Mariology of the popes 1

Mariology of the popes

The young Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) had to walk past theChurch of the Gesu in Rome on his way to school every day. He

would spend hours there in the small chapel of the Madonna DellaStrada, sometimes missing lunch. His mother asked: "what are you

doing in the chapel all the time?" He responded: "I pray and tellMary everything".[1][2] As a pope, he defined the dogma of the

Assumption and consecrated the world to Mary.[3][4]

The Mariology of the popes is the theological study ofthe influence that the popes have had on thedevelopment, formulation and transformation of theRoman Catholic Church’s doctrines and devotionsrelating to the Blessed Virgin Mary.[5]

The growth path of Mariology over the centuries hasbeen influenced by a number of forces and factors,among which papal directives and decisions have oftenrepresented key milestones. Examples of papalinfluences include new Marian feast days, prayers,acceptance of new Marian congregations, indulgences,support for Marian apparitions (e.g. Lourdes andFatima) and declaration of Marian dogmas.

A number of popes have made Marian themes a keypart of their papacy, e.g. Leo XIII issued a recordeleven encyclicals on the rosary, Pius XII invoked thefirst (and to date only) case of ex cathedra papalinfallibility to establish a Marian dogma and John PaulII built his personal coat of arms around the MarianCross.

Popes have also highlighted the key CatholicMariological theme of the link between the study ofMary and the development of a full Christology, e.g. asin Pius XII's Mystici Corporis Christi and John Paul II'sRedemptoris Mater, and Benedict XVI reorientation of the Church based on his position that "It is necessary to goback to Mary if we want to return to that 'truth about Jesus Christ', 'truth about the Church' and 'truth about man'".

Papal influences on Mariology

A series of articles on

Roman CatholicMariology

Mariology of the popes 2

General articles

•• Mariology•• Encyclicals•• History•• Popes•• Saints•• Societies•• Veneration of the Blessed Virgin

Devotions

•• Acts of Reparation•• Consecration to Mary•• First Saturdays•• Hearts of Jesus and Mary•• Immaculate Heart•• Rosary•• Scapular•• Seven Joys•• Seven Sorrows

Dogmas and doctrines

•• Assumption•• Co-Redemptrix•• Immaculate Conception•• Mediatrix•• Mother of God•• Mother of the Church•• Perpetual virginity•• Queen of Heaven

Expressions of devotion

•• Art•• Churches•• Hymns•• Music

Key Marian apparitions

•• (approved or worthy of belief)•• Banneux•• Beauraing•• Fátima•• Guadalupe•• La Salette•• Laus•• Lourdes•• Miraculous Medal•• Pontmain

•• v•• t• e [6]

Popes were highly important for the development of doctrine and the veneration of the Blessed Virgin.[] They made decisions not only in the area of Marian beliefs (Mariology) but also Marian practices and devotions. Before the

Mariology of the popes 3

twentieth century, Popes promulgated Marian veneration and beliefs by authorizing:• new Marian feast days,• Marian prayers and initiatives,•• acceptance and support of Marian congregations,•• indulgences and special privileges•• support for Marian devotions.An example is the actions of Pope Pius V regarding the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 and his request to masses ofEuropeans to pray the rosary, followed by his declaration of a feast that became the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary,followed by the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices which established the devotion to the rosary.[7]

The formal recognition of Marian apparitions (such as more recently in Lourdes and Fatima) have also beeninfluential. Since Pope Leo XIII, Popes promulgated Mariology also with encyclicals, Apostolic Letters and withtwo dogmas (Immaculate Conception and Assumption) the promulgation of Marian years (Pius XII, John Paul II),the visit to Marian shrines (Benedict XVI in 2007) and by actively supporting the fathers of Vatican II as theyhighlighted the importance of Marian veneration (Pope John XXIII and Paul VI) in Lumen Gentium.Popes also limited and restricted outgrowth of Marian venerations and teaching. Popular views like the Assumptionand the Immaculate Conception developed into Papal teaching over time. In 1674 Pope Clement X (1670–1676)indexed books on Marian piety.[8] After the Council of Trent, Marian fraternities were founded, fostering Marianpiety,[9] some of which were outlawed by Popes. Not all Popes viewed Marian belief identically. Louis de Montfortwas condemned in a Papal bull by Pope Clement X only to be praised by Pope Clement XI, canonized by Pope PiusXII and adored by Pope John Paul II.

First millennium

Leo the Great

Pope Saint Leo I.

Many early mariological concepts developed in the Eastern Church.From the West, Pope Damasus I and others defended Mary againstMonophysitism, the teaching that Christ had only a divine nature.Accordingly, Mary is only the Mother of God, not the mother of thehuman Jesus. The most significant papal teaching opposing this viewbegin with Pope Martin I and continue with Pope Leo the Great. Todefine this issue, an ecumenical council was convoked first at Nicaeabut later transferred to Chalcedon in the year 451. Leo the Greatdefended the teaching that Christ has two natures, one divine and onehuman.

•• The same eternal, only-begotten of the eternal begetter was born ofthe holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary. His birth in time in no waysubtracts from or adds to that divine and eternal birth of his: but itswhole purpose is to restore humanity, who had been deceived, sothat it might defeat death and, by its power, destroy the devil whoheld the power of death. Overcoming the originator of sin and death

would be beyond us, had not he whom sin could not defile, nor could death hold down, taken up our nature andmade it his own. He was conceived from the holy Spirit inside the womb of the virgin mother. Her virginity was asuntouched in giving him birth as it was in conceiving him.

• By an unprecedented kind of birth, because it was inviolable virginity which supplied the material flesh without experiencing sexual desire. What was taken from the mother of the Lord was the nature without the guilt. And the

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fact that the birth was miraculous does not imply that in the lord Jesus Christ, born from the virgin's womb, thenature is different from ours. The same one is true God and true man.[10][11]

To Leo the Great, Mariology is determined by Christology. If Christ would be divine only, everything on him wouldbe divine. His eating would be symbolism. Only his divinity would have been crucified, buried and resurrected.Mary would only be the mother of God, and Christians would have no hope for their own resurrection. The nucleusof Christianity would be destroyed.[12] He asks for the veneration of the Virgin Mary both at the manger and at thethrone of the heavenly father. The most unusual beginning of a truly human life through her was to give birth toJesus, the Lord and Son of King David.[13]

The 13th to the 17th centuryDuring this period, several popes issued decrees and authorized feasts and processions in honor of Mary.

