March 2007 North American Native Orchid Journal

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

Volume 13 (1) 2007

IN THIS ISSUE: Orchids of the Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina Pteroglossaspis pottsii (Orchidaceae) A New Species from Central Florida Symbiotic Seed Germination of the �Deep South� Race of Spiranthes cernua from Florida

and more��..

The North American Native Orchid Journal (ISSN 1084-7332) is a publication devoted to promoting interest and knowledge of the native orchids of North America. A limited number of the print version of each issue of the Journal are available upon request and electronic versions are available to all interested persons or institutions free of charge. The Journal welcomes article of any nature that deal with native or introduced orchids that are found growing wild in North America, primarily north of Mexico, although articles of general interest concerning Mexican species will welcome. Requests for either print or electronic copies should be sent to the editor: Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 or via email at [email protected].

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

Volume 13 (1) 2007

CONTENTS NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

1 MY FAVORITE THINGS A gallery of orchid photos

2 A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA

FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE Paul Martin Brown

8 ORCHIDS OF THE

FRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST, SOUTH CAROLINA

Jim Fowler 10

MISADVENTURES OF AN ORCHID ENTHUSIAST The Slow Empiricist

22 Note:

AN EXTREME EXPRESSION OF COLOR IN SPIRANTHES ODORATA

Al Menk 26

Note: Seed germination of North American orchids I & II

27 CORRECTIONS AND COMMENTS TO THE

WILD ORCHIDS OF�.. SERIES 28

LOOKING AHEAD June 2007

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2

PTEROGLOSSASPIS POTTSII (ORCHIDACEAE)

A NEW SPECIES FROM CENTRAL FLORIDA Paul Martin Brown & Joel DeAngelis

30 SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE �DEEP SOUTH� RACE OF SPIRANTHES CERNUA FROM

FLORIDA Scott L. Stewart

39 NEW BOOKS

Reviews and announcements 54

Orchids of Iowa Orchids on the Rock

Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of the North America The Search for Lost Habitats: 30 Years of Exploring for Rare and Endangered Plants Book 1

The Orchids of Lovell Hollow and Heartsong Retreat Center

Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom. The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles may be

subject to peer review and popular articles will be examined for both accuracy and scientific content.

Volume 13 pages 1-59; issued March 1, 2007. Copyright 2007 by the North American Native Orchid Journal

Cover: Arethusa bulbosa by Stan Folsom

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Notes from the Editor Because of the abundance of articles available this issue was originally planned to run nearly 100 pages. The lead article was to have included the field-guide styled synopsis of a new species of Platanthera from California as well as the same treatment for the recently described Platanthera tescamnis. Due to the delay of the valid publication of the new species in Madrono (originally schedule for January 2007 and now the issue will not probably be out until May), it was decided to split this current issue of the NANOJ into two issues � March and June � in order to accommodate the information on the new species in the latter. The Platanthera article was replaced in this issue by My Favorite Things, a gallery of native orchid photos. There have been so many responses to the call for photos that this feature will be continued in future issues as long as photos are submitted. The October 2007 issue, as originally planned, will be devoted to a single work � Wild Orchids of Colorado by Scott Smith, plus book reviews and notes. The issue will be designed in a field guide fashion and should prove to be a valuable addition to the orchid works for North America. The Journal is currently soliciting for articles for the March and October 2008 issues. If the articles keep coming we will be able to continue with two issues a year. Please feel free to contribute any articles or scientific papers concerning orchids in North America, including Mexico. A new feature starting with this issue is a glossary for articles of a technical nature. It is anticipated that this will help those who are still learning some of the scientific terminology. They will be included at the conclusion of the articles. I am especially grateful for the editorial assistance of Stan Folsom, Nat Conard, and Ann Malmquist. Paul Martin Brown, editor [email protected]

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MY FAVORITE THINGS A gallery of orchid photos

Epipactis gigantea Shirley Curtis

6-12-06 southwestern Oregon Pentax istD digital camera

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Platanthera psycodes forma albiflora Al Menk

Upper Peninsula, Michigan, July 2006 Nikon D100 digital with AF28-105 lens

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Prosthechea cochleata forma albidoflava

Jack Kane Fakahatchee Strand, Collier County, FL October 21, 2006

Leica R8 digital

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Platanthera ciliaris

Wally Wilder Suwannee Co., FL August 7, 2004

Kodak CX6330 digital

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Harrisella porrecta (fruit) Mike Mcrea

Triple N Ranch Wildlife Management Area, Kissimmee December 2006 Olympus E-500 digital

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Pelexia adnata Russ Clusman

Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park April 2003 Nikon F100 film

Brown: A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA

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A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE

Paul Martin Brown

Although growth and color forms are not uncommon in several genera of North American native orchids�Platanthera and Cypripedium come to mind�Spiranthes has only one named form�S. praecox forma albolabia. Most species of Spiranthes tend to vary in their degree of spiraling but the flowers are uniform in their morphology. Only Spiranthes cernua, a compilospecies, shows great variation, due to unidirectional gene flow present in the different geographic areas of its distribution. Colonies of S. ochroleuca in the northeastern United States show this same uniformity as many of the other species but occasionally exhibit plants that have no flowers, or a few aborted buds, but an abundance of leaves and leafy bracts. These plants have been noted for many years and remain constant from year to year.

This morphological curiosity has also been observed in several species of Platanthera and reaches the most striking development in Dactylorhiza aristata var. kodiakensis forma perbracteata from Kodiak Island, Alaska. In September of 2006 such plants of Spiranthes ochroleuca were observed in a large colony of the species growing on a roadside banking in southern New Hampshire. The banking is well-known among local native orchid enthusiasts for its regular display of Spiranthes lacera var. lacera and, depending on roadside mowing schemes, up to several hundred plants of S. ochroleuca. A few plants of S. cernua may also be found in the lower, damper ditch areas. The leafy plants tend to be larger than many of the normally flowered S. ochroleuca and develop later when most of the others have passed peak. Because these plants have exhibited this growth pattern for several years the following is proposed. Spiranthes ochroleuca forma foliobracteata P.M. Brown forma nov. Type: USA. New Hampshire: Carroll Co., Wakefield, on roadside banking on west side of Rt. 16, 6.25 km north of junction with Rt. 109. 22 September 2006. P.M. Brown 2922. (Holotype: BRIT). (Photograph NANOJ 13: 9. 2007).

Brown: A NOVEL FORM OF SPIRANTHES OCHROLEUCA

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Caulis florifer foliosus, inflorescenstius cum bracteatus multus; flores abscens vel arbortivus; the flowering stem leafy, the inflorescence with many bracts; flowers absent or aborted

Spiranthes ochroleuca forma foliobracteata Carroll Co., New Hampshire 22 Sept. 2006

Fowler: ORCHIDS OF THE FRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST

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ORCHIDS OF THE FRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST,

BERKELEY COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

Jim Fowler The Francis Marion National Forest (known by locals as the Francis Marion) is a popular destination for botanists � especially for those interested in orchids and carnivorous plants. It is made up of about 250,000 acres of mixed hardwoods, bottomland swamps, and longleaf pine savannahs. It contains some rather unique geological structures known as Carolina Bays. These bays are shallow oval depressions (their origin still being hotly argued) that make excellent habitat for many unusual and rare plant species, including about two-dozen of South Carolina�s fifty-five orchid species and hybrids. The largest portion of the Francis Marion is located in Berkeley County, the rest being in adjacent Charleston County � both counties are in the southeastern portion of coastal South Carolina. It is criss-crossed by hundreds of sandy, one-lane forest service roads that wind through areas such as Hellhole Swamp, Dog Swamp, Florida Bay, Tiger Corner, and Yellowjacket Island offering views of dense pocosins and vast longleaf pine savannahs. These local names bring to mind the many seemingly impenetrable areas that contain their share of boot-sucking mud, chiggers, ticks, mosquitoes, leeches, snakes, and alligators. But, we never let those minor inconveniences hold us back, do we? There is a paved, two-lane road that runs North/South through the center of the forest, and that road is named Steed Creek Road. But, to those of us who know it well, it is called Orchid Alley. All along this road, in the ditches and roadside banks, one can find many of the common species of orchids that bloom in the Francis Marion. That is quite a sight, especially in the spring and early summer when the pinks of


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Cleistes divaricata (spreading pogonia) and Pogonia ophioglossoides (rose pogonia) and the magentas of the Calopogon species are at their best. In the fall, the orange, white, and yellow torches of the fringed orchids hold court along those same roadside banks � sometimes in the hundreds. Before Hurricane Hugo, the Francis Marion was one of the preeminent longleaf pine holdings in the southeastern United States. In 1989, that hurricane came inland in the central portion of the Francis Marion and destroyed many thousands of mature longleaf pines and live oaks. This turned out to be a two-edged sword, since it also opened up many areas that had previously become choked with deciduous trees and shrubs. In looking at practical ways to bring back the longleaf pine forest, the U. S. Forest Service seriously undertook prescribed burning as a way to control the growth of undesirable species. Many of the orchid species we all love not only do well under prescribed burn regimes, but several of the species require burns in order to come back year after year. Two of the orchid species in the Francis Marion that require burning of competitive vegetation are Pteroglossaspis ecristata (crestless plume orchid) and Gymnadeniopsis integra (yellow fringeless orchid). Both species seem to completely disappear from the scene in no more than two or three years after a burn if the burns are not repeated. It is thought that the plants resort to dormancy or produce minor vegetative growth during the period of non-burning in wait for the vegetative competition to be removed. Both of these species are quite rare in the Francis Marion, anyway, and it is quite a pleasant surprise to come across these beauties in bloom. The first orchids to bloom in the Francis Marion are Listera australis (southern twayblade) and Corallorhiza wisteriana (Wister�s coralroot). Both can usually be found blooming during late February thru early March. The flowers of Listera australis are usually some shade of greenish or brownish red, but also can be found in shades of tan or yellow. Regardless of the flower color, the plants are quite difficult to see in the leaf and pine needle litter on the forest floor. Depending upon the timing of annual burns, you might be lucky enough to find Calopogon multiflorus (many-flowered grass-pink) blooming several weeks after March or April burns, although this particular Calopogon species has not been seen there for several years.


