constitution’  (Dixon  J  in  Trethowan)      

       Cases:    

         

         

    A-‐G  NSW  v  Trethowan  (1931)  Facts:  

    § Legislation  attempts  to  abolish  legislative  council  in  NSW    Decision:  

    • Provided  double  entrenchement  test:  • A  special  manner  and  form  provision  will  bind  future  parliaments  if:  

    o The  later  bill/  act  relates  to  the  constitution,  powers  and  procedures  of  legislature  o The  earlier  entrenching  provision  imposes  a  valid  manner  and  form  provision  for  

    passing  legislation  of  the  kind  of  the  later  act  

    Attorney-‐General  (WA)  v  Marquet  (2003)    

    Facts:  • Attempted  to  re-‐draw  electoral  boundaries  for  seats  in  WA  parliament

     Decision:  

    • A  bill  to  repeal  a  law  can  be  considered  a  bill  to  ‘amend’  a  law • At  least  to  some  extent  the  "constitution"  of  the  Parliament  extends  to  features  

    which  go  to  give  it,  and  its  Houses,  a  representative  character o But  note-‐  not  everything  related  to  election  of  parliament  will  be  able  to  be  

    entrenched  using  manner  and  form  provision  validly  enacted  under  s6  

     

  • Limitation:  Delegation  and  Abdication    Delegated  legislation,  or  subordinate  legislation  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  is  legislation  made  by  authority  of  an  Act  of  Parliament.  

    • Or  ‘a  legislative  rule  made  by  an  executive  agency  pursuant  to  an  authority  delegated  by  the  legislature’  –  Creyke,  McMillan  and  Reynolds  o Are  meant  to  supplement  primary  rules  of  an  act  by  allowing  exec  to  make  

    statutory  rules,  by-‐laws  etc  (i.e.  minister)    Delegation  (Allowed-‐  Giris)    Delegation  of  some  power  to  a  subordinate  body  with  limits  –  Cth  and  state  have  power  to  delegate  (Dignan)  

       Limitations-‐  most  delegated  legislation  must  be  tabled  in  each  house  of  legislature  to  enable  scrutiny  and  potential  disallowance  (Capital  Duplicators  v  ACT)    Abdication  (not  allowed-‐  Giris)    Parliament  transfers  power  to  or  creates  what  is  effectively  a  new  legislature  with  co-‐equal  or  otherwise  significant  power  to  legislate  (Giris  PL  v  FCT).  Parliament  cannot  "create  and  endow  with  its  own  capacity  a  new  legislative  power  not  created  by  the  Act  to  which  it  [Parl]  owes  its  own  existence"  (Giris)    Note:  some  special  majority  provisions  could  be  seen  as  parliament  ‘handing  over’  legislative  power  by  either  making  it  too  difficult  or  handing  the  power  to  another  entity-‐  e.g.  special  majority  provisions  (King  CJ  obiter  in  Westlakes)      

    Dignan’s  Case  Facts:  • Questioned  power  of  cth  parliament  to  make  laws  allowing  GG  to  make  regulations  • Argument  based  around  separation  of  powers  

     Decision:  • This  sort  of  delegation  is  allowed  (and  separation  of  powers  in  australia  is  not  

    complete)  • Dixon  J  à  it’s  ok,  historically  in  English  law  was  used  for  improved  efficacy,  statute  as  

    ‘source  of  obligation  and  expression  of  continuing  will  of  legislature  o Limits  on  power  that  can  be  delegated  à  if  exceedingly  broad  then  maybe  not  

    § ‘There  may  be  such  a  width  or  such  an  uncertainty  of  the  subject  matter  to  be  handed  over  that  the  enactment  attempting  it  is  not  a  law  with  respect  to  any  particular  head  or  heads  of  legislative  power.’  