Clement IVPope Clement IV (1265–1268) created a poem on the seven joys of Mary, which in its form is considered an earlyversion of the Franciscan rosary Otto Stegmüller Clemens IV in Marienkunde, 1159

Clement VIIIPope Clement VIII (1592–1605) considered Marian piety the basis for Church reforms and issued the bull DominiciGregis (February 3, 1603) to condemn negations of the virginity of Mary. He promulgated Marian congregations andsupported the rosary culture with 19 Papal bulls.[14]

Clement XPope Clement X (1670–1676) furthered Marian piety with additional indulgences and privileges to religious ordersand cities to celebrate special Marian feasts. He opposed the Marian piety of Louis de Montfort (canonized by PopePius XII) with a bull published on December 15, 1673 and outlawed some manifestations of Marian devotions.Several bulls supported the frequent citing of the rosary.[15]

The 18th century

Clement XIPope Clement XI (1700–1721) prepared the ground for the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, without issuing it.He permitted the title “Immaculate conception” and instructed the Holy Office in 1712 not to persecute anybody,using this title. The Feast of the immaculate conception, which existed only regionally, was prescribed for the wholeChurch. The Pope recommended the teachings and piety of Louis de Montfort and named him “Apostolic Missionaryof France”[16] After the victory over the Turks, Clement extended the rosary feast to the whole Church. October 3,1716.[17]

Mariology of the popes 5

Benedict XIIIPope Benedict XIII (1724–1730) issued several indulgences in support of the rosary prayer, rosary processions andfor praying the rosary on 15 “Marian Tuesdays”. He outlawed the Serafine rosary in 1727. He extended the Marianfests seven sorrows and Mount Carmel to the whole Church.[18]

Clement XIIPope Clement XII (1758–1769) outlawed all Marian litanies except the Litany of Loreto. In 1770 he permitted Spainto have the Immaculata as the main patron of the country and in 1767, he granted Spain the privilege, to add MaterImmaculata in the litany.

Benedict XIVPope Benedict XIV, a highly intellectual Pope wrote books about the feast days of Christ and Mary - De festisChristi at BMV[19] He furthered the Marian congregations for the Sodality of Our Lady with the bull GloriosaeDominae, issued on September 27, 1748. He increased indulgences for all who pray the rosary.[20]

Clement XIVPope Clement XIV (1769–1775) had to deal with popular unrest in Southern Italy regarding celebrations andprocessions of the Immaculate Conception. He granted a privilege to the Franciscans in Palermo, that only they maycelebrate the feast of the Immaculate Conception. Later he extended this privilege to other orders for private massesonly. He outlawed the brotherhood of the immaculate conception but confirmed a knightly order with the samename. Allegedly, he had promised the King of Spain to dogmatize the IC and to canonize María de Ágreda[21]

The 19th century

Pius IX

Pius IX dogmatized the Immaculate Conceptionin 1854. (Murillo 1660)

The Mariology of Pope Pius IX represents a significant development ofRoman Catholic theology, since it led to the promulgation of thedogma of the Immaculate Conception. It also influenced the eventualpromulgation of the dogma of the Assumption, as well as having animpact on doctrinal teachings surrounding the notions of Mediatrix andCoredemptrix.

Pope Pius IX (1846–1878) was deeply religious and shared a strongdevotion to Mary with many of his contemporaries. ´Catholic theologyin the 19th century was dominated by the issue of the immaculateconception of the Virgin Mary and First Vatican Council, convenedand for many years carefully prepared by Pius IX. During hispontificate petitions increased requesting the dogmatization of theImmaculate Conception. In 1848 Pius appointed a theologicalcommission to analyze the possibility for a Marian dogma.[22]

Ubi Primum

Mariology of the popes 6

In 1848 the Pope had to flee Rome, where a revolutionary movement took over the Papal States and citygovernment. From his exile in Gaeta he issued the encyclical Ubi Primum, seeking the opinions of the bishops on theImmaculate Conception, a novel approach of collegiality in the history of the papacy. This approach was quoted byPope Pius XII, when in Deiparae Virginis Mariae, he inquired from the bishops about a possible dogma of theAssumption of the Virgin Mary. Over 90 per cent of the bishops requested the dogmatization. Pius IX movedcautiously, on 10 May 1852 appointing a commission of twenty theologians to prepare a possible text of the dogma.Upon their completion, on 2 December 1852 he asked a commission of cardinals to finalize the text.

1854 proclamation of the Immaculation Conception

It was not until 1854 that Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic Bishops,proclaimed the Immaculate Conception.[23] Eight years earlier, in 1846, the Pope had granted the unanimous wish ofthe bishops from the United States, and declared the Immaculata the patron of the USA.[24] During First VaticanCouncil, some 108 council fathers requested to add the words "Immaculate Virgin" to the Hail Mary.[25] Somefathers requested the dogma of the Immaculate Conception to be included in the Creed of the Church, which wasopposed by Pius IX.[26]

Dogma of Assumption

During the First Vatican Council, nine mariological petitions favored a possible assumption dogma, but this wasstrongly opposed by some council fathers, especially from Germany. On 8 May the fathers rejected a dogmatizationat that time, a rejection shared by Pius IX. The concept of Co-Redemptrix was also discussed but left open. In itssupport, Council fathers highlighted the divine motherhood of Mary and called her the mother of all graces.[27]

Pius IX believed in the Assumption of Mary, and recognized the close relation between the Immaculate Conceptionof Mary and her being taken up into Heaven. He resisted attempts however, to issue a second Marian dogma withintwo decades. He was also firmly convinced that Mary is the Mediatrix of salvation and stated that in clear terms inhis encyclical Ubi Primum. Pius IX taught that Christians have everything through the Virgin Mary. He attributed toMary his narrow escape from Rome to Gaeta in 1848[28]

Leo XIII

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Pope Leo XIII in his rosary and other Marianencyclicals fully embraces the concept of Mary

mediating all graces.

Leo's predecessor, Pope Pius IX, became known as the Pope of theImmaculate Conception because of the dogmatization in 1854. In hisencyclical on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dogma of theImmaculate Conception, he stresses her role in the redemption ofhumanity, mentioning Mary as Mediatrix and Co-Redemptrix. Hisemphasis on the path through Mary to Christ has been a keydirection in Roman Catholic Mariology, with Mariology beingviewed as inherent in Christology, and the rosary paving thatpath.[29][30]

Rosary Pope is a title given to Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903) becausehe issued a record eleven encyclicals on the rosary, instituted theCatholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October,created in 1883 the Feast of Queen of the Holy Rosary. Leo XIII wasconcerned about attempts to destroy the faith in Christ, and, ifpossible, to ban him from the face of the earth.[31] The destruction ofthe ethical order would then lead to disaster and war, so Leo XIIIdedicated the human race to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. But in hisanalysis (based on the writings of Louis de Montfort who wasbeatified by Leo XIII) the re-Christianisation was not possible

without Mary. So Leo XIII promulgated Marian devotions via ten encyclicals on the Rosary and instituted theCatholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October. In 1883 he also created the Feast of Queen ofthe Holy Rosary.[32]

Leo is considered to be one of the most intelligent popes and his teachings are a possible reflection of that: The styleis crisp, short but very clear. A centennial after his death, he is often quoted, most recently by Pope Benedict XVIand John Paul II, both of whom, however, did not display "the Marian courage and confidence" [citation needed] of LeoXIII in the areas of Mediatrix and Co-Redemptrix. [citation needed] In his encyclical on the fiftieth anniversary of theDogma of the Immaculate Conception, he stressed her role in the redemption of humanity, mentioning Mary asMediatrix and Co-Redemptrix.

