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Phase 1:Desk study and walkover survey

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Purpose

z Collate available informationy Site history

y Current site

y Geology and hydrology

z Hazard identification and assessment

z Identify pollutant linkages

z Assist site investigation design (Phase 2):y what needs to be investigated?

y health and safety issues?

z Identify targets or features of immediate concern

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Phase 1 report components:

z Historical review

z Walkover survey

z Interviews

z Develop Conceptual Site Model

z Uncertainty

Sources Pathways Receptors� �

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Desk study:

Sources of information

z Maps

z Geology and hydrogeology maps

z Regulatory data

z Aerial photographs

z DOE Industry profiles

z Property documents & business directories

y Kelly’s

y Post Office

z Local history journals

z Local newspapers

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z District and county councilsy Planning departmentsy Environmental health departments etc

z Defra (formerly DETR, DOE)z Environment Agency/SEPA

y Websitey Regional & local offices

z Libraries, archives & museumsy Nationaly County/regionaly Localy corporate

Desk study:

Where to look ?

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Desk study:

Search companies

z Several companies will collate some of the information required:y www.envirocheck.co.uky www.groundsure.comy http://www.findmaps.co.uk/

z Understand what is/is not covered!z Additional sources of information are likely to be neededz Such reports do not constitute a phase 1 on their own:

y interpretation & hazard identificationy conceptual modely walkover survey etc

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Desk study:

Map information

z OS mapsy Past & present

y Small scale 1:10,000/10,560

y Large scale 1:2,500/1,250

z Other mapsy Goad’s fire insurance maps (now Landmark Historical Building

Plans)

y Town plans

y Site plans

z Geological and hydrogeology maps

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Historical Mapping

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Identifying

sources from

historical mapsOverlay maps to

review relative

positions

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Desk study:

Geology can be …

z Source:y methane & carbon dioxide

y Radon

y sulphate & acid mine drainage

y potentially harmful elements e.g. arsenic

y natural hydrocarbons

z Pathway: y flow of water, leachate, gases, Non Aqueous Phase Liquids

z Receptor:y groundwater

Fractures in Quaternary fine sand

West Cumbria, UK

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Geology Map

BGS -

1:50,000/1:63,360

Landmark Geology

Report

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Desk study:

Geology & hydrogeology

z Geology maps (BGS/Landmark)y Drift and solid geology

z Can also consulty Soils maps

y BGS borehole data

y Applied Geology Reports

z Groundwater vulnerability

z Source Protection Zones (SPZ)

z Surface & groundwater quality

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Desk study:

Environment Agency/SEPA

z Likely sources (e.g. activities and contaminants)y records of pollution incidents at/ near sitey IPC or PPC authorisationsy discharge consentsy wastes and treatment processes

z Groundwater receptorsy status and quality of groundwater y abstraction wells within 2km of site including:

x grid referencex licensee, licence no & purposex duration of licence

z Surface water receptorsy status and quality of surface water

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Desk study:

Environment Agency/SEPA

z Public registers including:y Environmental Permits (prev Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)

Register) (EA online)y Radioactive Substances Information (EA online)y Water Quality & Pollution Control Register (EA online)y Water Abstraction and Impounding Registery Environmental Permits (prev Waste Management Licencing) (EA

online)y Pollution incidentsy Prosecutions – authorised processes/controlled watersy Contaminated land Registery Home of Public Registers - http://www2.environment-

agency.gov.uk/epr/

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Desk study:

Aerial photographs

z May fill data gapsy between OS map editions

y identify site activities etc

z RAF aerial surveysy National Monuments Record

y National Monuments Record of Wales

y National Monuments Record of Scotland

z Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society

z Luftwaffe reconnaissance

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Desk study:

Conservation areas

z Wildlife conservation areas may be “ecosystems” protected under Part 2A, for example:y Site of Special Scientific Interest

y National Nature Reserve / Marine Nature Reserve

y Special Area of Conservation / Special Protection Area

y Ramsar sites

z Protected archaeology or architecture etcy Scheduled Monuments

y Listed buildings

y Tree Protection Orders

www.lqm.co.ukhttp://www.natureonthemap.org.uk/map.aspx

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Scheduled Monuments

Byker City FarmGreenside Mine

Derbyshire Stone Circles

http://www.english-heritage.org.uk

http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk

www.cadw.wales.gov.uk

Battlefields

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Desk study:

Interviews

z Staff; past and present

z Locals

z Local authority staff

z Regulators

z Previous owners

z Neighbours

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z Interpreting maps and reports

y Boulder Clay (blue) is mapped as the same unit across Britain despite a different composition and behaviour in north and south

z Are all staff and neighbours impartial ?

y Were they made redundant

y Do they oppose development

Desk study:

Beware of assumptions !

Extract from 1:625,000 Geological Map

Boulder Clay

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Site Walkover Survey

z Complements historical deskstudyz What is there today ?z Preferably visit before

demolition/site clearancez Visual inspection

y Little or no sampling

z Take photographs – they are a useful record

z Visit all buildings, structures, rooms etc but

z Remember health and safety issues

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Walkover:

The surroundings

z Look over the fence!!y surrounding property typesy nearby industrial processes and activitiesy evidence of subsidence etc

z Nearby water courses or ponds, nature reserves or protected species (eg bats newts etc) ?

z Nearby residential or leisure facilities that may be affected during intrusive works (eg noise, dust)

z Evidence of local water abstractionz Phase 2 considerations

y Access to services (eg water, electric)y Site security issues

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Walkover:

What you are looking for?

z Fuel tanks andy above and below groundy bunding ?

z Chemical storage facilitiesz Key process areas including loading areasz Transformers and other plant and equipmentz Boilers and furnacesz Stressed vegetation

y stunted growth or discoloured leaves ?

z Stained and discoloured soils or watersz Site services, drains, culverts and outfalls

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Walkover:

Environmental practice

z Are all storage facilities bunded ?

z Is there evidence of spillages ?

z Could spillages have got into drains or sewers ?

z Is the site clean and tidy?

z Is waste stored at the site ? If so what types and what condition is it is ?

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?

Walkover:

Building layout

z Not all clues are equally convenient!

z land use may need to be deduced from the footprint or layout of buildings, for example

Toilets!

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Walkover:

Stained soils

z Yellow stained soil at a former paint factory due to cadmium contamination

z Colour scale used to ensure correct colour balance in image

z Beware not all contamination is visible !

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Walkover:

Look out for Hazchem signs!

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Risk assessment:

Phase 1 conceptual model

z Vision of the site based on desk/walkover information including:y site characteristicsy historic, current and planned usesy geology & hydrogeologyy potentially significant pollutant linkages

z Lists assumptions and uncertaintiesz There will be many uncertainties at Phase 1:

y are buried tanks present ?y is there contamination at the site ? Is it associated with made

ground?y is contaminated groundwater present or impacting a nearby

river ?

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Risk assessment:

Phase 2 objectives

z Phase 2 objectives should:y be justified by the findings of the Phase 1 risk assessmenty clarify the uncertaintiesy confirm the assumptions

z For example, where arsenic and diesel contamination is suspected objectives may include:y locate any buried tanks in the suspect area (eg geophysics ?)y investigate depth and extent of arsenic/diesel contamination at

the site (eg soil sampling)y investigate nature of the ground at the site etc (eg trial pit logs)y determine presence and quality of groundwater beneath the site

(eg groundwater sampling)y investigate the presence of arsenic/diesel contamination in the

river (eg surface water sampling)

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Cost-effectiveness

z Beware cheap Phase 1s !

z Good Phase 1 is essential to design a cost effective phase 2:y A good Phase 1 may indicate that no phase 2 is needed

y allows probable contamination to be targeted

y reduces uncertainty in likely contaminants (analytical costs!)

y reduces the probability of “surprises” while on site

y allows appropriate data to be collected 1st time – less need for 2nd investigation

y allows appropriate H&S precautions

y Development of initial CSM

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Useful information

z BS10175:2011 Investigation of potentially contaminated sites. Code of practice

z CLR2 “Guidance on preliminary site inspection of contaminated land”

z CLR3 “Documentary research on industrial sites”

z Ready Reference