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There are two seasons in the Francis Marion when orchid flowering is most plentiful. The first of these seasons is May through June. The species normally found during this period are Calopogon barbatus (bearded grass-pink), Calopogon tuberosus (common grass-pink), Calopogon pallidus (pale grass-pink), Cleistes divaricata (spreading pogonia), Spiranthes praecox (giant ladies�-tresses), Spiranthes vernalis (spring ladies�-tresses), and Pogonia ophioglossoides (rose pogonia). My favorites of these are the Calopogon species � simply because of the wide variety of colors that the flowers exhibit from pinks and magentas to the rare white form. Many of these colorful species can be spotted easily from the road. Another summer species that has been recorded in the past is the very fragrant Gymnadeniopsis nivea (snowy orchid), but like Calopogon multiflorus, it has not been seen in several years. The second of the orchid flowering seasons is August and September. This is the time when the Platanthera species are usually at their best. Included are Platanthera cristata (crested fringed orchid), Platanthera flava var. flava (southern tubercled orchid), Platanthera conspicua (southern white fringed orchid), and Platanthera ciliaris (yellow fringed orchid). Of course, since the latter two of these have overlapping bloom periods, it is not unusual to find their hybrid offspring, Platanthera xlueri (Luer�s hybrid fringed orchid). Other species found blooming during this time are Epidendrum magnoliae (green-fly orchid), Habenaria repens (water spider orchid), Tipularia discolor (crane-fly orchid), Triphora trianthophora (three birds orchid), and Malaxis spicata (Florida adder�s-mouth). Epidendrum magnoliae is the only epiphytic orchid found in South Carolina � the remainder of the orchid species being terrestrial orchids. Epiphytic orchids are those that grow on tree limbs or tree trunks. In the Francis Marion, Epidendrum magnoliae prefers to grow on live oak, swamp tupelo, or bald cypress. In October and November, several other orchid species bloom and bring an end to the year�s orchid show. These species include Spiranthes cernua (nodding ladies�-tresses), the fragrant Spiranthes odorata (fragrant ladies�-tresses), and the unusual Ponthieva racemosa (shadow-witch orchid). The latter species prefers the highly basic soils that have been created in the forest by loads of readily available crushed oyster shells used to pave the forest service roads. The slightly acidic rainwater


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leaches out calcium from the shells and deposits it in the adjacent ditches where Ponthieva racemosa (shadow-witch orchid) thrives. I find myself wanting to tell everyone I meet about the awesome native plants found in the Francis Marion National Forest, but am constantly reminded by the holes left by poachers that not everyone has the same view toward the environment that I have. Fortunately, these illegal diggings are few and far between, but it does cause concern among those of us who love this area and hope that it will remain the wild and natural treasure that it is. Jim Fowler, 26 Mills Ave, Greenville, SC 29605 [email protected] Jim is the author of Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a natural history and is currently working on a new book about orchids and carnivores of the Green Swamp in southeastern North Carolina


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Francis Marion National Forest Berkeley County Charleston Steed County Creek Road

Epidendrum magnoliae, green-fly orchid


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Ponthieva racemosa, shadow-witch orchid


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Calopogon pallidus, pale grass-pink

Calopogon barbatus, bearded grass-pink


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Habenaria repens, water spider orchid

Listera australis, southern twayblade


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Cleistes divaricata, spreading pogonia

Pteroglossaspis ecristata, crestless plume orchid


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top: Platanthera conspicua, southern white fringed orchid bottom: Platanthera xlueri, Luer�s hybrid fringed orchid


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Platanthera ciliaris, yellow fringed orchid


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Spiranthes odorata, fragrant ladies�-tresses

Platanthera cristata, crested fringed orchid

Empiricist: MISADVENTURES OF AN ORCHID ENTHUSIAST

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MISADVENTURES OF AN ORCHID ENTHUSIAST

The Slow Empiricist

There have been times when I was out orchid exploring that I had wished that I had heeded my own advice that I have written in my Slow Empiricist articles. I will excuse my carelessness, as I had not experienced my misfortunes until I was in the midst of them; then hopefully I was smart enough to learn from my mistakes. One of the first times I had a problem was near Mt. Toby in central Massachusetts. I had set out with Paul Martin Brown and our Pomeranian, Brandy, to meet two friends, men who were avid hunters of the wild specimens of orchids. Bob Rufel had spent a lot of time on the trails in and around Amherst where he was finishing his degree at UMass. His partner, Bruce Goodchild, had also been bitten by the orchid bug and loved to explore for the native orchids as well. Bob had found the elusive autumn coralroot, Corallorhiza odontorhiza. Paul wanted to see the plants and photograph them.

After meeting them at their apartment we set out to climb the mountain to the stream where these tiny plants were to be found. There was no trouble finding the tiny wonders but I had not paid particular attention to our surroundings as we trudged up to the site. It is my job to take care of the canine and so I had control of Brandy as the others scouted for more or took pictures of the plants. It was a pretty setting with the fall leaves littering the floor of the forest and the nearly empty brook where the coralroots were popping up. The duff made looking for the plants difficult and with Brandy nigh impossible. I wandered away from


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the group as I sought other specimens that might occur and soon found myself thoroughly lost. I followed what I thought was the trail and walked and walked. Little Brandy bravely followed along with me. We came out on the main road about half a mile away from where we had started. At least we were back in civilization. Now this was long before the advent of cell phones so we still had to make our way back to the others who had come out the right trail and were about to organize a search party.

Then there was the time several years later when I was on top of

Peaked Mountain in New Hampshire looking for the rare White Mountain Silverling. Now, I know it isn't an orchid but there are other plants in the world that are rare and interesting. This time we had our Pomeranian Brandy with us and had reached the heights where the plants grew and had taken pictures and were about to start back. We were on rocky granite barrens that looked easy to traverse. I didn't realize that the darker patch on the surface was actually a slippery wet spot. My feet went out from under me and I fell backward onto the unforgiving surface. It knocked the wind out of me and worse yet I felt a sharp pain in my back. Paul helped me to my feet and I knew all was not well. We managed to get back down the mountain and eventually to an emergency room. I had cracked my rib! The doctor said there was little to do but to be careful and try not to sneeze. I thought this was a rather odd thing to warn me about but I was relieved to have no big problem to face as we were scheduled to fly out to the Olympic Mountains in Washington State at the end of the week.

The next day I took it easy but the following day I decided I needed

to build up my strength for the up-coming trip so I took Brandy and set off down the road from my cottage in Maine to go out hunting for the yellow lady�s-slippers. They were less than half a mile from my place and not a difficult spot to get to. While I was in the woods with my Pomeranian of course, I sneezed. I thought I had been stabbed in the back. It was all I could do to stiver back to the cottage with the dog on leash and my back on fire. The upshot was I had broken my rib when I sneezed. I ended up flying to Seattle that weekend for a two-week orchid expedition with Paul and his group wearing a Velcro brace around my torso.


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Now I could go on with my foibles but I want to say that I did learn

from my mishaps. When I would wander off from the main group after my Mt. Toby problem I made sure I kept track of where I was going. As I developed this skill I could wander quite far afield and I often found some amazing plants and spectacular natural wonders in my wanderings. The big plus was that my chances to explore lead me to many lovely discoveries that I was able to show the others. I must admit that there are still times when I get caught with a long unplanned for journey to get back to where I started but it is not from my lack of observation. I remember a particularly long trek when Paul and I tried a different trail back from a site in Jennings State Forest (Florida) where we had been exploring for Spiranthes eatonii. We had come in one trail and had been told that there was another trail that might yield more of the elusive plants. Of course the ranger who told us of this was a lot younger and a lot more used to trekking in this wilderness. Now there are roads into the site and you can just roll out of your car and be with a few hundred feet of the plants.

So my advice from other columns still stands. Make sure you know what you are doing when you go out into uncharted territory. Cell phones may help but there often is no service in remote areas. It would be better to accompany someone familiar with the area and knows how to get back to civilization if you need help.