Impact of Louis de Montfort

Leo XIII recalled Louis de Montfort, whom he beatified on the very day of his own golden jubilee as a priest.[33] He(as did later Pius X) applied the Marian analysis of Montfort to the analysis of the Church as a whole.[34] Hismariology was greatly influenced by Thomas Aquinas, especially his view of Mary's role in the Annunciation.[35]

Leo actively employed his papal authority to support the veneration of Mary in places of her apparitions. Upon theblessing and opening of the Church of our Lady in Lourdes, he issued an apostolic writing, Parte humanae generisupporting pilgrimages to Lourdes and other Marian shrines.He declared the Madonna of Monserat to be the patron of Catalonia, and instituted the Feast of the MiraculousMedal in 1894. He condemned heresies about the Immaculate Conception[36] and discussed the relation of SaintJoseph to Mary in an 1889 encyclical.[37]

Rosary Pope

Rosary Pope is a title given to Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903) because he issued a record eleven encyclicals on the rosary, instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October, and created in 1883 the Feast of Queen of the Holy Rosary.[38] Leo XIII explained the importance of the rosary as the one road to God, from the father to the Son, to his Mother, and from her to the human race. No human creature can change this. Therefore there exists only one road for the faithful, to the mother and from her to Christ and through Christ to the father. The

Mariology of the popes 8

rosary is a vital means to participate in the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ.[39]

No. Title (Latin) Title (English translation) Subject Date

1. Supremi Apostolatus Officio The Supreme Apostolic Office On Devotion to the Rosary 1 September 1883

2. Superiore Anno Last year On the Recitation of the Rosary 30 August 1884

3. Vi E Ben Noto English Translation on Vatican Web Site On the Rosary and Public Life 20 September 1887

4. Octobri Mense The Month of October On the Rosary 22 September 1891

5. Magnae Dei Matris Of the great Mother of God On the Rosary 8 September 1892

6. Laetitiae Sanctae Of holy praise Commending Devotion to the Rosary 8 September 1893

7. Iucunda Semper Expectatione English translation on Vatican Web Site On the Rosary 8 September 1894

8. Adiutricem Adjutrix On the Rosary 5 September 1895

9. Fidentem Piumque Animum English translation on Vatican Web Site On the Rosary 20 September 1896

10. Augustissimae Virginis Mariae Of the Most August Virgin Mary On the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary 12 September 1897

11. Diuturni Temporis English translation on Vatican Web Site On the Rosary 5 September 1898

Mediatrix

Leo XIII was devoted to Our Lady of GoodCounsel, and included her invocation in theLitany of Loreto. This image is by Pasquale

Sarullo, the original being in Genazzano, nearRome. Pius XII also placed his pontificate underthe maternal care of Our Lady of Good Counsel

and composed a prayer to her.[40][41]

Leo XIII was the first Pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary asmediatrix. In his rosary encyclicals, he described the Virgin Mary asmediating all graces. In 1883 he wrote that nothing is as salvific andpowerful as asking for the support of the Virgin, the mediator of peacewith God and of heavenly graces.[42] In his rosary encyclical OctobriMense, he stated, that Mary is administrator of graces on earth, part ofa new salvation order.[43]

In Dei Matris he noted, that Mary is mediator because Christ the Lordis also our brother[44] And, in Jucunda Semper, he stated, that thedeepest reason, why Roman Catholics look for the protection of Marythrough prayer, is most certainly her office as mediator of divinegrace.[45] In Augustissimae Virginis Mariae, he wrote that calling onMary is the best way to be heard by God, and to find his grace.[46]

In his writings, Leo XIII fully embraces the concept of Mary mediatingall graces. In 1883 he writes that nothing is as salvific and powerful asasking for the support of the virgin, the mediator of peace with Godand of heavenly graces. In his rosary encyclical Octobri Mense, hewrites that Mary is administrator of graces on earth, part of a newsalvation order. In Dei Matris he states that Mary is our mediatorbecause Christ our Lord is also our brother And, in Jucunda Semper,he states, that the deepest reason, why we look for the protection ofMary through prayer, is most certainly her office as mediator of divinegrace. In Augustissimae Virginis, he states, Calling on Mary is the bestway to be heard by God and to find his grace Leo XII in clear words thus repearedly defined the papal ground for thedoctrine of mediatrix.

Co-Redemptrix

Mariology of the popes 9

The views of Pope Leo XIII regarding Mary as Co-Redemptrix rely on Thomas Aquinas. From him he borrows thenotion that Mary, in the hour of Annunciation, assumed the role of a helper in the mystery of redemption. Thus allChristians are born through Mary. With Jesus, Mary carried all in her womb. Therefore all Christians are herchildren.[47]

Scapulars

More than any other pope, Leo XIII, who was himself a member of the Pious Union of Our Lady of Good Counsel,was deeply attached to Our Lady of Good Counsel.[48] The small Scapular of Our Lady of Good Counsel (the WhiteScapular) was presented by the Hermits of St. Augustine to Leo XIII who, in December 1893, approved it andendowed it with indulgences. On April 22, 1903, Leo XIII included the invocation "Mater boni consilii" in theLitany of Loreto.During Leo's reign, the Scapular of Our Lady of Ransom was also approved in 1868.

The 20th century

Pius XPope Saint Pius X (1903–1914) promoted daily communion. In his 1904 encyclical Ad Diem Illum, he views Maryin context of "restoring everything in Christ". Spiritually we all are her children and she is the mother of usTherefore she must be adored like a mother[49] Christ is the Word made Flesh and the Savior of mankind. He had aphysical body like every other man: and as Savior of the human family, he had a spiritual and mystical body, theChurch. This, the Pope argues, has consequences for our view of the Blessed Virgin.She did not conceive the Eternal Son of God merely that He might be made man taking His human nature from her,but also, by giving him her human nature, that He might be the Redeemer of men. Mary, carrying the Savior withinher, also carried all those whose life was contained in the life of the Savior. Therefore all the faithful united to Christ,are members of His body, of His flesh, and of His bones[50] from the womb of Mary like a body united to its head.Though a spiritual and mystical fashion, all are children of Mary, and she is their Mother. Mother, spiritually, buttruly Mother of the members of Christ. (S. Aug. L. de S. Virginitate, c. 6).[51]

Benedict XVPope Benedict XV (1914–1922) was an ardent mariologist, devoted to Marian veneration and open new theologicalperspectives. He personally addressed in numerous letters the pilgrims at Marian sanctuaries. He named Mary, thePatron of Bavaria and permitted in Mexico the Feast of the IC of Guadaloupe. To underline his support for themediatrix theology, he authorized the Feast of Mary Mediator of all Graces.[52] He condemned the misuse of Marianstatues and pictures, dressed in priestly robes, which he outlawed April 4, 1916.[53]

During World War I, Benedict placed the world under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)and added the invocation Mary Queen of Peace to the Litany of Loreto. He promoted Marian veneration throughoutthe world by elevating twenty well known Marian shrines such as Ettal Abbey in Bavaria into Basilica Minor's. Healso promoted Marian devotions in the month of May in the spirit of Grignon de Montfort[54] The dogmaticconstitution on the Church issued by the Second Vatican Council quotes the Marian theology of Benedict XV.[55]

In his encyclical on Ephraim the Syrian he depicts Ephraim as a model of Marian devotion to our mother whouniquely was predestined by God. Pope Benedict did not issue a Marian encyclical but addressed the issue ofCo-Redemptrix in his Apostolic Letter, Inter Soldalica, issued March 22, 1918.[56]

•• As the blessed Virgin Mary does not seem to participate in the public life of Jesus Chist, and then, suddenlyappears at the stations of his cross, she is not there without divine intention. She suffers with her suffering anddying son, almost as if she would have died herself. For the salvation of mankind, she gave up her rights as themother of her son and sacrificed him for the reconciliation of divine justice, as far as she was permitted to do.

Mariology of the popes 10

Therefore, one can say, she redeemed with Christ the human race.

