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L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
1. Diversity and Phylogeny of Archaea 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 5. Other phyla: Nanoarchaeota, Korarchaeota
LECTURE 7. DOMAIN Archaea
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
1. DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF Archaea
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Extreme halophiles (>15% NaCl)
Family Halobacteriaceae
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Thalassohaline Athalassohaline
Great Salt Lake (USA)
Solar salterns
Dead Sea (Jordan-Israel)
Lake Wadi Natrum (Egypt) Soda lake
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Fungi (black yeasts)
Dunaliella
Cyanobacteria
Archaea – Bacteria
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
HALORHODOPSIN (light driven chloride pump)
Osmoadaptation
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
BACTERIORHODOPSIN (light driven proton pump)
Retinal based photosynthesis
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Solar salterns Bras del Port (Santa Pola, Alicante, Spain – 38º12’N, 0º36’W)
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Solar salterns
Prokat¡ryotic diversity
Virus and cell numbers
Marine microbiota
Halophilic mcrobiota
Salinity gradient
25%
No bacterivory
Haloquadratum walsbyi (Euryarchaeota)
Salinibacter ruber (Bacteroidetes)
“Haloviruses”
Up to 1010 VLP/ml
Images property of Fernando Santos
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
* Themophiles or hyperthermophiles
* *
** **
*
** Halophiles
* * *
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
Three types of substrates: - CO2-type (plus H2) - Methylated - Acetate
METHANOGENESIS
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
SINTROPHY
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
In methane hydrates
Anoxic oxidation of methane
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.3. (HYPER)THERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Thermoplasmatales: Thermoplasma
Ferroplasma THERMOPHILIC
ACIDOPHILIC NO CELL WALLS
Archaeoglobales: Archaeoglobus
SULFATE REDUCER HYPERTHERMOPHILIC
Thermococcales: Pyrococcus
SULFUR REDUCERS HYPERTHERMOPHILIC
Methanopyrus (see tree)
122oC
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.4. MARINE Euryarchaeota
Marine Euryarchaeota II (+ abundant) and III (aphotic area): planktonic
Marine Euryarchaeota IV: planktonic (deep waters)
BOTH UNCULTURED
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota 3.1. Crenarchaeota FROM TERRESTRIAL VOLCANIC HABITATS (SOLFATARAS)
Sulfolobus Thermoproteus, Thermophilus
3.2. Crenarchaeota FROM SUBMARINE VOLCANIC HABITATS (HYDROTHERMAL VENTS)
Pyrodictium Pyrolobus
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
Marine Crenarchaeota “Marine group I” Phylum Thaumarchaeota
Although first described in the oceans, Archaea closely related to marine Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota have been found in different environments
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.2. SOIL Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.3. SYMBIOTIC Thaumarchaeota
Cenarchaeum symbiosum
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
5. OTHER PHYLA 5.1. Phylum Korarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
5. OTHER PHYLA 5.2. Phylum Nanoarchaeota
Igniococcus
Nanoarchaeum