I'll close with one example of how close you can come to disaster. We had gone down to the Everglades to look for Galeandra that was in bloom. I wanted to sketch the plants if I could. I had our two Pomeranians, Tommy and Susie, to look after so I had to make a mental image of the site and the particulars of the plants rather than make an onsite sketch. The insects and the heat were getting unbearable and I knew it was bad for the dogs so I started back to our vehicle. The trail took us very close to a large pool of water. As I neared the lake I saw a large alligator slip off the opposite shore and start swimming towards us.


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Needless to say the dogs and I scurried along to the safety of the car before we could become a meal for him. Now if you want a really scary horror story get Paul Martin Brown to tell you about the time he stepped into a pinnacle rock solution hole in the Everglades and ended up with choosing between being airlifted to the hospital or trying to make it back to the vehicle with a badly torn leg. So you folks be careful out there. There are too many times people get in too far to be rescued as they encounter wild animals, accidents and unplanned injuries. Orchid hunting should be a joyful experience and with the proper precautions will be. Your Slow Empiricist


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NOTE:

AN EXTREME EXPRESSION OF COLOR IN SPIRANTHES ODORATA

The following was sent to me by Al Menk from Ft. Myers, Florida the end of December. After sending Al back to the plants to observe the leaves and habit I determined that it is an extreme expression of Spiranthes odorata which typically (if there is a typical one!) has a cream or yellow central portion to the lip. I have seen a few plants elsewhere with light green in the trough. Scott Stewart noted that he had �seen a few other S. odorata like this from Collier Co. before in the Panther Refuge-Fakahatchee area�. Al says he � photographed this on December 27th at CREW hiking trails in Collier county. It apparently had no fragrance and was about 8 inches in height. There were about a half dozen of this type in a marsh area.� When he return a few days later he and his wife �found several more and those were fragrant and she also found several Zeuxine strateumatica, about a half dozen Ponthieva racemosa and a few dwindling Habenaria odontopetala.� PMB

Spiranthes odorata with deep green central lip portion,

Collier County, Florida December 2006 Al Menk


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NOTE

In preparation for writing a manuscript on the wild orchids of the southwestern United States the following two articles were brought to my attention. Given that that were written ca. 25 years ago I asked Scott Stewart to comment on there applicability today. PMB

Arditti, J., J.D. Michaud, and A.P. Oliva. 1981. Seed germination of North American orchids I: native California and related species of Calypso, Epipactis, Goodyera, Piperia, and Platanthera. Botanical Gazette 142(4):442-53.

Oliva, A.P. and J. Arditti. 1984. Seed germination of North American orchids II: native California and related species of Aplectrum, Cypripedium, and Spiranthes. Botanical Gazette 145(4): 495-501.

Typical of any manuscript involving Joseph Arditti, both Seed Germination of North American Orchids I & II attempt a nearly comprehensive examination of factors affecting asymbiotic (i.e., without mycorrhizal fungus) seed germination in a number of North American orchid genera. By examining not only the role of media mineral salt content (i.e., mineral nutrition), but also the roles of undefined additives (i.e., coconut water, banana homogenate, etc.), fungal extracts, vitamins, and hormones in the asymbiotic seed germination of Aplectrum, Calypso, Cypripedium, Epipactis, Goodyera, Piperia, Platanthera, and Spiranthes Arditti, et al. (1981) and Oliva and Arditti (1984) provide a solid introduction to understanding factors that support in vitro seed germination in these genera. More recently, some researchers have begun to question the applicability of these nearly 25 year old data. While the methods and data recording presenting in both manuscripts are indeed outdated, the basic information concerning germination and subsequent growth and development remains valid today. It is unfortunate that either manuscript does not include strict statistical analysis when reporting data such as percent seed germination, shoot production, and root production. Also, the lack of a visual representation (i.e., figure or line drawing) of the germination and growth stages used in either manuscript is a major shortcoming. These shortcomings noted, both these manuscripts can provide a useful foundation of asymbiotic orchid seed germination work for those interested in further testing and refining the techniques. Scott L. Stewart Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, PO Box 110675, Gainesville, FL 32611, Email: [email protected]

Brown & DeAngelis: PTEROGLOSSASPIS POTTSII

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Corrections and Comments to the Wild Orchids of�.. series by Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom

Despite extensive proof reading and data checking errors and omissions do occur in most books. The following should be noted in our three latest books. Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies p. 10 The generic key to Corallorhiza indicating that no chlorophyll or green coloring is present may be misleading as C. trifida may be greenish �yellow in coloration. p. 24 (CM); p. 18 (PNW) the type locality for Amerorchis rotundifolia forma rosea is given as Newfoundland and should be Manitoba p. 56 (PNW) the type locality for Cypripedium fasciculatum form purpureum is given as California and should be Oregon p. 64, 187, 284 (CM); 66, 171 (PNW) The correct author for Cypripedium passerinum is Richardson not Richmond. This error is consistent in both books. p. 74 (PNW) the type locality for Dactylorhiza aristata var. kodiakensis forma rosea is given as Newfoundland and it should be Alaska p. 126 (PNW) correct key by deleting the phrase for couplet 9a: spur thicken, usually scrotiform (this applied to Platanthera stricta in couplet 12b) Wild Orchids of the of the Prairies and Plains Region of North America The map on p. 195, Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis is incorrect; it was to have been replaced but that did not happen. This is the correct map.

Brown: Corrections and Comments


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p. 147, 198 brackets around Platanthera flava var. herbiola should be removed; a voucher has been made to confirm the report from Texas p. 196, 238 Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata is shown and/or listed for Texas. Despite published information indicating this distribution, further research, the results of which were too late to get into this book, indicates that all plants from Texas are the var. ovalis. This is clarified in the forthcoming Wild Orchids of Texas (2008). PMB Special thanks to Ron Coleman for noting the error in the Platanthera key and commenting on the coloration of Corallorhiza trifida.

LOOKING AHEAD

JUNE 2007

A Synopsis of TWO NEW PLATANTHERA SPECIES FROM THE

WESTERN UNITED STATES

DROUGHT, PERIL, AND SURVIVAL IN THE GREAT PLAINS:

CYPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM

GOOD THINGS COME IN SMALL PACKAGES or TINY JEWELS IN THE WILD

MY FAVORITE THINGS A gallery of orchid photos

THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS MEDIA AND ADDITIVES ON

THE GERMINATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERAL NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE ORCHIDS

Brown: Corrections and Comments


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PTEROGLOSSASPIS POTTSII (ORCHIDACEAE) A NEW SPECIES FROM CENTRAL FLORIDA

Paul Martin Brown and Joel DeAngelis

The genus Pteroglossaspis is one of several genera of orchids that are primarily African in their distribution and also occur in the southeastern United States, and Central and South America (McCartney 2000a,b,c). Romero (1991, 2002) treated the genus, as occurring in the New World, with two species present in both the Americas and Africa--P. ecristata Rolfe and P. ruwenzoriensis Rolfe. Although several species have been described from South America (Brazil) they have all proven to be synonyms for those species previously described from Africa (Romero, 1991). The proposed new species is the first to be found exclusively in the New World. Although most other species in the genus have relatively large showy flowers, P. ecristata from the southeastern United States has flowers that are usually yellow/green and with blackish lips bordered in yellow and ca. 1.5 cm across. Two distinct color forms, forma purpurea and forma flava occasionally are found, with the former being the predominate color of plants in Louisiana, South Carolina, and North Carolina (Brown, 2000, 2003; Fowler, 2005; Gupton and Swope, 1986; McAdoo, 2006). Both of these color forms retain all of the non-coloration criteria for P. ecristata i.e., size, lip shape, fruit shape, etc. At the Potts Preserve (Southwestern Florida Water Management District) in Citrus County, Florida two large colonies of Pteroglossaspis were found by DeAngelis that have several characters that differ from typical P. ecristata. They are plants of open grasslands (nearly xeric (pseudo)prairies), comparatively shorter in stature with noticeably smaller flowers that are


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uniformly dusty rose in color; additional differences are noted in the chart below. The following is proposed to accommodate these distinctive plants: Pteroglossaspis pottsii P.M. Brown & J. DeAngelis sp. nov. Type: U.S.A. Florida, Citrus County. Potts Preserve, open xeric prairie, 20 October 2006 J. DeAngelis s.n. (Holotype: FLAS) Fig. NANOJ 13: 34; Photographs NANOJ 13: 35-37. Pteroglossaspis ecristata Rolfe similes sed differt flora parvulus (0.5-.75 cm), flores roseus-purpureus concolor, cum labius ovatus, marginalis denticulatus, folius crassus, et fructus obovatus Differing from the similar Pteroglossaspis ecristata Rolfe in the smaller, uniformly rose-colored flowers (0.5-.75 cm) with a finely toothed spade-shaped lip, thicker leaves, and obovate fruit Inflorescence: terminal on a heavily sheathed, axillary scape 20-60 (80) cm tall; the 6-29 flowers occupying the upper 4-10 cm of the scape, flowers subtended by prominent bracts, the lower with broad bases and greatly exceeding the flowers Flowers: 5-7 mm in overall natural size; twisted around the upper portion of the scape in such a manner that viewing them is difficult. Petals and sepals convergent over the descending lip; plants with nearly cleistogamous flowers and those with fully �open� flowers have rarely been observed Sepals: oblong ovate; dusty rose with a paler prominent midrib on the reverse Petals: oblong-linear with minute falcate tips; similar in coloration to the sepals Lip: uniformly dark rose colored edged in lighter rose; three-lobed, the central lope spade-shaped with a minute tip with a finely and irregularly toothed margin; lateral lobes blunt with a few fine teeth, perpendicular to the central lobe or slightly ascending Leaves: yellow-green; 30-50 cm long x 1-1.5 cm wide; acuminate with sheathing bases; coriaceous, plaited and nearly conduplicate