  • Limitation:  Extra-‐territoriality?    • States  can  pass  legislation  which  does  beyond  territorial  boundaries-‐  Australia  Act  

    1986  (Cth)  s2(1)  o ‘It  is  hereby  declared  and  enacted  that  the  legislative  powers  of  the  

    Parliament  of  each  State  include  full  power  to  make  laws  for  the  peace,  order  

    and  good  government  of  that  State  that  have  extra-‐territorial  operation.’  

       

       

    Pearce  v  Florenca    Facts:  • Man  had  caught  rock  lobsters  off  coast  of  WA  • Cth  normally  can  only  make  laws  about  sea  • S24  (the  offence  he  supposedly  comittied)  would  only  affect  him  is  state  law  

    was  valid  still  in  cth  water      Decision:  • Gibbs  CJ  test  to  determine  validity:  

    o 1.  Law  valid  if  connected,  not  too  remotely  with  state  which  enacted  it  o AND  o 2.  If  there  is  any  real  connection  (remote  or  general)  between  the  subject  

    matter  of  the  legislation  and  the  state  • Note:  most  generous  interpretation,  confirmed  in  Movil  Oil  v  Victoria  

  •        

                 

    LEGISLATURE:Commonwealth      

  • Head  of  Power:    

    • Australia  Act  s2  o ‘It  is  hereby  declared  and  enacted  that  the  legislative  powers  of  the  

    Parliament  of  each  State  include  full  power  to  make  laws  for  the  peace,  order  and  good  government  of  that  State  that  have  extra-‐territorial  operation.’  

    • S51  commonwealth  constitution-‐  cth  legislature  has  sole  powers  to  legislate  regarding  

    o Trade  and  commerce  (i)  o Taxation  (ii)  o Debt  (iv)  o Post,  telegraph  and  telephone  (v)  o Naval  and  military  defence  and  control  to  maintain  laws  (vi)  o Currency  (xii)  o Naturalization  and  aliens  (xix)  o Immigration  (xxvii)  o External  affairs(xxix)  o Incidental  powers  (xxxix)  

    Legislature  can  access  nationhood  power  through  here   National  health  schemes,  education  etc  ‘peculiarly  adapted’-‐  AAP  

         

  • Elections:    Powers:    Commonwealth  parliament  gets  power  to  make  laws  re:  number  of  representatives  and  divisions  from  s24  and  s29  of  constitution  ‘until  parliament  decides  otherwise’  

    • ‘until  parliament  decides  otherwise’  power  from  s51  (xxxvi)    Candidates  for  election:    

    • S16  –  Qualifications  of  senator  same  as  house  of  representatives/    o S34  –  Qualifications  of  house  of  reps  until  Parl  provides  otherwise  

    • S163  Commonwealth  Electoral  Act  1918  (Cth):  18  y/o,  Aust  citizen,  qualified  to  be  elector  for  HR  

    • S43  –  eligible  only  for  1  house  (can’t  be  senator  &  MP  at  same  time)  • S44  –  incapacity  for  election  to  Parl:  allegiance  to  foreign  power,  treason,  

    convicted  of  offence  (1  year  or  more  sentence),  bankrupt,  holds  office  of  profit  under  crown,  certain  pecuniary  interests  

    o Pecuniary  interests  (v)      Re  Webster   Webster  elected,  managing  director  of  timber  company,  but  

    had  contract  to  sell  timber  to  cth  departments   Barwick  CJ  allowed  but  construed  s44  (v)  carefully-‐  to  

    disallow  ‘must  be  one  under  which  the  Crown  could  conceivably  influence  the  contractor  in  relation    to  parliamentary    affairs  

    Level  of  influence  required  must  be  ‘conceivable’  but  not  certain  

    Sykes  v  Cleary    Facts:  

    • Sykes  was  school  teacher,  but  had  been  on  pay  without  leave  • Got  elected  while  still  officially  teacher  and  thus  ‘officer’  under  teaching,  service  act  • Two  other  competitors  were  dual-‐nationals  

     Decision:  

    • All  candidates  were  disqualified  • Public  servants  would  be  contrary  to  s44  (iv)  à  risk  public  servants  would  share  views  of  

    department  and  not  be  independent  • Doesn't  matter  that  he  was  on  leave  • Applies  to  state  public  servants  as  well  as  cth  • Foreign  nationals  must  take  ‘all  reasonable  steps’  to  renounce  foreign  nationality  

  • Right  to  vote?      