Pius XIPope Pius XI ruled the Church from 1922 to 1939. During his pontificate, a possible dogma of the assumption wasbeing discussed. He granted France the patron “Our lady assumed into heaven patron”[57] In 1930, he sent a Papaldelegate to the celebration of the house of Mary in Loreto, and in 1931, 1500 years after the Council of Ephesus, heissued a call to the separated Orthodox Church to venerate Mary together and to overcome the schism. In severalapostolic writings he supported the rosary prayer. In 1931, he instituted the fest of motherhood of Mary. Pope PiusXI liked to quote Bernard of Clairvaux: “We have everything through Mary”[58]

Pius XII

Coronation of the Salus Populi Romani icon in Rome by Pope Pius XII in1954, in association with his announcement of new Marian feast for the

Queenship of Mary.

As a young boy and in later life Eugenio Pacelliwas an ardent follower of the Virgin Mary andvenerated her images. Two pictures in Romereceived special veneration of Eugenio, MadonnaDella Strada, and Salus Populi Romani.[59][60] Aspope, his pontificate was placed under theprotection of the Virgin.

Pope Pius XII dedicated Russia to the ImmaculateHeart of Mary. He prescribed this Feast for thewhole Church in 1944 and placed his pontificateunder the special patronage of the Virgin,[61] andwas called the most Marian pope in Churchhistory.[62] His life and pontificate were clearlymarked by his Marian veneration. His mariologicalviews Dogma of the assumption high point but hismariological writings extend beyond that. Heintroduced a new Marian feast, Queenship of Mary and was the first Pope ever to call for a Marian year, a practicecontinued by John Paul II in 1998. Many of the saints canonized by Pius XII had strong Marian views. Marianresearch and the Marianum were strongly supported with the foundation or enlargements of several research centresin Rome in 1950 and 1958.

Pope Pius canonized several persons with a very strong Marian faith and spirituality – and sometimes visions – suchas Louis de Montfort, Peter Chanel, Jeanne de Lestonnac, Pope Pius X, Catherine Labouré, Anthony Mary Claret,and Gemma Galgani.

Fatima and Lourdes

When Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as papal nuncio to Bavaria on April 23, 1917, he consecrated him asarchbishop in the Sistine Chapel on May 13, 1917, the day Our Lady of Fatima was believed to have first appearedto three shepherd children in Fatima, Portugal. His secretary of State, Cardinal Luigi Maglione said that the HolyFather was deeply moved by the parallel of his episcopal consecration and the apparition in Fatima.[63] Pope Piussaid about his episcopal consecration:• At the same hour when the Lord placed the concern of the whole Church on our shoulders, at the mountain of

Fatima appeared for the first time the White Queen of the Holy Rosary, as if the Mother of Mercy wanted toindicate, that in the stormy times of our pontificate, in the midst of the great crisis of human history, we willalways have the motherly and vigilant assistance of the great conqueress , who would protect and guide us.[64]

Mariology of the popes 11

After saying this, one person yelled: Long live the Pope of Fatima. Pope Pius turned to him, smiled and said quietly,yes, I am the Pope of Fatima.[65] Cardinal Tedeschini, who was present at the consecration in 1917, added his viewto the coincidence: "The pontificate of Pius XII is focused on Fatima, May 13. It was our Lady of Fatima, whoconnected with the person and future of Eugenio Pacelli, having him consecrated through the hands of PopeBenedict XV to the fullness of priesthood at the very day and hour, in which the Most Blessed Virgin with hermessages first descended to Fatima. May 13 is engraved in all our hearts, how much more in the heart of thisPope.[66]

Benedict XV's remains were buried in the crypt of Saint Peter Basilica on the feast day of Our Lady of Fatima,October 13, 1958.

Pope Pius XII called Pastor Angelicus, was the mostMarian Pope in Church history.[67]

The mariology of Pope Pius XII builds on the 1854 dogma of theImmaculate Conception by Pius IX in Mystici Corporis, whichsummarizes his mariology. According to this, Maria, whose sinlesssoul was filled with the divine spirit of Jesus Christ above all othercreated souls, "in the name of the whole human race" gave herconsent "for a spiritual marriage between the Son of God andhuman nature.",[68] thus elevating human nature beyond the realmof the purely material. She who, according to the flesh, was themother of our Head, became mother of all His members. Throughher powerful prayers, she obtained that the spirit of our divinerredeemer should be bestowed on the newly founded Church atPentecost.[69] She is Most Holy Mother of all the members ofChrist, and reigns in heaven with her Son, her body and soulrefulgent with heavenly glory.

Pope Pius XII consecrated the human race and later Russia to theImmaculate Heart of Mary. He prescribed this Feast for the wholeChurch in 1944. In 1950 Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption ofMary as being an article of faith for Roman Catholics. This was

the first (and to date only) ex cathedra exercise of papal infallibility since Vatican I. In 1950 and in 1958 heauthorized institutions for increased academic research into the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary (see below).In 1953, Pope Pius ordered a Marian year for 1954, which was filled with Marian initiatives, in the areas ofmariology, cultural events, charity and social gatherings[70] In his encyclical Fulgens Corona and Ad Caeli Reginamhe presented a synthesis of the mariology of the Church and warned against excesses and timid under-representationof the Catholic faith. In several encyclicals and apostolic letters to the people of Poland and other countries behindthe Iron curtain, he expresses certainty, that the Blessed Virgin Mary will triumph over her enemies.[71] Pope Piuscanonized several persons with a very strong Marian faith and spirituality – and sometimes visions – such as Louisde Montfort, Peter Chanel, Jeanne de Lestonnac, Pope Pius X, Catherine Labouré, Anthony Mary Claret, andGemma Galgani.

Fatima

On May 13, 1942, the 25th anniversary of the first apparition and, silver jubilee of the Episcopal consecration ofPope Pius XII, the Vatican published the Message and Secret of Fatima. On October 31, 1942, Pope Pius XII, in aradio address informed the people of Portugal about the apparitions of Fatima, consecrating the human race to theImmaculate Heart of the Virgin with specific mention of Russia. (See below)[72] On December 8, 1942, the Pontiffofficially and solemnly declared this consecration in a ceremony in Saint Peter Basilica in Rome. On May 13, 1946,Cardinal Masalla, the personal delegate of Pius XII, crowned in his name Our Lady of Fatima, as the Pope issues asecond message about Fatima:

Mariology of the popes 12

• The faithful virgin never disappointed the trust, put on her. She will transform into a fountain of graces, physicaland spiritual graces, over all of Portugal, and from there, breaking all frontiers, over the whole Church and theentire world[73]

On May 1, 1948, in Auspicia Quaedam, Pope Pius requested the consecration to the Immaculate Heart of everyCatholic family, parish and dioceses.• “It is our wish, consequently, that wherever the opportunity suggests itself, this consecration be made in the

various dioceses as well as in each of the parishes and families.''[74][75]

On May 18, 1950, the Pope again sent a message to the people of Portugal regarding Fatima: "May Portugal neverforget the heavenly message of Fatima, which, before anybody else she was blessed to hear. To keep Fatima in yourheart and to translate Fatima into deeds, is the best guarantee for ever more graces”[76] In numerous additionalmessages, and in his encyclicals Fulgens Corona (1953), and, Ad Caeli Reginam (1954), Pius XII encouraged theveneration of the Virgin in Fatima.

Lourdes

On April 1, 1899, Eugenio Pacelli said his first Holy Mass atthe Salus Populi Romani fifty years later, he crowned this

picture for the Marian year 1954 as shown here.