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Corms: to 4.5 cm across Fruit: a five ribbed capsule; obovate (widest above the middle tapering to the base) Flowering time: late July through much of October Etymology: named for the Potts Preserve where the plants were first seen The Potts Preserve Land Use History: The 375-acre pasture in which Pteroglossaspis pottsii was first observed was cleared in the mid-1970's. The pasture was grazed until the early 1990's. This period includes a cattle lease administered by the Southwest Florida Water Management District after its purchase of the property in the early 1990's. The pasture has been allowed to undergo natural succession since that time and is included in the District�s prescribed burn program to enhance the recovery of native species. Soils and Hydrology: The colony is situated on a broad, gently rolling, expanse of moderately well-drained soil of the Immokalee complex. At Potts Preserve, Immokalee soils generally support scrub vegetation. However, owing to somewhat wetter conditions, scrub established on Immokalee soils tend to have higher densities of saw palmetto and a greater diversity of grasses, herbs, and forbs. These areas also generally lack the Florida rosemary and large open sand patches restricted to the truly xeric Orsino and Pomello soil complexes. Most of the colony of Pteroglossaspis pottsii is located in the dry uplands. However, some plants have established in the upper margin of at least one of the adjacent depression marshes. This tendency appears to differ from the Pteroglossaspis ecristata on the property, which has never been observed growing in these areas. Neither P. ecristata nor P. pottsii have been observed in the most xeric scrubs- those dominated by scrub oaks, Florida rosemary, sand pine, and large sand patches. The local hydrology was impacted in the past by extensive ditching and draining of wetlands done to increase grazing area in the pasture. Sections of the ditches were backfilled by the SWFWMD using the spoil to block drainage of the wetlands and restore wetland hydroperiods.


33

During wet periods, transitional soils around the ponds can be moist to wet for long periods. These soils become droughty during dry periods, resulting in soil conditions similar to those found in pine flatwoods. Away from the ponds, the uplands are sufficiently well-drained so that xeric conditions nearly always dominate. Fire History: Pteroglossaspis pottsii is found in an area that was historically maintained by periodic lightning fires occurring in the spring months- April, May, and June. It is likely that the above-mentioned floristic composition resulted in a more frequent fire-return interval than scrub located on the higher ridges. After conversion to pasture, ranchers likely burned it yearly to improve forage. This would have taken place in February and March. A Note About Pseudoprairies in Florida: Few natural prairies, i.e. expansive grasslands either wet or dry, remain in Florida; of these many have been heavily grazed for cattle farming over the decades. Where these prairies did not originally exist and cattle farming was prominent large areas of long-leaf pine forest were eventually cleared and open grasslands promoted to sustain the cattle. As these lands are acquired for preservation, such as the Potts Preserve in Citrus County, a specialized landform has evolved--that of the pseudoprairie. At first glance the gentle, undulating grasslands appear to be genuine prairie with moister mesic areas in the lowlands and drier uplands. This is all the result of clearing, grazing, and burning programs. The ensuing result is an extensive grassland with a variety of plants usually found in more prairie like habitats. One of the best examples of this landform is the pseudoprairie at Potts. Plant species that may have once occurred in the open long-leaf pine savannas then have the choice, on a very local level, of �adaptation or extinction� due to of loss of suitable habitat or of undergoing an adaptation to the more open, prairie-like condition. This may have been the case with Pteroglossaspis pottsii. The obvious differences between P. ecristata and P. pottsii in shorter, denser plants with smaller flowers and thickened coriaceous leaves as well as a large thickened corm all point to adaptation to the open, drier, hotter environment.


34

Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 [email protected] Paul is a Research Associate at the University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville and the Botanical Research Institute of Texas in Ft. Worth, the editor of this journal, and the author of Wild Orchids of Florida and several other books on the native orchids of North America. Joel DeAngelis, Southwest Florida Water Management District, 2379 Broad Street, Brooksville, FL 34604-6899 [email protected] Joel is a Senior Land Management Specialist for the SFWMD and received a BS in Environmental Science and Policy from University of South FL in 2001. Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Southwest Florida Water Management District, Gustavo Romero (Orchid Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria), Kent Perkins, (University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History), Wally & Joel Wilder, and David McAdoo. Photos by Paul Martin Brown, line art by Stan Folsom. Literature Cited: Brown, P.M. 2000. New Taxa. North American Native Orchid Journal 6(1): 64. _____. 2003. New Taxa. North American Native Orchid Journal 9: 35. Fowler, J. 2005. Wild Orchids of South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina

Press. Gupton, O.W. and F. Swope. 1986. Wild Orchids of the Middle Atlantic States.

Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. McAdoo, D. 2004. Orchids of North Carolina. http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/ Orchids/Pteroglossaspis.htm McCartney, C. 2000a. African Affinities Part I: The Surprising Relationship of Some

of Florida's Wild Orchids. Orchids. 69 (2): 130-139. _____. 2000b. African Affinities Part II: The Surprising Relationship of Some of

Florida's Wild Orchids. Orchids. 69 3. 244-250. _____. 2000c. African Affinities Part III: The Surprising Relationship of Some of

Florida's Wild Orchids. Orchids. 69 (4): 340-343, 354. Romero, G. A. 1993. Notes on Pteroglossaspis (Orchidaceae), a new generic record for

the flora of Colombia. Orquidea (Mex.) 13(12): 275-280. _____. 2002. Pteroglossaspis in Flora of North America north of Mexico, vol. 26. New York:

Oxford University Press.


35

1 cm

Pteroglossaspis pottsii P.M. Brown & J. DeAngelis Potts crestless plume orchid


36

Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Potts Preserve, Citrus Co., FL October 2006


37

Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Potts Preserve, Citrus Co., FL October 2006


38

Pteroglossaspis ecristata Pteroglossaspis ecristata forma purpurea Florida � typical coloring North Carolina Photo by David McAdoo

Pteroglossaspis pottsii, Florida

____ = 1 cm

Stewart: SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE �DEEP SOUTH� RACE OF SPIRANTHES CERNUA FROM FLORIDA

39

SYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION OF THE �DEEP SOUTH� RACE OF SPIRANTHES CERNUA FROM

FLORIDA

Scott L. Stewart Introduction Orchids growing in nature are often infected by and digest naturally-occurring endophytic mycorrhizal fungi as a source of carbon, mineral nutrients, and water. This action, termed mycotrophy, helps stimulate seed germination, protocorm development, and seedling growth (Arditti, 1966; Clements, 1988; Rasmussen, 1995). Due to the dependence of orchids on these mycorrhizal fungi, the survival of plants in managed or restored habitats may require the presence of appropriate mycobionts to support plant development and, more importantly, seedling recruitment (Zettler, 1997a). In vitro symbiotic seed germination methods represent the most efficient way to promote the orchid-fungus association under controlled conditions (Zettler, 1997a, 1997b; Stewart and Kane, 2007). A number of in vitro symbiotic seed germination protocols presently exist for terrestrial orchid taxa: Spiranthes (Anderson, 1991; Stewart and Kane, 2007; Zelmer and Currah, 1997; Zettler and McInnis, 1993; Stewart et al., 2003), Habenaria (Stewart and Kane, 2006; Stewart and Zettler, 2002), and Platanthera (Anderson, 1996; Zettler and McInnis, 1992; Zettler and Hofer, 1998; Sharma et al., 2003; Zettler et al., 2001; Zettler et al., 2005) are recent examples. However, their efficiency appears to be dependant upon species-specific factors such as plant-fungus specificity (Stewart and Kane, 2007). For this reason, symbiotic seed germination techniques should be investigated on a species-by-species basis. Spiranthes cernua (Linnaeus) L.C. Richard, the nodding ladies�-tresses, is one of the newest additions to the orchid flora of Florida, being first discovered in late 2002 (Fig. 1 a-c; Brown & Folsom, 2005). While S. cernua is considered a widespread species throughout eastern


40

North America, the species is known to possess of a number of geographically-restricted races (Sheviak, 1982). At present, the �Deep South� race is known from only one site in the panhandle of Florida in Apalachicola National Forest (Liberty County). The orchid�s current habitat is a moist grassy roadside (S.L. Stewart, personal observation). Given the geographic specificity of each race within the S. cernua species complex, each race should be considered as a restricted �species� for the purposes of propagation and conservation. With the apparent endemism

Figure 1�a) Deep South race Spiranthes cernua inflorescence. b) Deep South race S. cernua lip. c) Deep South race S. cernua flower profile. Scale bar = 1 cm.