    • S41  appears  to  make  right  to  vote    but  right  not  absolute  and  reasonable  interference  may  be  tolerated  

    o ‘No  adult  person  who  has  or  acquires  a  right  to  vote  at  elections  for  the  more  numerous  House  of  the  Parliament  of  a  State  shall,  while  the  right  continues,  be  prevented  by  any  law  of  the  Commonwealth  from  voting  at  elections  for  either  House  of  the  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth’    only  for  existing  right  

     • Seems  to  be  an  express  provision  

    o King  v  Jones  (1972)    Was  a  transitional  statute,  only  intended  to  hold  on  until  cth  passed  the  relevant  statute  

    Rule  meant  in  1972  same  as  in  1901    have  to  be  21  years  or  older  

    If  you  say  s41  still  has  force  then  state  parliaments  can  set  crazy  laws  e.g.  12  year  olds  allowed  to  vote  in  NSW  election,  ergo  could  vote  in  Cth  

     • Commonwealth  Electoral  Act  also  limits  who  can  vote  and  who  cant  

    o Under  18  o Prisoners  serving  more  than  3  years  

    Roach  • Legislation  put  in  place  that  all  prisoners  couldn't  

    vote  • Decided  inconsistent  with  representative  democracy  

    o Although  exceptions  may  be  justified   ‘an  arbitrary  exception  would  be  

    inconsistent’  (Gleeson  J)  o Test:  is  disqualification  for  a  substantial  

    reason  

    IMPORTANT  TEST:  Rowe  v  Electoral  Commissioner  Facts:  

    • Electoral  roll   closure/  allowance   for  new  voter  registration  and  grace  period  reduced  to  three  days  

    • Rowe  put  enrolment  4  days  after  writ    Decision:  

    • French  CJ  test-‐  denying  enrolment  and  right  to  vote  of  ppl  otherwise  qualified  only  ok  if:  o Serves  constitutional  mandate  of  republic  democracy  o Its  adverse  effect  on  exercise  of  entitlement  to  vote  is  not  disproportionate  to  mandate  

  • o Unsound  mind    o Convicted  of  treason  and  treachery  

     Implied  guarantee  of  vote  equality?    

    • s24-‐    House  of  representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members  ‘directly  chosen  by  the  people’-‐  but  no  principle  of  voting  equality  implied  in  constitution  (McGinty)  

    • Margin  of  10%  between  electorates  is  not  disproportionate  enough  to  be  unconstitutional.  -‐  McKinlay  

     

         

    • McKinley    no  requirement  for  equal  electorates  ‘flowed  down’  from  commonwealth  constitution  to  affect  WA  parliaments  ability  to  make  own  electoral  laws  

    o Brennan  CJ  ‘In  my  opinion,  the  Commonwealth  Constitution  contains  no  implication  affecting  disparities  of  voting  power  among  the  holders  of  the  franchise  for  the  election  of  members  of  a  State  Parliament’  

         

    AG-‐Cth;  Ex  rel  McKinlay  v  Cth    

    Facts:  • 1974  election  argued  invalid  as  one  vote  one  value  notion  was  not  carried  

    through  • disproportionally  sized  electorates-‐  inconsistent  with  s24  of  Constitution  • therefore  any  laws  passed  afterwards  are  invalid    

     Decision:  

    • s24  of  constitution  does  not  stipulate  all  electorates  must  be  composed  of  equal  number  of  voters  

    • Majority  held  no  principle  of  ‘one  vote,  one  value’  in  Australian  Constitutional  system  

    o Murphy  J  in  dissent  thought  ‘directly  chosen  by  the  people’  implied  this,  especially  with  the  contextual  influence  of  the  US  