Le Pelerinage de Lourdes, an encyclical which includeswarnings against materialism, was issued on the centenary ofthe apparitions at Lourdes July 2, 1957 The encyclicalrepresents the strongest pronouncement of the papalmagisterium on Marian apparitions in the history of theCatholic Church. Pius recalls pleasant memories of thepilgrimage to Lourdes which Pope Pius XII undertook asPapal delegate at the Eucharistic and Marian Celebrations in1937. The Pope reminds the faithful of France, that everyChristian land is a Marian land and that” there is not onenation redeemed in the blood of Christ which does not gloryin proclaiming Mary its Mother and Patroness”[77] He thenrecalls the history of Marian veneration, the history ofLourdes and the contributions of the Popes to her venerationin Lourdes. In the school of Mary one can learn to live, notonly to give Christ to the world, but also to await with faiththe hour of Jesus, and to remain with Mary at the foot of thecross. Wherever providence has placed a person, there isalways more to be done for God's cause. Priests should withsupernatural confidence, show the narrow road which leadsto life. Consecrated and Religious fight under Mary's banneragainst inordinate lust for freedom, riches, and pleasures. Inresponse to the Immaculate, they will fight with the weaponsof prayer and penance and by triumphs of charity.

Christian families must remain faithful to their vital mission in society, and, consecrate themselves in this jubileeyear to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. For married couples this consecration will be a valuable aid in their conjugalduties of chastity and faithfulness and keep pure the atmosphere in which children grow up. Families inspired bydevotion to Mary, are living centers of social rebirth and apostolic influence.[78]

Professional and civic affairs offer a vast field of Marian action. Gathered at the Virgin's feet, and open to her teachings, self- searching will uproot any false judgments and selfish impulses. Christians of every class and every nation will try to be of one mind in truth and charity, and to banish misunderstanding and suspicion. The quest for

Mariology of the popes 13

social and political peace among men is, above all, a moral problem, because no reform can bear fruit, no agreementlasting without a conversion and cleansing of heart. In this jubilee year the Virgin of Lourdes reminds all men of thistruth[79]

Pius XII teaches, that Mary looks upon some of her children with a special affection, the lowly, the poor, and theafflicted whom Jesus loved so much.• Go to her, you who are crushed by material misery, defenseless against the hardships of life and the indifference

of men. Go to her, you who are assailed by sorrows and moral trials. Go to her, beloved invalids and infirm, youwho are sincerely welcomed and honored at Lourdes as the suffering members of our Lord. Go to her and receivepeace of heart, strength for your daily duties, joy for the sacrifice you offer.[80]

The Pontiff states, that the Immaculate Virgin knows the secret ways by which grace operates in souls. She alsoknows also the great price which God attaches to sufferings, united to those of the Savior. These sufferings cangreatly contribute. The encyclical closes with a quote of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux:• Amid dangers, difficulties, and doubts, think of Mary, invoke Mary's aid.... If you follow her, you will not stray; if

you entreat her, you will not lose hope; if you reflect upon her, you will not err; if she supports you, you will notfall; if she protects you, you will not fear; if she leads you, you will not grow weary; if she is propitious, you willreach your goal,.[81][82]

Consecration to the Immaculate Heart

The Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary took place on October 31, 1942 just before major turning pointsin World War Two. Pope Pius consecrated to Mary not only the Church but the whole human race, as “Father ofChristianity” as representative of Christ, who has all power in heaven and on earth”[83] The solemn consecration tothe Immaculate Heart of Mary was pronounced at a critical phase of[84] on October 31.[85] At that time, Germantroops under General Rommel had conquered strategic parts of North Africa and were advancing towards the SuezCanal. In the Pacific, following Pearl Harbor, the Imperial Japanese forces occupied ever increasing territories, andin Russia experienced an ever expanding German invasion. In this situation, Pope Pius XII, like his predecessors, puthis trust in prayer. On October 31, 1942, he called for a prayer crusade to the Queen of Peace, and dedicated thewhole human race and especially Russia to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

Mariology of Pius XII

The 1854 dogma of the Immaculate Conception by Pius IX defined the Virgin conceived without sin, as the motherof God and our mother. Pope Pius XII built on this in Mystici Corporis, which summarizes his mariology: Maria,whose sinless soul was filled with the divine spirit of Jesus Christ above all other created souls, "in the name of thewhole human race" gave her consent "for a spiritual marriage between the Son of God and human nature.", thuselevating human nature beyond the realm of the purely material. She who, according to the flesh, was the mother ofour Head, became mother of all His members. Through her powerful prayers, she obtained that the spirit of ourDivine Redeemer, should be bestowed on the newly founded Church at Pentecost. She is Most Holy Mother of allthe members of Christ, and reigns in heaven with her Son, her body and soul refulgent with heavenly glory.

Dogma of the assumption

On November 1, 1950, Pope Pius XII defined the dogma of the assumption:"By the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority,we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, theever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenlyglory."[86]

The dogma of the bodily assumption of the Virgin Mary, is the crowning of the theology of Pope Pius XII. In 1950 Pope Pius XII defined the Assumption of Mary as being an article of faith for Roman Catholics. This was the first

Mariology of the popes 14

(and to date only) ex cathedra exercise of papal infallibility since Vatican I. It was preceded by the 1946 encyclicalDeiparae Virginis Mariae, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization.In this dogmatic statement, the phrase "having completed the course of her earthly life, " leaves open the question ofwhether the Virgin Mary died before her Assumption, or, whether she was assumed before death; both possibilitiesare allowed. Mary's Assumption was a divine gift to Mary as Mother of God. As Mary completed her race as ashining example to the human race, the perspective of the gift of assumption is offered to the whole human race.

Mariological Writings

On September 8, 1953, the encyclical Fulgens corona announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of theDogma of the Immaculate Conception .[87] Pope Pius XII left open the Mediatrix question, the role of the Virgin inthe salvation acts of her son Jesus Christ. In the encyclical Ad caeli reginam he promulgated the feast, Queenship ofMary.[88] Pius XII, who was consecrated on May 13, 1917, the very day, Our Lady of Fatima is believed to have firstappeared, consecrated the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary in 1942, in accordance with the second "secret" ofOur Lady of Fatima. (His remains were to be buried in the crypt of Saint Peter Basilica on the feast day of Our Ladyof Fatima, October 13, 1958)In 1950 and in 1958 he authorized institutions for increased academic research into the veneration of the BlessedVirgin Mary (see below). In 1953, Pope Pius ordered a Marian year for 1954, the first in Church history. The yearwas filled with Marian initiatives, in the areas of mariology, cultural events, charity and social gatherings In hisencyclical Fulgens Corona and Ad Caeli Reginam he presented a synthesis of the mariology of the Church andwarned against excesses and timid under-representation of the Catholic faith.