41

of the Deep South race of S. cernua to the panhandle of Florida, this race could be considered the rarest within the species complex (Brown & Folsom, 2005). Therefore, this particular race deserves attention as a species of concern in the southeastern United States. The present study represents a first report of the in vitro symbiotic seed germination of the rare Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua from Florida using mycobionts originating from an allied Floridian Spiranthes species and an epiphytic species. The potential role of orchid-fungal specificity in this species� conservation is also discussed. Materials and Methods Fungal Isolation and Identification Two mycobionts were chosen for the symbiotic seed germination of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua (Table 1). Mycobiont Econ-242 was previously isolated by Zettler et al. (1999) and originated from the Florida epiphytic orchid Epidendrum magnoliae var. magnoliae (syn. = E. conopseum). Mycobiont Sbrev-266, originating from the Florida terrestrial orchid Spiranthes brevilabris, was previously isolated by Stewart et al. (2003). Mycobiont isolation followed procedures outlined by Zettler (1997b) and Stewart et al. (2003). Briefly, root samples from both species were collected in a manner that minimized damage to the donor plant. The root sections were wrapped in paper towels moistened with sterile deionized water, placed in plastic bags, stored in darkness at ca. 10°C, and transported to the laboratory. Root sections were rinsed with cold tap water to remove surface debris, and surface cleansed 1 min in a solution containing absolute ethanol:6.00% NaOCl:sterile deionized distilled (dd) water (5:5:90 v/v/v). Clumps of cortical cells containing fungal pelotons were removed, placed on modified Melin-Norkran�s agar (MMN; Marx, 1969), and incubated at 25°C for up to 4 d. Hyphal tips were excised from actively growing pelotons and subcultured onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). The pH of all previously mentioned media was adjusted to 6.0 with 0.1 N KOH prior to autoclaving at 117.7 kPa and 121°C for 20 min. Table 1�Sources of mycobionts used in the inoculation of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua seed. All mycobionts hosted within the roots of adult flowering plants.

Isolate Host Collection information Identification Econ-242 Epi. magnoliae 7 June 1995; Alachua Co., FL Epulorhiza spp. Sbrev-266 Spir. brevilabris 30 April 1999; Levy Co., FL Epulorhiza repens


42

Mycobiont characterization and identification followed methods described by Davidson (1938), Smith (1977), Zelmer and Currah (1995), Currah et al. (1987, 1990, 1997), and Zelmer et al. (1996) for cultural morphology, polyphenol oxidase production, and celluase activity. Hyphal and monilioid cell characteristics were assessed using a light microscope. Fungal staining procedures followed those outlined by Phillips and Hayman (1970). Seed Collection and Sterilization Seeds were obtained from mature capsules prior to dehiscence on 12 December 2004. Because of the small size of individual Spiranthes cernua seed capsules, one entire inflorescence was collected from a roadside site in Apalachicola National Forest (Liberty County, FL). Immediately after collection capsules were dried over silica gel desiccant for 2 weeks at 25°C, separated from capsule material, pooled, and used in symbiotic germination experiments. In preparation for in vitro experiments, seeds were surface sterilized for 45 seconds in a solution containing 5 ml absolute ethanol, 5 ml 6.0% NaOCl, and 90 ml sterile deionized water. Following surface sterilization, seeds were rinsed three times for 30 seconds each in sterile deionized water. Solutions were removed from the seed surface sterilization vial using a sterile Pasture pipette that was replaced after each use. Sterile deionized water was used to resuspend the surface sterilized seed, and a sterile inoculating loop was used to sow the seed. An average of 107 seeds per Petri plate were sown. Symbiotic Seed Germination Two mycobionts (Table 1) were assessed for their ability to support the symbiotic seed germination of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua. Seeds were sown according to the procedures described by Stewart et al. (2003). Seeds were surface sterilized as described previously and placed on the surface of a 1 cm × 4 cm filter paper strip (Whatman No. 4) within a 9 cm diameter Petri plate containing ca. 25 ml oat meal agar (OMA): 3.0 g pulverized rolled oats, 7.0 g bacto-agar, 1 l distilled deionized (dd) water (Dixon, 1987). Medium pH was adjusted to 5.8 with 0.1 N HCl prior to pressure sterilization at 117.7 kPa at 121°C for 40 min. Seeds were transferred to the filter paper strips using a sterile bacterial inoculation loop. Following inoculation with seed, each plate was inoculated with a 1 cm3 block of actively-growing fungal inoculum. One mycobiont was used per plate, 5 replicate plates per mycobiont.


43

Plates without mycobiont served as controls. All plates were sealed with Nescofilm and maintained in darkness (0/24 h L/D) for 27 d at 25 ±2°C. Plates were incubated for 2 wks without interruption, and examined weekly thereafter for signs of germination or contamination. Inspection exposed seeds to brief (<15 min) periods of illumination. Plates were returned to dark incubation conditions after visual inspection. Germination and seedling development were visually assessed using a dissecting stereomicroscope and scored on a scale of 0-5 (Table 2; Stewart et al., 2003). Seed germination percentages were based on viable seeds. Data was analyzed using general linear model procedures and Waller-Duncan mean separation at α=0.05 by SAS v 9.1.3 (SAS, 2003). Germination counts were arcsine transformed to normalize variation. Table 2�Seed germination and protocorm development of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua, adapted from Stewart et al. (2003).

Stage Description 0 No germination, viable embryo 1 Enlarged embryo, production of rhizoid(s) 2 Continued embryo enlargement, rupture of testa (=germination) 3 Appearance of protomeristem 4 Emergence of first leaf 5 Elongation of first leaf

Results & Discussion Fungal Mycobionts Stewart et al. (2003) previously identified isolates Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 as both being species or strains in the anamorphic fungal genus Epulorhiza Moore (Moore, 1987). Furthermore, isolate Sbrev-266 has been tentatively identified as E. repens, a ubiquitous global orchid endophyte (Zelmer, 2001; Stewart et al., 2003; Currah et al., 1987). It is likely that isolate Econ-242 is closely allied within the E. repens species complex. However, orchid mycobionts often display morphological instability in their non-reproductive characteristics (Eberhardt et al., 1999). This instability often makes visual and biochemical characterization of sterile orchid endophytes difficult beyond the generic level, especially in dealing with a group of genetically-related fungal strains such as the E. repens complex. Due to collection permit limitations, a root sample from the Liberty County (FL) Spiranthes cernua population was not obtained.


44

Therefore, an orchid endophyte could not be obtained from this species. Mycobiont isolations from related Florida Spiranthes have demonstrated a trend of generic level mycobiont specificity for species or strains of Epulorhiza: S. brevilabris (Stewart et al., 2003; S.L. Stewart, unpublished data), S. longilabris (S.L. Stewart, unpublished data), S. odorata (S.L. Stewart, unpublished data), S. tuberosa (S.L. Stewart, unpublished data), and S. vernalis (S.L. Stewart, unpublished data). For this reason, the isolation of an Epulorhiza strain from the roots of the Deep South race of S. cernua would not be surprising. Further investigation into the identity of mycobionts from this Deep South representative of the S. cernua species complex should be pursued to insure the species� conservation in its natural habitat. Symbiotic Seed Germination Seeds in each mycobiont treatment began to swell within 1 wk after sowing, and germination commenced within 1.5 wks. No visual contamination was evident in any cultures. Visual inspection revealed Florida Spiranthes cernua seeds to be 63.2% viable. Seeds of this species were monoembryonic. This study represents the first report of the in vitro symbiotic seed germination of the Deep South race of S. cernua. The conservation of threatened, rare, and endemic orchids in Florida is dependant upon not only the development of in vitro propagation techniques, but also an understanding of factors affecting the in vitro growth and development of those species. One key in the conservation of orchids is the development of in vitro symbiotic seed germination protocols. Other researchers have developed successful symbiotic seed germination protocols for a variety of Spiranthes species: S. brevilabris (Stewart et al., 2003; Stewart and Kane, 2007), S. cernua (mid-Atlantic race; Zettler et al., 1993), S. delitescens (A.J. Hicks, unpublished data), S. magnicamporum (Anderson, 1991; Wagoner et al., 2002), and S. lacera (Zelmer and Currah, 1997). In the present study, a successful in vitro symbiotic seed germination protocol for the apparent endemic southern race of Spiranthes cernua was developed using mycobionts isolated from Epidendrum magnoliae var. magnoliae (Econ-242) and S. brevilabris (Sbrev-266).

An effect of mycobiont was found on the in vitro symbiotic germination of Deep South Spiranthes cernua. Germination (Stage 2+) occurred in both the Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 treatments after 4 wks dark (0/24 h L/D) incubation (0.2% and 3.9%, respectively; Fig. 2).