    • McTiernan  and  Jacobs  JJ  à  ‘chosen  by  people’  depends  on  circumstances,  and  does  not  guarantee  equal  electorates  but  if  were  disproportionately  uneven  parliament  could  intervene  

    o Similarly  Mason  J  à  only  intervene  in  cases  of  extreme  disproportionality  

    • Stephen  J-‐  court  can’t  pass  merit  on  democratic  electoral  system  so  long  as  consistent  with  representative  democracy  as  chosen  mode  of  government  conferred  by  s51  (xxxvi),  legislation  has  more  power  

  • ‘Level  playing  field’  among  political  parties?    

       

    Mullholland  v  Australian  Electoral  Commissioner    Facts:  

    • DLP  sought  to  challenge  two  parts  of  commonwealth  legislation  which  sought  to  regulate  registration  of  political  parties  

    o Must  be  represented  in  fed.  Parliament  or  500  members  o ‘no  overlap’  rule-‐  cant  belong  to  two  parties  

     Decision:  

    • constitution  does  protect  representative  government,  but  also  gives  parliament  a  lot  of  freedom  to  determine  the  features  of  the  system  

    o ‘[T]he  overriding  requirement  that  senators  and  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  are  to  be  ‘directly  chosen  by  the  people’…imposes  a  basic  condition  of  the  democratic  process,  but  leaves  substantial  room  for  parliamentary  choice,  and  for  change  from  time  to  time’  (Gleeson  CJ,  190-‐1;  B&W  691  

    • but  Gleeson  CJ’s  did  warn  that  there  might  be  some  things  that  the  Australian  Electoral  Commission  might  do  which  ‘could  be  antithetical  to  the  idea  of  representative  democracy  and  direct  choice’  

  • Extra-‐territoriality    • Cth  can  make  laws  that  ‘go  beyond  waters  edge’    

    o Statute  of  Westminster  1931  s3    

    o Commonewealth  Consitution  s51  (xxix)  can  make  laws  re:    

    ‘relations  with  other  countries’  • R  v  Sharky-‐  criminalizing  sedition  through    

    commonwealth  • Sea  and  Submerged  Land  Case  –  includes  territorial  sea  • Thomas  v  Mowbray-‐  counter-‐terrorism  laws  

      ‘external  affairs’:  

     

         

    Polykhovich  v  Cth    Facts:  

    • War  Crimes  Act  1945  (Cth)  provided  any  person  who  committed  a  war  crime  between  1939-‐  1945  was  guilty  of  an  indictable  offence  

    • Polykhuovich  supposedly  committed  war  crimes  in  Ukraine  in  1942  /3  • Argued  law  beyond  was  scope  of  defence  and  ‘external  powers’    

     Decision:  

    • 6-‐1  decided  act  was  a  valid  exercise  of  the  external  affairs  power  • Mason  CJ-‐  if  parliament  considered  Australia  had  an  interest  or  concern  it  was  

    not  for  the  court  to  examine  • Deane  J  -‐  

    o ‘any  law  that  can  properly  be  characterized  as  a  law  with  respect  to  any  thing  or  person    occurring  or  situate  outside  Australia  is  a  law  with  respect  to  “External  affairs’  

    • Toohey  J-‐  (most  extreme  view)  the  matter  had  to  ‘touch  and  concern’  Australia  but  majority  held  no  nexus  test  

    • Brennan  J-‐  must  be  nexus  between  Australia  and  ‘external  affair’  involved  à  war  crimes  was  not  an  external  affair,  the  subsequent  citizenship  by  an  individual  was  not  enough  to  transform  the  subject  to  an  external  affair  

  • Parliamentary  Powers,  Privileges  and  Immunities    

    • Parliamentary  Privileges  are  guaranteed  under:  o Constitution  1901  (Imp)  s48  

    • ‘the  powers,  privileges  and  immunities  of  the  senate  and  of  the  house  of  reps,  and  of  the  members  and  committees  of  each  house  shall  be  such  as  are  declared  by  the  parliament  and  until  declared  shall  be  those  of  the  commons  house  of  parliament  of  the  UK,  and  of  its  members  and  committees  at  the  establishment  of  the  commonwealth’

    • i.e.  same  as  in  UK  o Constitution  s50  

    each  house  can  make  rules  • Parliamentary  Privileges  Act  1989  (cth)  

    o Convention   E.g.  NSW  

     What  are  some  of  the  powers,  privileges  and  immunities?    