New Marian Feast

In 1953, Pope Pius introduced the feast day Queenship of Mary In several encyclicals and apostolic letters to thepeople of Poland and other countries behind the Iron curtain, he expresses certainty, that the Blessed Virgin Marywill triumph over her enemies.Assumed into heaven, so Pope Pius, Mary is with Jesus Christ, her divine son. Mary should be called Queen, notonly because of her Divine Motherhood of Jesus Christ, her only son, but also because God has willed her to have anexceptional role in the work of our eternal salvation. The encyclical argues, that Christ, because He redeemed us, isour Lord and king by a special title, so the Blessed Virgin also (is our queen), on account of the unique manner inwhich she assisted in our redemption, by giving of her own substance, by freely offering Him for us, by her singulardesire and petition for, and active interest in, our salvation."[89]

Mariological research

Pope Pius supported or rewarded Mariological research of scholars like Gabriel Roschini, Raimondo Spiazzi, OttoFaller and Sebastian Tromp. Roschini was named head of the Marianum, Spiazzi and Tromp were asked toparticipate in his encyclicals, Faller received a papal medal for his work. He also promulgated mariology …..withinthe circles associated with the Holy See took a major step forward between during the Holy Year in 1950 and in1958 based on the actions of Pope Pius XII who authorized institutions for increased academic research into theveneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary.• Academia Mariana Salesiana He granted the foundation of the Academia Mariana Salesiana which is a part of a

papal university. The Academy supports Salesian studies with the aim of furthering the veneration of the BlessedVirgin in the tradition of Saint John Bosco.[90]

• Centro Mariano Montfortano Also in 1950, the Centro Mariano Montfortano was moved from Bergamo toRome. The Centro promulgates the teachings of Saint Louis de Montfort, who was earlier canonized by Pius XII.It publishes the monthly Madre e Regina which promulgates the Marian orientation of Montfort.[91]

Mariology of the popes 15

• Marianum was created in 1950 and entrusted to the Order of Servites. It is authorized to grant all academicdegrees including a doctorate in theology. Since 1976, every two years the Marianum organizes internationalconferences to find modern formulations which approximate the mystery of Mary.

• Collegamento Mariano Nazionale (1958) was the last Marian initiative of Pope Pius XII. It coordinatesactivities of Marian centres in Italy, organizes Marian pilgrimages and Marian study weeks for priests. In additionit started Marian youth gatherings and publishes the Journal “Madonna”.

Of these organizations, the Marianum is the most active marilogical centre in Rome.[92] This Pontifical Catholicinstitute was founded by Father Gabriel Roschini (who then directed it for several years) under the direction of PopePius XII in 1950. At the Marianum, one can get a Master's degree in Mariology (2-year academic program) and onecan also get a doctorate in Mariology. This Mariological facility has a library with more than 85,000 volumes onMariology and a number of magazines and journals of theological and Mariological concern. Marianum is also thename of the prestigious journal of Marian theology, previously founded by Father Roschini in 1939.

Paul VIPope Paul VI (1963–1978) made extensive contributions to mariology (theological teaching and devotions) duringhis pontificate. He attempted to present the Marian teachings of the Church in view of her new ecumenicalorientation. In his inaugural encyclical Ecclesiam Suam (section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christianperfection. He regards “devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of theGospel.”[93] In 1965, he writes that the Queen of Heaven is entrusted by God, as administrator of his compassion[94]

In his 1965 encyclical Mense Maio he described Mary as the way to Christ, the person who encounters Mary cannothelp but encounter Christ likewise.[95]

In his 1966 encyclical Christi Matri, he recommends the rosary in light of the Vietnam War and the dangers ofatomic conflicts.[96] He recommended prayers to Queen of Peace and Mother of the Church:• Nothing seems more appropriate and valuable than to have the prayers of the whole Christian family rise to the

Mother of God, who is invoked as the Queen of Peace, begging her to pour forth abundant gifts of her maternalgoodness in midst of so many great trials and hardships. We want constant and devout prayers to be offered to herwhom We declared Mother of the Church, its spiritual parent, during the celebration of the Second VaticanCouncil,[97]

Paul VI taught that the rosary is a summary of gospel teachings.[98] His new Missal includes all new Marian prayers.And in his 1974 exhortation Marialis Cultus, he again promotes Marian devotions, highlighting the Angelus andRosary prayers. Mary deserves the devotions because she is the mother of graces and because of her unique role inredemption.On the fiftieth anniversary of the apparition in Fatima, Paul VI made a pilgrimage there, the first ever by a Pope.There, he linked the veneration of Mary to her role in the salvation of the human race Pope Paul VI was an engagedand engaging devotee of the Virgin Mary

The Mariology of Pope Paul VI made extensive contributions to mariological teaching and devotions during hispontificate.

Mariology of the popes 16

Ecumenical orientation of MariologyHe attempted to present the Marian teachings of the Church in view of her new ecumenical orientation. In hisinaugural encyclical Ecclesiam Suam (section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. Heregards “devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel.”

Mense MaioThe encyclical Mense Maio from 29 April 1965) focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month ofMay is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly to be regarded as the way by whichpeople are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ.[99]

In 1965, he writes that the Queen of Heaven is entrusted by God, as administrator of his compassion In his 1965encyclical Mense Maio, he described Mary as the way to Christ, the person who encounters Mary cannot help butencounter Christ likewise.

Christi MatriIn his 1966 encyclical Christi Matri, he recommends the rosary in light of the Vietnam War and the dangers ofatomic conflicts. The Queen of Peace and Mother of the Church should be invoked:

Nothing seems more appropriate and valuable than to have the prayers of the whole Christian family rise to theMother of God, who is invoked as the Queen of Peace, begging her to pour forth abundant gifts of hermaternal goodness in midst of so many great trials and hardships. We want constant and devout prayers to beoffered to her whom We declared Mother of the Church, its spiritual parent, during the celebration of theSecond Vatican Council,

Role of the RosaryThe rosary is a summary of gospel teaching.[98] His new Missal includes all new Marian prayers. And in his 1974exhortation Marialis Cultus, he again promotes Marian devotions, highlighting the Angelus and Rosary prayers.Mary deserves the devotions because she is the mother of graces and because of her unique role in redemption.

Pilgrimage to FatimaOn the fiftieth anniversary of the apparition in Fatima, Paul VI made a pilgrimage there, the first ever by a Pope.There, he linked the veneration of Mary to her role in the salvation of the human race Pope Paul VI was a engagedand engaging devotee of the Virgin Mary

Mariology of the popes 17

John Paul II

Pope John Paul II made more Marian pilgrimages than any of hispredecessors, stating: It is precisely in this pilgrimage through space

and time, and even more through the history of souls, that Mary ispresent, sharing unlike any other creature in the mystery of

Christ.[100]

The ancient title Mary Mother of the Church wasproclaimed then by Pope Paul VI at the Second VaticanCouncil. In 1987, Pope John Paul II repeated this titleMother of the Church in his encyclical RedemptorisMater and at a general audience on September 17,1997.[101] The encyclical is a long and eloquentsummary of modern Mariology, making some novelpoints: According to John Paul, the Mother of theRedeemer, has a precise place in the plan of salvation.

The Church teaches that Mary appeared on thehorizon of salvation history before Christ.[102]

If the greeting and the name "full of grace" sayall this, in the context of the angel'sannouncement they refer first of all to theelection of Mary as Mother of the Son of God.But at the same time the "fullness of grace"

indicates all the supernatural munificence from which Mary benefits by being chosen and destined to be theMother of Christ. If this election is fundamental for the accomplishment of God's salvific designs for humanity,and if the eternal choice in Christ and the vocation to the dignity of adopted children is the destiny ofeveryone, then the election of Mary is wholly exceptional and unique. Hence also the singularity anduniqueness of her place in the mystery of Christ.[103]

The 2002 Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae of Pope John Paul II on the Holy Rosary further communicatedhis Marian focus as he explained how his personal motto "Totus Tuus" was inspired by St. Louis de Montfort'sdoctrine on the excellence of Marian devotion and total consecration. The Pope truly venerated the Virgin Mary, asexpressed in this motto Totus Tuus.