45

However, protocorm development after 4 wks was highest when seeds were inoculated with mycobiont Econ-242 (11.2%; Stage 5; Fig. 2). Isolate Sbrev-266 supported germination and development only through Stage 3 (1.2%) after 4 wks. After 6 wks dark incubation, both isolates Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 supported protocorm development to Stage 5 (16.8% and 6.3%, respectively; Fig. 3). However, isolate Econ-242 supported a significantly higher percentage germination and development after 6 wks, continuing the trend seen after 4 wks of incubation. The control treatment supported germination only through Stage 1 after both 4 and 6 wks incubation (Fig. 2 & 3). Advanced stage seedlings from both the Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 treatments were acclimatized to greenhouse conditions and flowered within 14 months post seed sowing (Fig. 4 a-d). These data appear to support the notion that the Deep South race of S. cernua race may demonstrate a degree of in vitro mycobiont specificity since greater protocorm development was supported by mycobiont Econ-242 when compared to Sbrev-266. However, the data do not necessarily demonstrate an absolute reliance of the Deep South race of S. cernua on mycobionts from Florida epiphytic species (i.e., Econ-242). Interestingly, isolates Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 have both demonstrated an ability to support the in vitro symbiotic germination of a number of unrelated orchid taxa. Zettler et al. (1999) used isolate Econ-242 to germinate seeds of the Florida epiphyte Encyclia tampensis to a leaf-bearing stage. Moreover, Stewart and Zettler (2002) used isolates Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 to germinate seed of the Florida aquatic orchid Habenaria repens. Both isolates supported not only germination in this instance, but also advanced seedling development leading to the production of flowering plants (Stewart and Zettler, 2002). Additionally, a number of disparate orchid taxa have been successfully germinated using isolate Sbrev-266: Cyrtopodium punctatum (S.L. Stewart and L. Richardson, unpublished data), Epidendrum nocturnum (Zettler et al., 2007), Habenaria macroceratitis (Stewart and Zettler, 2002; Stewart and Kane, 2006), Platanthera ciliaris (Hartsock et al., 2003), P. holochila (Zettler et al., 2005), and Ponthieva racemosa (S.L. Stewart and T.R. Johnson, unpublished data) are recent examples. The ability of both isolate Econ-242 and isolate Sbrev-266 to support germination of a wide array of orchid taxa, including Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua, may indicate


46

that this Deep South race may demonstrate mycobiont specificity for Epulorhiza repens-like fungi.

Despite the successful in vitro symbiotic seed germination of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua as described here, the long-term conservation of this endemic race is not secured. While both isolates Econ-242 and Sbrev-266 supported the symbiotic seed germination, in vitro development, and greenhouse establishment of S. cernua from Florida, an endophyte from this race remains elusive. Isolation of mycobionts from the Deep South race of S. cernua race and their subsequent use in symbiotic seed germination studies is necessary to confirm any in vitro mycobiont specificity exhibited by this species.

A

Developmental Stage

Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Total

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Econ-242Sbrev-266Control

A

B B

A

B

A A A

A

A

AB

B

A

AB

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Figure 2�Effects of two mycobionts on percent seed germination and protocorm development (Table 2) of Deep South Spiranthes cernua cultured on oat meal agar after 4 wks symbiotic in vitro culture. Histobars with the same letter are not significantly different within germination and development stage (α=0.05).


47

A

Developmental Stage

Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Total

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Econ-242Sbrev-266Control

A

B

A

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AB

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Figure 3�Effects of two mycobionts on percent seed germination and protocorm development (Table 2) of Deep South Spiranthes cernua cultured on oat meal agar after 6 wks symbiotic in vitro culture. Histobars with the same letter are not significantly different within germination and development stage (α=0.05). Taxonomy and Conservation As the taxonomy of confusing plant groups (i.e., Orchidaceae; Spiranthes) is clarified through intensive morphological and molecular investigations, the conservation status of redefined or newly-defined taxa is likely to change (Haig et al., 2006). These changes may result in the redefiniation of species distributions, the splitting or combining of species, or the clarification of specific varieties, forms, or races within a species complex (Pillon and Chase, in press; Flanagan et al., 2006). Taxonomic redefinition and clarification has been a constant force shaping an evolving interpretation of the Spiranthes cernua species complex, as originally defined by Sheviak (1987, 1991).

The most recent taxonomic clarification within the Spiranthes cernua species complex has been the addition of a Deep South race, known only from the panhandle of Florida (Brown & Folsom, 2005). The Deep South race of S. cernua represents another addition to the


48

regional races of this widespread polymorphic species complex. Sheviak (1991) demonstrated several of these races potentially involving gene flow from a number of geographically isolated diploid species. In the Deep South race, plants are late flowering (December), small-flowered when compared to the other races of S. cernua, and lack the characteristic cream or greenish lip trough often seen in the southeastern and southern prairie races (Brown & Folsom, 2005; S.L. Stewart, personal observation). No material of the Deep South race was available to Sheviak at the time, but it has been hypothesized that possible gene flow from S. ovalis var. ovalis, a rare and local species in the Deep South, may be involved. A collection from a marshland near Mobile, Alabama strongly suggests this same Deep South race, but the Florida plants remain the first and only confirmed plants of this race (P.M. Brown, personal communication). Plants of S. cernua seen elsewhere in the southern states, apart from the Florida panhandle specimens, exhibit apparent gene flow primarily from S. odorata, whereas those from Texas and upland prairie-like areas typically show a genetic influence from S. magnicamporum. With the definition of a new race within the Spiranthes cernua species complex, this new race�s conservation status must be assessed given parameters such as distribution, habitat, and ecology. Little is known about the complete distribution and ecology of the Deep South race of S. cernua in Florida. To date, only a few sites along one county road in Liberty County (FL) have been identified, each site typically possessing less than 50 plants each (P.M. Brown, personal communication). Given the limited known distribution of this race, at the present time, those interested in orchid conservation should assume the race as endemic to a few roadside populations in the panhandle of Florida. Additionally, the Deep South race of S. cernua appears to prefer moist, grassy roadsides�a habitat type that is easily disturbed or destroyed by mowing, road construction, and off-road vehicles. For these reasons, this author suggests an immediate need in conservation planning leading to the long-term security of the rare Deep South race of S. cernua. The current study on the in vitro symbiotic seed germination of this race represents a first step in conservation planning.


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Figure 4�a) In vitro symbiotic seedling of the Deep South race of Spiranthes cernua cultured on oat meal agar (OMA) with mycobiont Econ-242 after 6 wks culture; scale bar = 5 mm. b) In vitro seedlings of Deep South S. cernua cultured on OMA with mycobiont Econ-242 after 24 wks in vitro culture (12 wks culture in 16/8 h L/D photoperiod); scale bar = 1 cm. c) Seedlings of Deep South S. cernua prior to greenhouse acclimatization; scale bar = 1 cm. d) Greenhouse acclimatized non-flowering seedlings of Deep South S. cernua; scale bar = 1 cm. References Anderson, A.B. 1991. Symbiotic and asymbiotic germination and growth of Spiranthes

magnicamporum (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 6:183-86. ------. 1996. The reintroduction of Platanthera ciliaris in Canada. Pp. 73-76, in: Allen,

C., ed. North American Native Terrestrial Orchids: Propagation and Production. Washington D.C.: North American Native Terrestrial Orchid Conference.

Arditti, J. 1966. Orchids. Scientific American 214:70-78.


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Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2005. Wild Orchids of Florida: updated and expanded edition. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Clements, M.A. 1988. Orchid mycorrhizal associations. Lindleyana 3:73-86. Currah, R.S., L. Sigler, and S. Hambleton. 1987. New records and new taxa of fungi

from the mycorrhizae of terrestrial orchids of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 65:2473-82.

Currah, R.S., E.A. Smreciu, and S. Hambleton. 1990. Mycorrhizae and mycorrhizal fungi of boreal species of Platanthera and Coeloglossum (Orchidaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 68:1171-81.

Currah, R.S., C.D. Zelmer, S. Hambleton, and K.A. Richardson. 1997. Fungi from orchid mycorrhizas. Pp. 117-70, in Arditti, J. & Pridgeon, A.M., eds. Orchid Biology: reviews and perspectives VII. Great Britain: Kluwer Academic Publishing.

Davidson, R.W. 1938. Differentiation of wood-decaying fungi by their reactions on gallic or tannic acid medium. Journal of Agricultural Research 57:683-95.

Dixon, K. 1987. Raising terrestrial orchids from seed. Pp. 47-100, in: Harris, W.K., ed. Modern Orchid Growing for Pleasure and Profit. Adelaide: Orchid Club of South Australia.

Eberhardt, U., L. Walker, and I. Kottke. 1999. Molecular and morphological discrimination between Tylospora fibrillose and Tylospora asterophora mycorrhizae. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:11-21.

Flanagan, N.S., R. Peakall, M.A. Clements, and J.T. Otero. 2006. Conservation of taxonomically difficult species: the case of the Australian orchid, Microtis angusii. Conservation Genetics 7:847-59.

Haig, S.M., E.A. Beever, S.M. Chambers, H.M. Draheim, B.D. Dugger, S. Dunham, E. Elliot-Smith, J.B. Fontaine, D.C. Kessler, B.J. Knaus, I.F. Lopes, P. Loschi, T.D. Mullins, and L.M. Sheffield. 2006. Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology 20(6): 1584-1594.

Hartsock, J.J., K.A. Piskin, and L.W. Zettler. 2003. Symbiotic seed germination of two showy terrestrial orchids (Platanthera ciliaris, P. cristata; Orchidaceae) using mycorrhizal fungi. Southeastern Biology 50:149.

Marx, D.H. 1969. The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. Pp. 153-63, Part I, Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopathology 59.