    • Immunity  from  arrest  in  civil  causes  o Parliamentary  Privileges  Act  s14  

     • Freedom  of  speech  in  parliaments    

    o Bill  of  Rights  1688  s9  o Parliamentary  Provisions  Act  s16  

     • Exemption  from  jury  service  

     • Power  of  the  houses  to  determine  their  own  internal  constitutions,  regulate  

    internal  affairs,  control  members,  strangers/visitors  and  to  control  their  own  business  (not  do  as  king  wishes)  

     • Power  to  conduct  inquiries  

    o Critical  to  hold  parliament  accountable  o Power  to  require  attendance  of  persons  o Power  to  require  the  production  of  documents  

       

    • Power  to  take  evidence  under  oath    

    • Power  to  punish  for  contempt  (Fitzpatrick  and  Browne)    

  • • Contempt  requires  interference  (Parliamentary  Procedures  Act  s4-‐  interference  with  the  free  exercise  by  a  House  or  committee  of  its  authority  or  functions,  or  with  the  free  performance  by  a  member  of  the  member's  duties  as  a  member)  

     o No  contempt  for  defamation  (s6)  o No  power  to  expel  member-‐  i.e.  take  away  membership  (s8)  o No  imprisonment  greater  than  6  months  (s7  (1)),  no  fine  greater  than  

    $5000  for  individual  or  $25000  for  corporation  ((5)  (a)  and  (b))  o Any  warrant  must  now    give  particulars  of  alleged  offence,  so  any  

    allegation  will  be  subject  to  judicial  review,  removing  the  obstacle  encountered  in  Fitzpatrick  v  Browne–s9  

       o Egan  v  Willis    TEST:  LC  has  such  power,  privileges  and  immunities  

    as  required  for  the  proper  exercise  of  it's  functions   Functions  include  law  making,  but  also  asking  ministers  

    questions  about  their  portfolios     unconditional  suspension  may  be  more  than  ‘necessity’  requires  

    (Barton  v  Taylor)  but  can  suspend  for  limited  time  as  in  Egan    Can  you  use  parliamentary  proceedings  as  evidence?    

    • Parliamentary  Privileges  Act  1987  (Cth)  s16  (1)  Invokes  Article  9  of  UK  Bill  of  Rights  1688:  ‘That  the  freedom  of  speech  and  debates  or  proceedings  in  Parliament  ought  not  to  be  impeached  or  questioned  in  any  court  or  place  out  of  Parliament.’  

    o so  court  and  tribunal  can’t  tender  evidence  for  the  purpose  of   questioning  truth,  motive  etc  of  parliamentary  proceedings   otherwise  questioning  or  establishing  credibility,  motive  etc  of  

    any  person   drawing  inferences  from  anything  said  

       Can  courts  interfere  with  PPI?    

    • R  v  Richards;  ex  Fitzpatrick  and  Browne  o Cases  can  only  come  before  court  to  see  if  a  privilege  exists  o House  of  commons  has  power  to  protect  parliaments  from  courts    

    Dixon  CJ  has  ‘the  protection  from  the  examination  of  the  conclusion  of  the  house  expressed  by  the  warrant’  

    ‘the  very  plain  words  of  s49  itself…  are  incapable  of  a  restricted  meaning’    COURT  HAS  NO  ROLE  IN  INTERVENTION  OF  EXERCISE  OF  POWERS  

    • Egan  v  Willis  o ‘Questions  respecting  the  existence  of  the  powers  and  privileges  of  a  

    legislative  chamber  may  present  justiciable  issues  when  they  are  elements  in  a  controversy  arising  in  the  courts  under  the  general  law.  