John Paul II Coat of arms with aMarian Cross

In recent years, to emphasize the role of Mary in the Roman Catholic Church, inRosarium Virginis Mariae, Pope John Paul II quoted Saint Louis de Montfort,and said:

“Our entire perfection consists in being conformed, united andconsecrated to Jesus Christ. Hence the most perfect of all devotions isundoubtedly that which conforms, unites and consecrates us mostperfectly to Jesus Christ.

Now, since Mary is of all creatures the one most conformed to JesusChrist, it follows that among all devotions that which most consecratesand conforms a soul to our Lord is devotion to Mary, his Holy Mother,and that the more a soul is consecrated to her the more will it beconsecrated to Jesus Christ."[104] As the pontiff observed, Saint Louis deMontfort's approach to Mariology as presented in God Alone presents thelogic of how an initially Christ centric view leads to total consecration to the Blessed Virgin Mary.[105]

The direction of the Catholic Church during the last part of the 20th century was dominated by the views of PopeJohn Paul II, whose perspective had a very strong Marian emphasis.[106][107] He advocated "Total Consecration to

Mary" more than any of his predecessors.[108] And he deliberately reflected his Marian views within the design of his coat of arms by using a Marian Cross. According to the L’Osservatore Romano, the use of the Marian Cross on

Mariology of the popes 18

his coat of arms was a departure from traditional heraldry models and was intended to emphasize the presence of theVirgin Mary under the Cross in Calvary and her special participation in the process of redemption.[109] Pope JohnPaul II issued a number of Marian encyclicals that shaped the Catholic views on Mary during the 20th century.

Benedict XVIPope Benedict XVI continued the program of Pope John Paul II for a redirection of the whole Church to ensure anauthentic approach to Christology via a return to the "whole truth about Mary".[] As Cardinal Ratzinger, he wrote:

It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that "truth about Jesus Christ," "truth about theChurch" and "truth about man".

List of papal teachings on MariologyFor centuries Roman Catholics popes have influenced the direction of Roman Catholic Mariology by issuingdecrees, Bulls, encyclicals and Apostolic Letters.Papal Bulls

• Ineffabilis Deus: The first exercise of papal infallibility prior to Vatican I, it established the dogma of theImmaculate Conception

• Munificentissimus Deus: The first and to date only ex cathedra exercise of papal infallibility after Vatican I, itestablished the Assumption of Mary by Pope Pius XII

Encyclicals

• Ad Caeli Reginam 1954 by Pius XII on Queenship of Mary• Auspicia Quaedam 1948 Pius XII on Marian prayers for peace• Bis Saeculari 1948 Pius XII on Sodality of Our Lady• Deiparae Virginis Mariae 1948 Pius XII on the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin• Fulgens Corona 1953 by Pius XII on centenary of the dogma of Immaculate Conception•• Mystici Corporis Christi•• Redemptoris Mater

Apostolic Letters

•• Rosarium Virginis Mariae•• Marialis Cultus

Notes[1] Crown of glory: the life of Pope Pius XII Alden Hatch, Seamus Walshe, 1957, Hawthorn Books, ASIN: B0000CJUBC page 33[2] Angelic shepherd: the life of Pope Pius XII by Jan Olav Smit, 1950 Dodd, Mead Publishers, ASIN: B0007E1QT8 page 12[3] "Munificentissimus Deus - Defining the Dogma of the Assumption" (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ pius_xii/ apost_constitutions/

documents/ hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en. html), par. 44. Vatican, November 1, 1950[4] Fundamentals of Catholicism by Kenneth Baker 1983 ISBN 0-89870-019-1 page 383[5] Msgr. Charles Mangan in Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, seminarians, and Consecrated Persons ISBN 1-57918-355-7 2008 edited

by M. Miravalle, pages 530-540[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Roman_Catholic_Mariology& action=edit[7] Butler's Lives Of The Saints (April) by Alban Butler (1999) ISBN 0-86012-253-0 page 222[8][8] such as Avvisi salutary della virgine ai suoi devoti indiscreti[9][9] often on occupational lines (bakers, butchers etc)[10][10] Acta conciliorum Oecumenicorum, Vol. II,2,1,Nr.5 PL 54[11] http:/ / www. dailycatholic. org/ history/ 4ecumen1. htm[12][12] PL 54, 221, C 226[13][13] Sermons, 9,PL54, 227,CF,and 205 BC[14][14] Baumann, Clemens VII in Marienkunde, 1162[15][15] Baumann, in Marienkunde, 1163

Mariology of the popes 19

[16] R Lauretin, L’action du Saint siege par rapport au probleme de I’Immaculetee Conception in Marienkunde 1163[17][17] Baumann in Marienkunde 1163[18][18] Baumann in Marienkunde, 672[19][19] Opera Omnia Roma, 1747, 51[20][20] Baumann, Marienkunde, 672[21][21] F Masson, Le Cardinal de Bernis depuis son minister Paris, 1884, 156, 164[22][22] Bäumer 245[23] The Holy Spirit Assists the Roman Pontiff (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ john_paul_ii/ audiences/ alpha/ data/ aud19930324en.

html)[24][24] Pius IX in Bäumer, 245[25] and to add the Immaculata to the Litany of Loreto.[26][26] Bauer, p. 566.[27][27] Bäumer 566[28][28] Bäumer, 245[29][29] At the center of this mystery, in the midst of this wonderment of faith, stands Mary. As the loving Mother of the Redeemer, she was the first

to experience it: "To the wonderment of nature you bore your Creator"! Pope John Paul II, in Redemptoris Mater, 51[30] See Pius XII Mystici corporis Christi; John Henry Newman: Mariology is always christocentric, in Michael Testa, Mary: The Virgin Mary

in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman 2001; Mariology Is Christology in Vittorio Messori, "The Mary Hypothesis" Rome, 2005[31] Annum Sacrum 1899 at the Vatican website (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ leo_xiii/ encyclicals/ documents/

hf_l-xiii_enc_25051899_annum-sacrum_en. html)[32] Remigius Baumer, 1988, Marienlexikon, St. Ottilien, pp.41[33][33] J M Höcht, Fatima und Pius XII, 1956[34][34] Köster 54[35][35] Bäumer, IV, 97[36][36] Rosmini[37][37] Bäumer, IV 97[38][38] in Lauretanische Litanei, Marienlexikon, Eos, St. Ottilien, 1988, p.41[39][39] Encyclical Jucunda Semper 8.9.1894 quoted in Marienlexikon,Eos St. Ottilien, 1988 42[40] Univ of Dayton (http:/ / campus. udayton. edu/ mary/ meditations/ olgc. html)[41] This Saint's for You by Thomas J. Craughwell 2007 ISBN 1-59474-184-0 page 172[42][42] Suprimi apostolatus Rudolf Graber, Die marianischen Weltrundschreiben der Päpste der letzten 100 Jahre, Würzburg; 1954 , p 30.[43][43] Encyclical Octobri Mense Graber 48[44][44] Graber 62[45][45] Graber, 83[46][46] Graber 115[47][47] Bäumer, 96[48][48] Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 515[49][49] Ad diem illum 10[50][50] (Ephes. v., 30),[51][51] Ad diem illum laetissimum 10[52][52] AAS 1921, 345[53][53] AAS 1916 146 Baumann in Marienkunde; 673[54][54] Schmidlin 179-339[55][55] C VII, §50[56][56] AAS, 1918, 181[57][57] on March 22. 1922[58][58] Bäumer, Marienlexikon 246[59] Relics by Joan Carroll Cruz 1984 ISBN 0-87973-701-8 page 96[60] The Church at Prayer by Irénée Henri Dalmais, Aimé Georges Martimort, Pierre Jounel 1985 ISBN 0-8146-1366-7 page 135[61][61] Munificentissimus Deus 42[62][62] Bäumer, Marienlexikon:Pope Pius XII[63][63] L Barthas, Il etait trios petit enfantes, Paris, 1945, in German, Freiburg, 1945[64][64] Johannes M Höcht, Papst Pius XII und Fatima, Wien 1956, 58[65][65] Höcht, 58[66][66] Höcht 317[67][67] Bäumer, Marienlexikon[68][68] Office for Holy Week[69][69] Pius XII, Enc. Mystici Corporis Christi, 110[70][70] Bäumer 534

