MEMORYMEMORY

Introduction

Memory - the ability to retain information over time through three processes:Encoding - getting

information inStoring - retainingRetrieving - getting it back

out

Activity 1 - Stare at the picture for one minute. When instructed to do so, turn that page over and answer the questions from the “memory quiz.”

A. Three Types of Memory

Objectives 6.1; 6.2; 6.3

1. Information Processing Model (or, 3 stage processing)

Sensory Memory Working (Short-Term) Memory Long-Term Memory

Info-Processing Model - Graphic

Forgotten Forgotten

Sensory Memory

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Retrieval

Encode Encode

B. Sensory Memory

1. Initial process that holds incoming information for an instant to several seconds

2. Functions Prevents being overwhelmed Gives decision time Provides stability, playback and

recognition

3. 2 types Iconic - visual Echoic - auditory

Memorize!

Look at each of the following for 20 seconds. When I say stop, write down what you remember.

4 8 3 7 9 2 5 1 6

T X W M K Y R K L

C. Short Term Memory: Working

1. DefinitionHold limited amount of info:

7 items for 2 to 30 seconds

2. Two featuresLimited duration & capacityMaintenance rehearsal -

intentionally repeating or rehearsing

3. InterferenceWhen new info enters short-

term memory and pushes out info that is already there

4. ChunkingCombining separate items of

info into a larger unit, or chunk

5. Functions of short-term memory Attending

Selectively attend to info that is relevant

RehearsingHold info for a short period of time

StoringHelps encode info into long-term

memory

Activity 2

Follow the instructions on the sheet provided to you - no talking! Then listen to the following statements.

Practice Quiz

1. The initial kind of memory which holds information in a “raw” form for a few seconds is called:

a) Short-term memoryb) Sensory memoryc) Chunking memoryd) Long-term memory

2. Iconic memory is a form of sensory memory which holds:a. auditory informationb. visual informationc. general knowledge, facts & definitionsd. knowledge about performing motor skills

3. An unlimited amount of information can be stored in:a. sensory memoryb. long-term memoryc. working memoryd. echoic memory

4. Short-term memory is also referred to as:a. working memoryb. sensory memoryc. semantic memoryd. long-term memory

5. A main reason information disappears from short-term memory is:a. interference b. lack of rehearsalc. lack of motivationd. low intelligence

SourNiceCandyHoneySugarSodaBitterChocolateGoodHeartTasteCakeToothTartPie

D. Long-Term Memory: Storing

1. Long-term memory Process of storing almost

unlimited amount of info over long periods of time Potential to retrieve (remember)

Need encoding and retrieval Primacy-recency effect

2. Types of Long-term memory Declarative

Semantic - Knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions and language rules

Episodic - Knowledge of specific event, personal experiences or activities

Procedural (nondeclarative)Memories for motor skills, some

cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning

F. Encoding: Transferring

1. Two kinds of encodinga. Automatic encoding

w/o effort and usually w/o awareness

What did you eat for breakfast today?Was the last time you studied during

the day or night?You know the meanings of these very

words you are reading. Are you actively trying to process the definition of the words?

b. Effortful encodingworking hard to rehearse info

or by making associations between new & old infoMemorizing your notes for your

upcoming examsRepeating a phone number in

you head until you can write it down

c. Rehearsing & EncodingMaintenance rehearsal -

repeating w/o new associations

Elaborative rehearsal - using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new & old info

d. Levels of processingTheory says that

remembering depends on how information is encodedShallow processing: poor recallDeeper and deepest

processing: encode by making new associations

G. Repressed Memories

Process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mindsControversy: Implanting false

memories: Elizabeth Loftus’ research

QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

H. Cultural Diversity

I. Unusual Memories

1. Photographic memoryEidetic imagery: occurs in

children

2. Flashbulb memoryEncoded effortlessly & in

great detail

What are the 20 digits of pi?

1.The amount of information that can be processed in working memory is typically increased through:a. mood convergenceb. chunkingc. elaborative rehearsald. free recall

2. Working memory performs three functions. Which of the following is NOT among the three functions?a. holds information for a short period of timeb. promotes storage in long-term memoryc. selectively attend to information that is relevantd. provides a location for network nodes

3. Carlos memorizes a list of 10 grocery items that he needs to buy later that day at SuperOne supermarket. When at the grocery store, he will have the greatest difficulty remembering the:a. ones in the middle of the listb. first one on the listc. last itemd. next to last item

4. Cultures that value oral traditions tend to perform better on memory tasks that require encoding of information:a. organized in hierarchiesb. presented as part of a play or dramac. presented rapidlyd. presented orally

5. Create a network hierarchy.

Module 12: Remembering & Forgetting

A. Organization of Memories

1. Network theory of memoryorganization

theory says that we store related ideas in separate categories, or files, called nodes

a. Associations linking of nodes together by making

associations between new and old information

b. Network thousands of interconnected nodes, which

form an enormous cognitive network for arranging and storing files

c. Organization of network hierarchyArranging memory files (nodes) so

that general information is broken down into more specific info

Create a personal example in your notes

B. Forgetting Curves

Unfamiliar and uninterestingFamiliar and interesting

C. Reasons for Forgetting

1. Overview: forgetting inability to retrieve, recall, or

recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory

Repression

C. Reasons for Forgetting

2. How do we forget?a. poor retrieval cues/poor encoding

retrieval cues are mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images or creating associations between new & old information

b. Interference recall of some particular memory is

blocked by other related memoriesProactive interference

occurs when old information (learned earlier) WORKS FORWARD to block or disrupt the remembering of related new information (learned later)

Retroactive interference occurs when new information (learned later)

WORKS BACKWARD to block or disrupt the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier)

c. Amnesiamay be temporary or permanent, is loss of

memory that may occur after a blow or damage to the brain or after disease

The Rumor Chain

d. Distortionwe misremember something due to memory

distortions caused by bias or suggestibilitySchema - a mental category or construct

Retrieval cuesmental reminders that you create by forming

vivid mental images of information, or associating new information with information that you already know

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenonrefers to having a strong feeling that a

particular word can be recalled, but despite making a great effort, we are temporarily unable to recall this particular information

D. Biological Bases of Memory

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-11/memory/brain-interactive.html

E. Mnemonics: Memorization Methods

Method of LociLet’s take a walk around the

house!Peg MethodOne = bunTwo = shoeFour = doorFive = hiveSix = sticksSeven = heavenEight = gateNine = vineTen = hen