Moore, R.T. 1987. The genera of Rhizoctonia-like fungi: Ascorhizoctonia, Ceratorhiza gen. nov., Epulorhiza gen. nov., Moniliopsis, and Rhizoctonia. Mycotaxon 29:91-99.

Phillips, J.M. and D.S. Hayman. 1970. Improved procedures for clearing roots and straining parasitic and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Transaction of the British Mycological Society 55:158-60.

Pillon, Y. and M.W. Chase. 2006. Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation. Conservation Biology (in press).

Rasmussen, H.N. 1995. Terrestrial Orchids: from seed to mycotrophic plant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

SAS Institute Inc. 2003. SAS version 9.1.3. North Carolina: SAS Institute.


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Sharma, J., L.W. Zettler, J.W. Van Sambeek, M.R. Ellerieck, and C.J. Starbuck. 2003. Symbiotic seed germination and mycorrhizae of the federally threatened Platanthera praeclara (Orchidaceae). American Midland Naturalist 149:104-20.

Sheviak, C.S. 1991. Morphological variation in the compliospecies Spiranthes cernua (L.) L. C. Rich.:ecologically-limited effects on gene flow. Lindleyana 6(4): 228-34.

------. 1982. Biosystematic Study of the Spiranthes cernua Complex. Albany: New York State Museum Bulletin No. 448.

Smith, R.E. 1977. Rapid tube test for detecting fungal cellulase production. Applied Environmental Microbiology 33:980-81.

Stewart, S.L. and M.E. Kane. 2006. Symbiotic seed germination of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 86:159-67.

------. 2007. Symbiotic seed germination and evidence for in vitro mycobiont specificity in Spiranthes brevilabris (Orchidaceae), and its implications for species-level conservation. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant (in press).

Stewart, S.L. and L.W. Zettler. 2002. Symbiotic germination of three semi-aquatic rein orchids (Habenaria repens, H. quinqueseta, H. macroceratitis) from Florida. Aquatic Botany 72:25-35.

Stewart, S.L., L.W. Zettler, J. Minso, P.M.Brown. 2003. Symbiotic germination and reintroduction of Spiranthes brevilabris Lindley, an endangered orchid native to Florida. Selbyana 24:64-70.

Wagoner, C.S., A.L. Stice, S.L. Stewart, and L.W. Zettler. 2002. Seed propagation of Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. (Orchidaceae) using mycorrhizal fungi from two genera (Epulorhiza and Ceratorhiza). Southeastern Biology 49:161.

Zelmer, C.D. 2001. Root-associated Organisms of the Cypripedioideae (Orchidaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Zelmer, C.D., and R.S. Currah. 1995. Ceratorhiza pernacatena and Epulorhiza calendulina spp. nov.: mycorrhizal fungi of terrestrial orchids. Canadian Journal of Botany 73:1981-85.

------. 1997. Symbiotic germination of Spiranthes lacera (Orchidaceae) with a naturally occurring endophyte. Lindleyana 12:142-48.

Zelmer, C.D., L. Cuthbertson, and R.S. Currah. 1996. Fungi associated with terrestrial orchid mycorrhizas, seeds and protocorms. Mycoscience 37:439-48.

Zettler, L.W. 1997a. Orchid fungal symbiosis and its value in conservation. McIlvaninea 13:40-45.

------. 1997b. Terrestrial orchid conservation by symbiotic seed germination: techniques and perspectives. Selbyana 18:188-94.

Zettler, L.W. and C.J. Hofer. 1998. Propagation of the little club-spur orchid (Platanthera clavellata) by symbiotic seed germination, and its ecological implications. Environmental Experimental Botany 39:189-95.

Zettler, L.W. and T.M. McInnis. 1992. Propagation of Platanthera integrilabia (Correll) Luer, an endangered terrestrial orchid, through symbiotic seed germination. Lindleyana 7:154-61.


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Zettler, L.W. and T.M. McInnis. 1993. Symbiotic seed germination and development of Spiranthes cernua and Goodyera pubescens (Orchidaceae: Spiranthoideae). Lindleyana 8:155-62.

Zettler, L.W., J.C. Burkhead, and J.A. Marshall. 1999, Use of a mycorrhizal fungus from Epidendrum conopseum to germinate seed of Encyclia tampensis in vitro. Lindleyana 14:102-105.

Zettler, L.W., S.B. Poulter, K.I. McDonald, and S.L. Stewart. 2007. Conservation-driven propagation of Epidendrum nocturnum (Orchidaceae) with a mycorrhizal fungus. HortScience (in press).

Zettler, L.W., S.L. Stewart, M.L. Bowles, and K.A. Jacobs. 2001. Mycorrhizal fungi and cold-assisted symbiotic germination of the federally threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nuttall) Lindley. American Midland Naturalist 145:168-75.

Zettler, L.W., S. Perlman, D.J. Dennis, S.E. Hopkins, and S.B. Poulter. 2005. Symbiotic germination of the federally endangered Hawaiian endemic Platanthera holochila (Orchidaceae) using a mycobiont from Florida: a conservation dilemma. Selbyana 26:269-76.

Zettler, L.W., K.A. Piskin, S.L. Stewart, J.J. Hartsock, M.L. Bowles, and T.J. Bell. 2005. Protocorm mycobionts of the federally threatened eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) Lindley, and a technique to prompt leaf elongation in seedlings. Studies in Mycology 53:163-71.

Acknowledgements The author thanks Michael Kane, Ph.D. (Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida) for technical and logistical assistance. Appreciation is also extended to Guy Anglin and Paul Martin Brown for first identifying the population of Deep South race of S. cernua to the author. The taxonomic advice of Paul Martin Brown is greatly appreciated. Scott L. Stewart Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, PO Box 110675, Gainesville, FL 32611, Email: [email protected] Glossary: endophytic � inhabiting the interior of an organ, as in an endophytic root fungus inhabiting the interior cells of a plant root hyphae (hyphal) � an individual string-like growth of a fungus� body; analogous to root hairs in higher plants monilioid cell � inflated fungal hyphae analogous in appearance to a fungal spore, but not known to be used for reproductive purposes; non-sexual in origin mycobiont � soil-inhabiting fungus that forms a mycorrhizal association with an orchid peloton � coil of fungal hyphae contained within an individual cell of an orchid root system; pelotons are enzymatically digested by the orchid as a source of carbon, water, and mineral nutrients protocorm � typically non-photosynthetic multicellular structure formed after the germination of an orchid seed but before the formation of a true seedling

BOOK REVIEWS and NOTICES

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Orchids of Iowa Bill Witt 2006. Bur Oak Guide Series University of Iowa Press. Laminated foldout guide with 32 full-color photos. $9.95 ISBN 1-58729-499-0 Order from: http://www.uiowa.edu/uiowapress/orcin.htm From 1843, when the first collections were made, until 1987, when an amateur botanist discovered the only known Iowa site for spring ladies tresses, thirty-two species of orchids have been recorded in Iowa. The state’s wild orchids range in size from the three-inch-tall delicately blossomed nodding pogonia of the eastern woodlands to the three-foot-tall floral spike of the western prairie fringed orchid and in color from whites and pale pastels to buttery yellows and passionate pinks. Flower shapes run the gamut, too, from the tight-lipped parsimony of the fall coral-root to the cheerful roundness of the yellow lady’s-slipper. Along with superb color photographs of all thirty-two species, this latest addition to Iowa’s series of laminated guides includes common and scientific names, habitat (prairie, woodland, wetland) and distribution, height, approximate time of blooming, status, and potential for hybridization. Bill Witt devotes a separate panel to species missing and presumed extirpated; photos of orchids from nearby states illustrate these lost species. Because orchids have highly specific requirements for germination, growth, and reproduction, the conversion of natural lands for agricultural development has resulted in such loss of habitat that all but a handful of orchid species are now considered threatened or endangered; two orchid species are now known to live in just one site each; and three species have likely been wiped out. Orchids in Your Pocket is a welcome reminder of the beauty and fragility of these native species and their prairie, woodland, and wetland homes. (Taken from the UIP website) Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland. Andrus and Maria Voitk 2006. Gros Morne Co-operating Association 96 pages, 5.75-4.5�, 150 color photographs Paper $12.95 CAD ISBN 0-9699509-3-4. Order from: Gros Morne Co-operating Association PO Box 130 Rocky Harbour, Newfoundland A0K 4N0 MasterCard or Visa preferred by phone at: (709) 458-3610