Mariology of the popes 20

[71][71] add encyclicals[72][72] AAS, 1942, 313[73][73] AAS 1946 246.[74][74] Auspicia quadam 21[75][75] AAS 148, 171[76][76] AAS 1951, 780[77][77] Le Pelerinage de Lourdes 5[78][78] Le Pelerinage de Lourdes 54[79][79] Le Pelerinage de Lourdes 55[80][80] Le Pelerinage de Lourdes 57[81][81] Second Homily on the Missus est: PL CLXXXIII[82][82] Le Pelerinage de Lourdes 70-71[83][83] Math28,18[84][84] World War Two[85][85] 1942[86][86] AAS 1950, 753[87][87] AAS 1953, 577[88][88] AAS 1954, 625[89][89] Ad caeli reginam, 37[90][90] Bäumer, Marienlexikon, 534[91][91] Bäumer, Marienlexikon, 535[92] at Viale 30 Aprile- 6, 00153, Rome[93][93] Ecclesiam Suam 58[94][94] Mense Majo, 1965, 2[95][95] Mense Majo, 2[96] Vietnam War era: people and perspectives by Mitchell K. Hall 2009 ISBN 1-59884-129-7 page 106[97][97] Christi Matri 8[98][98] Bäumer 128[99][99] Mense Maio, 1[100] Mary's Pope: John Paul II, Mary, and the Church Since Vatican II by Antoine Nachef 2000 ISBN 1-58051-077-9 page 85[101] Blessed Virgin Is Mother Of The Church (http:/ / www. ewtn. com/ library/ papaldoc/ jp2bvm63. htm)[102][102] Redemptoris Mater 3[103][103] Redemptoris Mater 9[104] Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ john_paul_ii/ apost_letters/

documents/ hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en. html[105] Saint Louis de Montfort, God Alone: The Collected Writings of St. Louis Marie De Montfort, Montfort Publications, 1995 ISBN

0-910984-55-7[106] Mary's pope: John Paul II, Mary, and the church since Vatican II by Antoine Nachef 2000 ISBN 1-58051-077-9 page 2[107] The Vision of John Paul II: Assessing His Thought and Influence by Gerard Mannion 2008 ISBN 0-8146-5309-X pages 1 and 62[108] Miravalle, Mark Introduction to Mary 1993, ISBN 978-1-882972-06-7, pp 164–167[109] L’Osservatore Romano, November 9, 1978

References• Saint Louis de Montfort True Devotion to Mary ISBN 1-59330-470-6, also available as online text (http:/ / www.

catholictreasury. info/ TrueDevotion/ Default. htm)•• Michael Schmaus, Mariologie, Katholische Dogmatik, München Vol V, 1955•• K Algermissen, Boes, Egelhard, Feckes, Michael Schmaus, Lexikon der Marienkunde, Verlag Friedrich Pustet,

Regensburg, 1967• Mariology Society of America http:/ / mariologicalsocietyofamerica. us• The Marian Library at University of Dayton http:/ / campus. udayton. edu/ mary• Pope Pius IX, Apostolic Constitution

• Apostolic Constitution Ineffabilis Deus (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ library/ docs_pi09id. htm)• Pope Pius XII, encyclicals and bulls•• Michael Schmaus, Mariologie, Katholische Dogmatik, München Vol V, 1955

Mariology of the popes 21

•• K Algermissen, Boes, Egelhard, Feckes, Michael Schmaus, Lexikon der Marienkunde, Verlag Friedrich Pustet,Regensburg, 1967

• Remigius Bäumer, Leo Scheffczyk (Hrsg.) Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe, Institutum Marianum Regensburg,1994, ISBN 3-88096-891-8 (cit. Bäumer)

• Stefano De Fiores, (Marianum) Maria, sintesi di valori. Storia culturale di mariologia. Cinisello Balsamo 2005;• Stefano de Fiores, (Marianum), Maria. Nuovissimo dizionario. 2 Vols. Bologna 2006;• Mariology Society of America http:/ / mariologicalsocietyofamerica. us• The Marian Library at University of Dayton http:/ / campus. udayton. edu/ mary• Acta Apostolicae Sedis, referenced as AAS by year.• Pope Pius IX, Apostolic Constitution

• Apostolic Constitution Ineffabilis Deus (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ library/ docs_pi09id. htm)

• Encyclical Fulgens Corona on the Vatican website (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ pius_xii/encyclicals/ documents/ hf_p-xii_enc_08091953_fulgens-corona_en. html)

• Encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam on the Vatican website (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ pius_xii/encyclicals/ documents/ hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en. html)

• Encyclical Mystici Corporis Christi on the Vatican website (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ pius_xii/encyclicals/ documents/ hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en. html)

• Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus on the Vatican Website (http:/ / www. vatican. va/holy_father/ pius_xii/ apost_constitutions/ documents/ hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html)

• Pope John Paul II, encyclical, apostolic letters and addresses• Encyclical Redemptoris Mater on the Vatican website (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ john_paul_ii/

encyclicals/ documents/ hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en. html)• Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae on the Vatican Website (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/

john_paul_ii/ apost_letters/ documents/ hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en. html)• Pope John Paul II on Saint Louis de Montfort (http:/ / www. catholicregister. org/ content/ view/ 1402/ 857/ )• Pope John Paul II, Address to the Mariology Forum (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ john_paul_ii/

speeches/ 2000/ oct-dec/ documents/ hf_jp-ii_spe_20001031_forum-mariologia_en. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 22

Article Sources and ContributorsMariology of the popes  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=594421978  Contributors: ADM, Ambrosius007, Andrew Maiman, AnonMoos, Auntof6, BD2412, Chris the speller,CommonsDelinker, Dewritech, Dmartelo, Dthomsen8, Esoglou, George.ruben, Grafen, Hmains, Iamthecheese44, Kelisi, Koavf, LilHelpa, Malke 2010, Marauder40, Mark Miller, Martarius,Maryland's isn't Disneyland, Mogism, Pascal666, Paxsimius, Pioneer prefered Lewinsky, Pioneer tells the truth, Pol098, R'n'B, Rjwilmsi, Rschen7754, Vanished userewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Vanished user kijsdion3i4jf, VanishedUserABC, Woohookitty, 14 anonymous edits

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