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Legible Cities: Focus-Dependent Multi-Resolution Visualization of Urban Relationships
Legible Cities: Focus-Dependent Multi-Resolution Visualization of Urban Relationships
Remco ChangDepartment of
Computer Science
UNC Charlotte
Ginette WesselCollege of
Architecture
UNC Charlotte
Robert KosaraDepartment of
Computer Science
UNC Charlotte
Eric SaudaCollege of
Architecture
UNC Charlotte
Bill RibarskyDepartment of
Computer Science
UNC Charlotte
2/19
Legible Cities:MotivationLegible Cities:Motivation
• While working on a graphics problem to render large urban environments[1],
we realized…• Visualizing a city should be more
than rendering its geometric components
• There is a lot of information directly tied to geographic locations
• Question: how do people think about a city?
[1] Remco Chang, Thomas Butkiewicz, Caroline Ziemkiewicz, Zachary Wartell, Nancy Pollard, William Ribarsky. Hierarchical Simplification of City Models to Maintain Urban Legibility. ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Technical Sketch
3/19
Legible Cities:SurveyLegible Cities:Survey
How do you perceive the city?• Describe New York City…
• Response 1: “New York is large, compact, and crowded.”• Response 2: “The area where I lived had a strong mix of
ethnicities.”
Geometric, Information, View Dependent (Cognitive)
4/19
Legible Cities:DemoLegible Cities:Demo
• System Demo
5/19
Legible Cities: Research CollaborationLegible Cities: Research Collaboration
Urban Visualization• 3D Models of the City
• Information Display Embedded in the City
• User Interaction for Choosing Point of View
Architecture• Theories of City Design
and Spatial Structure • City Conveys Meaning
through Visual Qualities• Individual’s Experience of
a City
(Geometric)
(Information)
(View Dependence)
6/19
Legible Cities: Geometric – Theory of Urban LegibilityLegible Cities: Geometric – Theory of Urban Legibility
• Mental Sketch Maps of Cities
• Finding commonalities
• Elements of Urban Legibility
• Urban Theorist Kevin Lynch
Boston, MA UNC Charlotte Campus
Boston, MA
7/19
Legible Cities: Geometric ModelingLegible Cities: Geometric Modeling
Path Edge District Node Landmark
• Definable Elements in the City
• “Imageability” Identity, Recognition, Meaning• Spatial Understanding of the City using
Lynch’s Rules of Urban Legibility
Kevin Lynch. The Image of the City. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960.
8/19
Legible Cities:Information Modeling – IconologyLegible Cities:Information Modeling – Iconology
• Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown
• Iconology
• Signs, Symbolism, Information
• Information OverlayR. Venturi, D. S. Brown, and S. Izenour. Learning form Las Vegas.Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1977.
9/19
Legible Cities:View Dependence - ExperientialLegible Cities:View Dependence - Experiential
• Gordon Cullen
• Understanding of Architecture is based on optics, place, and content
• Experience of Movement, Uncovering, and Texture
G. Cullen. The Concise Townscape. Oxford: The Architectural Press, 1961.
10/19
Legible Cities:Interpretation of Urban TheoriesLegible Cities:Interpretation of Urban Theories
• Geometric • Hierarchical building clustering using the theory of Urban Legibility
• Information• Matrix view shows information about building clusters• Parallel coordinates show relationships between dimensions
• View Dependence (Cognitive)• 2D translation of yellow sphere changes the position of focus• Z-axis zooming changes the degree of focus
11/19
Legible Cities:Coordinated ViewsLegible Cities:Coordinated Views
• Everything is designed around “clusters of buildings”• Coordinate clusters using colors
• Proximity – Gradient from Red to Blue• Selection - White
12/19
Legible Cities:QueryingLegible Cities:Querying
• Identifying areas with specific attributes
13/19
Legible Cities:How To Use the SystemLegible Cities:How To Use the System
• Using 2000 US Census Data of Charlotte (Mecklenburg County) NC
• Looking at:• Ethnicity• Citizenship status• Income• Housing Information• etc.
• Other dimensions can be used:• Crime rate, traffic, etc
14/19
Legible Cities:Scenario 1: Identifying NeighborhoodsLegible Cities:Scenario 1: Identifying Neighborhoods
• Task: Find areas around downtown Charlotte with high Hispanic populations• Select in the parallel coordinates view…
• Finding additional information about High Hispanic population regions• Correlations with other dimensions…
15/19
Legible Cities:Scenario 2: SegregationLegible Cities:Scenario 2: Segregation
16/19
Legible Cities:Scenario 3: Comparing RegionsLegible Cities:Scenario 3: Comparing Regions
Davidson, NC
Downtown Charlotte, NC
17/19
Legible Cities:Expert EvaluationLegible Cities:Expert Evaluation
• With 14 Expert Geographic Information System (GIS) Users• Center of Real Estate at UNC Charlotte• UNC Charlotte Urban Institute• Charlotte Mecklenburg County GIS Office• Charlotte Mecklenburg County Planning Department• Charlotte Mecklenburg County School Systems• Private Real Estate Developers
• Feedbacks are very positive…• “Your tool is providing an on-the-fly, interactive way of noticing nearby
statistical data and their relationships”• “Your focus area and peripheral areas are cohesively orientated…
Changing the level of detail in other software programs is cumbersome [because it requires] running multiple repetitive queries...”
18/19
Legible Cities:SummaryLegible Cities:Summary
• Urban Visualization• Geometry• Information• View Dependence
• Contribution• Interpretation and visual implementation of Architectural theories
• Implementing urban theories that are qualitative by nature• View-Dependent, Multi-Resolution display
• Don’t have to zoom in and lose contextual information• Allows the user to explore the city while retaining spatial
awareness
19/19
Questions?Questions?
Thank you!
www.viscenter.uncc.edu
20/19
Legible Cities:Backup SlidesLegible Cities:Backup Slides
21/19
Legible Cities : Three ModalitiesLegible Cities : Three Modalities
•Geometric
•Focus Dependent
• Information
• “New York is large, compact, and crowded.”• “The area where I live there has a strong mix of ethnicities.”
22/19
Legible Cities:Information Theory - KoolhaasLegible Cities:Information Theory - Koolhaas• Rem Koolhaas
• Economic and Political Issues
• Study of Symbolism
• Information Overlay
• City.org Approach
Rem Koolhaas. S,M,L,XL. New York: The Monacelli Press, Inc., 1998