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This 96-page publication has perhaps more native orchid information between its covers than any other publication of its size. With 150 color photos illustrating 43 species and 4 varieties, each taxon is presented in a 2-page format with basic information on the far left and 2-5 photos completing the two pages. A handy checklist is included inside the back cover. The small format and sturdy binding make it ideal for a roomy pocket or backpack. Nomenclature follows that of the Orchidaceae in volume 26 of Flora of North America, North of Mexico (2002). This work has been the personal project of Andrus and Maria Voitk for the past several years. I have been privileged to contribute a few photos of �lost� Newfoundland species and occasionally consulted on the text, but the concept, design, and layout has been the child of the Voitk�s. As in all publications there are things that could have been done differently--if we only had known which questions to ask--a photo that should have been sharper, a little more space in the gutter, etc., but those are of no major consequence. The only thing I find lacking is a map of Newfoundland and the various regions mentioned in the text; that would have been helpful to those who have never had the pleasure of visiting the island. One of the primary goals of the Voitk�s in presenting this publication was to make it affordable to all and they (and The Gros Morne Co-operating Association through the efforts of Michael Burzynski) have certainly done so at $12.95 CAD (about $10.92 USD). Native orchid enthusiasts and both those who have been to Newfoundland and those who hope to go will be well rewarded with a copy of this handsome book. Do not delay in getting your copies (1 for the field and 1 for the library!) as they will surely be gone by the end of this summer season! PMB Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom. 2006 University Press of Florida. 376 pages 6x9�, field guide and more; 275 full color photographs, 79 line drawings, 90 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2975-9 Order from: http://www.upf.com/directorderinfo.asp or for signed copies directly from the authors at: [email protected] Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom�s Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America is another volume in their growing series of field guides. The geographical area defined is not restricted to plains and prairies, but includes the mountainous regions within those states, such as the Black Hills and the Ozarks. Scattered prairie habitat in states east of the Mississippi is also included. Keys to genera in the first section of the book are illustrated with pen and ink drawings. Keys within a genus are included in the second section with the species descriptions. The second section of the book is devoted to species descriptions with ranges, flowering time, habitat, classical and common names, and is illustrated with range maps, drawings, and watercolor paintings by Stan Folsom, and numerous color photos including


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color variants. Range maps for each species or variety include widespread populations, local populations and, in some cases, historical populations. The third section of the book is a treasure trove of peripheral information, including a checklist of species, a list of species by province or state, a list arranged by habitat, a list of rare, threatened or endangered species, literature, synonyms, name changes, and side-by-side comparisons of similar species. The final section includes suggestions for the orchid �tourist� on where and when to find orchids in any given region covered. Appendices include charts for each species by state or province, and flowering times by month. This is the book I would like to have had for the sixty plus years I have spent in the prairie and Great Plains regions. At first I was confused by the range maps, but reading the �range maps� paragraph at the end of the first section (p. 14) clarified it. It�s just a guy thing to avoid reading instructions. This book inspired me to rethink the observations I have made in my own neighborhood and update my own identifications, and is a must for anyone interested in orchids and living in this rather overlooked area. Olin Karch, HC 62 Box 826, Deer, AR 72628 [email protected] The Orchids of Lovell Hollow and Heartsong Retreat Center: An Enumeration and Description of the Wild Orchids of Lovell Hollow in Newton County, Arkansas Text and photos by Olin Karch This full-color 29 page booklet features very detailed treatments of 14 species of native orchids that the author found and photographed in Lovell Hollow adjacent to the Upper Buffalo River in Newton County, Arkansas. It is extremely well done, with beautiful photographs (three or more per species) showing various parts of each plant. The treatments include common and Latin names, blooming period, range maps (by both state and county within Arkansas), habitat, description, ecology, history of use, and natural history. Also includes a nice introduction with general information about orchids, a chart showing in which months the foliage and flowers of each species can be seen, and an index. A must for anyone interested in Arkansas’ orchids! Copies are available from the author for $15 postpaid. Write to Olin Karch, HC 62 Box 826 / Deer, AR 72628 [email protected] (taken from Claytonia 26 (1) 2006, the Arkansas Native Plant Society Newsletter) Also of interest: THE SEARCH FOR LOST HABITATS: 30 Years of Exploring for Rare and Endangered Plants Book 1 Perry Peskin Orange Frazer Press 272 pages, 450 color photographs; 8 x 8.75 inches; paper; ISBN 1-933197-16-1 $34.95 http://www.orangefrazer.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=OFPI&Product_Code=1933197161


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This assemblage of 15 essays by Perry Peskin that cover more than 30 years of field exploration presents a remarkable dedication to searching for both the �lost habitats� as well as the species within them to be found in the Ohio/Upper Great Lakes region. Peskin�s articles previously appeared, in somewhat different formats, in several different publications over the years and are presented here in a more unified format, copiously illustrated with over 400 of (primarily) his photographs. His narratives are always interesting, well-written (for he was an English teacher for many years in the Cleveland, Ohio area), often, as in the chapter on Orchidophilia (10), injected with wry humor. The work is dedicated to his wife Carolyn. Extensive credit is given to all of the people, both professional and enthusiast who have guided or accompanied the Peskin�s on their many forays over the years. The book is arranged in a series of 15 chapters, each one a complete essay unto itself. An initial introduction, concluding chapter, Putting Back the Pieces, and two appendices with additional photos and listings of federally endangered plants of Ohio and the Upper Great Lakes states the complete the work. The photographs vary from excellent to passable to, unfortunately, a few that are less than ideal. This may very well reflect the equipment or conditions available at the time the photographs were taken. It is well known among plant photographers that the plants do not always present themselves in as ideal conditions as we would like! Peskin carefully explains the various terms that relate to rare, threatened and endangered species and notes these ranges each time a species is mentioned in the text or a photograph shown. This is most helpful in trying to understand the concept of �endangered species�. Peskin�s self-admitted policy of changing the names of the locations and often the names of people to his version of a pseudonym is fully understood as he is adamant about protecting the specific locations, but can be very frustrating to the reader who has been to these places and becomes confused as to the names. The book is very nicely designed and easy to read with crisp, clear type and chapter titles arranged along the outside vertical margin of the pages which makes for ease in thumbing the margin and finding the chapters quickly. Some points which are more to be directed to the publisher, Orange Frazer Press, than the author are that in all of the advance publicity and website postings the book is designated as a hardcover (cloth) and in fact it is soft (paper). They also list the book as 288 pages and it is 272 pages, and the size is 8 x 8.75 not the 10 x 10 inches in the catalogue. Things do change during the publication process and it can only be assumed that this is the case. As an author of many orchid field guides I have an obsession with the index. In this case the index presented here is incomplete, confusing, and almost impossible to use. I wanted to go back to the aforementioned Spiranthes romanzoffiana and could not find any plants listed under their Latin names, nor could I find it under ladies�-tresses, hooded ladies�-tresses, Romanoff�s ladies�-tresses, etc. and finally found it under orchids � where all of the orchids are listed. They are also not reference by page number but by chapter and photo number, i.e. 10:10. Only one photograph appears to be misidentified, that captioned Spiranthes romanzoffiana is clearly Spiranthes cernua (p. 154). Text errors would include Ile Royale for Isle Royale (consistent throughout); on p. 148 the parentage of Andrew�s lady�s-slipper is given as Cypripedium parviflorum var. parviflorum x C. candidum and the correct parent is C. parviflorum var. makasin. Also he refers to the lip as the labium and the correct term is labellum. Although our native orchids are only one part of the whole in this Search for Lost Habitats the book will certainly appeal to those whose scope extend somewhat beyond the wild orchids and should be of interest to all native plant enthusiasts and a pleasant edition to


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any library. Peskin promises a second volume to cover a wider geographic area including Alaska and Costa Rica! PMB Coming in April Wild Orchids of the Northeast: New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom. 2007 University Press of Florida. 384 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 331 full color photographs, 99 line drawings, 86 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-9780813030340 Order from: http://www.upf.com/directorderinfo.asp or for signed copies directly from the authors at: [email protected] "Combines all the best features of an easy-to-use field guide with the most recent information available on the taxonomy, distribution, and conservation of wild orchids. The regional nature of this guide assures that the flowering dates and habitats listed are accurate for the Northeast, providing the reader with maximum assistance to find and enjoy orchids in the wild."--William Kent Chapman, author, Orchids of the Northeast:: A Field Guide

Original artwork by Stan Folsom


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ANNOUNCING THREE NEW PUBLICATIONS ON NORTH AMERICAN ORCHIDS

Orchids in Your Pocket: A Guide to the Native Orchids of Iowa Bill Witt 2006. Foldout guide with 32 full-color photos. Bur Oak Guide Series University of Iowa Press. $9.95 ISBN 1-58729-499-0 Order from: http://www.uiowa.edu/uiowapress/orcin.htm Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland

Andrus and MariaVoitk 2006. 96 pages, 150 color photographs, no keys Gros Morne Co-operating Association Paper $12.95 + 6% GST CAD. $5 shipping to US ISBN 0-9699509-3-4. Order from: Gros Morne Co-operating Association P.O. Box 130 Rocky Harbour, NL A0K 4N0 Tel.: 709.458.3610 FAX :709.458-2162 E-mail: [email protected] MasterCard or Visa preferred by phone at: (709) 458-3610

Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America Paul Martin Brown and Stan Folsom. 2006 University Press of Florida. 376 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 275 full color photographs, 79 line drawings, 90 maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material $29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2975-9 Order from: http://www.upf.com/directorderinfo.asp or for signed copies directly from the authors at: [email protected]


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THE SEARCH FOR LOST HABITATS: 30 Years of Exploring for Rare and Endangered Plants--Book 1

288 Pages 8 x 9 Softcover ISBN 1-933197-16-1 $34.95 http://www.orangefrazer.com

Documents

March 2007 North American Native Orchid Journal