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Memory
Types of Memory
Sensory
Short term
Long term
Sensory Memory
What: colors, tastes, smells, tones, touch
How Stored: Unanalyzed
How Much: Everything
How Long: Measured in Milliseconds
Sensory Memory
We don't want to store everything we see feel, hear 24/7 or it would be overload
(Dreams are often made up of things we perceived but didn't attend to)
Short Term MemoryWorking Memory
What: post it note memory
solving problems in head remembering what you said after being distracted memorizing phone numbers simultaneous interpretation
How stored: analyzed and stored
How much: between 5 and 9 things
How long: 10-15 seconds
How much can we remember?
How about four letters?
Remember the letters you see
Remember the letters you see
E Z N J
Remember the letters you see
Remember the letters you see
X U V L
Remember the 7 numbers you see
Remember the 7 numbers you see
5 3 8 0 4 6 2
Remember the 7 numbers you see
Remember the 13 numbers you see
2 7 1 5 4 8 3 9 6 2 0 6 7
Remember the 13 numbers you see
Remember the 16 numbers you see
1492 1776 1945 2014
Remember the 16 numbers you see
1492 1776 1945 2014
Why is this different?
Long Term Memory
What: repository of our knowledge in world general knowledge, personal experiences
How stored: Depends on what memory it is
How much: Potentially infinite (lifelong?)
How long: Potentially infinite
Kinds of Long Term Memory
Declarative
Episodic Semantic
Procedural
Declarative Memory
Knowing what
Conscious knowledge
Knowledge of facts, events
What did you have for breakfast How do you calculate the average
Is easy to describe to others
Declarative Memory
Episodic Memory
personal memory, not shared with others memory of experiences, emotions, context autobiographical with person as actor
Semantic Memory
impersonal memory, shared with others facts, knowledge, concepts, word meaning
Procedural Memory
Knowing how (compared to what)
Unconscious, tacit, skills
ride bike chew speak
Is hard to describe to others
What kind of memory is language?
Words
Word meanings
Sentences (are they stored?)
Motor skills in speech
Ability to understand (Can you explain how?)
Word Frequency
Little Bo-Peep has lost her sheep,
And can't tell where to find them;
Leave them alone, And they'll come home,
Wagging their tails behind them.
Token frequency of them: 3
Type frequency of them: 1
Word Frequency
The North Wind and the Sun disputed as to which was the most powerful, and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a
wayfaring man of his clothes.
Token frequency of -ed: 3
Type frequency of -ed: 1
Token frequency of past tense: 4
Number of types of past tense: 2
What makes speech perception hard
Sounds are not put side by side like letters are
A round lemon and a melon (In PRAAT) Different people have different voices
Different people have different accents
The same person's pronunciation of same word is never exactly the same
Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical
What makes speech perception hard
Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical
What makes speech perception hard
Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical Speech sounds are on a continuum, are not categorical
These are all [I], but they differ
Light compared to speech
We can say color is halfway between blue and green (continuous perception)
Even though two speech sounds may be different we don't say “that consonant is halfway between [d] and [t] (categorical perception)
Motor Theory of Speech Perception
How can you account for perception in the face of so much variation?
If speaking and hearing activate same parts of brain then hearing it helps you know how you say it and vice versa
Speech Perception
So articulatory features help perception
Could visual features affect perception?
McGurk Effect