  • So  could  intervene  in  Egan  because  of  supposed  trespass    Do  you  have  to  give  documents  protected  by  legal  professional  privilege  (LPP)  or  public  interest  immunity  (PII)  ?    

    • PII    potential  harm  in  public  disclosure  of  ministerial  documents  o Egan  v  Chadwick  Spigelman  CJ    PII  not  absolute,  requires  balancing  of  

    conflicting  public  interests   Test  is  whether  it  is  reasonably  necessary  for  functions  of  LC  

    to  take  cabinet  documents  • Internal  deliberation  documents  were  held  not  to  be  

    reasonable  necessary  • House  does  have  power  to  demand  restricted  

    documents  which  do  not  directly  or  indirectly  reveal  Cabinet’s  deliberations  

    • LPP  would  yield  to  accountability  principle  • Court  decides  whether  PII  applies  

       

  • Deadlock  provision    

    • Commonwealth  Constitution  s57  o If  passage  of  bill  is  rejected  twice  GG  can  call  double  dissolution  o Government  may  collect  ‘triggers’  i.e.  failed  passage  once  so  they  

    can  call  election  when  they  want    

     Can  have  delay  tactics  but  it  only  to  a  certain  degree  (Victoria  v  Cth)      Is  the  operation  of  s57  justiciable?    

    • Cormack-‐    o McTiernan  J  

    No  -‐  whether  the  Senate  ‘in  truth  rejected  or  failed  to  pass  the  Bill  on  13th  December  1973  is  a  political  question.  In  my  opinion  it  is  not  within  the  judicial  power  of  the  Commonwealth,  vested  by  s  71  of  the  Constitution  in  the  Court,  to  decide  whether  the  recitals  by  the  Governor-‐General  in  the  proclamation  dissolving  both  Houses  were  erroneous  in  fact  or  in  law.’  

    o Majority-‐  yes          

    Cormack  v  Cope    

    Facts:  • Double  dissolution  by  GG  on  11  april  1974  pursuant  to  s57  • Issue  was  s57  says  ‘bill’  not  ‘bills’  

    o Six  bills  used  as  triggers  • Can  HCA  intervene  in  course  of  proceedings?  

     Decision;  

    • One  bill  was  subject  to  failure  to  pass  so  was  ok  (Majority  had  no  decision,  but  Barwick  CJ  said  it  was  all  gee)  

    • Barwick  CJ-‐  HCA  has  a  right  and  duty  to  ensure  that  the  Cn’ally  provided  methods  of  law-‐making  are  observed  

    o Menzies,  Stephen  JJ,  justiciable  only  where  no  jurisdiction  for  review  after  assent  

       

  •        

         

    International  Finance  v  NSW  Crime  Commission  [2009]  HCA    

    • Facts:  NSW  Crime  Commission  could  apply  ex  parte  to  the  NSW  Supreme  Court  for  a  restraining  order  over  a  person’s  property  if  there  was  a  suspicion  the  person  was  involved  in  a  serious  crime.    

    o The  Court  was  required  to  make  the  order  if  the  information  presented  by  the  Commission  displayed  reasonable  grounds  for  the  suspicion  that  the  person  was  engaged  in  serious  crime.    

    • Held:  The  order  was  invalid  –    o Not  in  accordance  with  curial  function:  

    § Person  affected  had  no  opportunity  to  challenge  the  order  § The  Court  had  to  accept  the  information  presented  by  the  Commission  –  

    it  could  not  challenge  it  o Undermined  court’s  institution  integrity:  legislation  conscripted  the  court  to  

    achieve  an  outcome  –  court  was  not  exercising  an  impartial  role  when  exercising  the  outcome.  

    o The  judges  considered  that  the  power  was  repugnant  to  the  judicial  process  in  a  fundamental  degree  –  Gummow  J