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1960s Many models of memory proposed

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal Model

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory

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Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

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Sensory Memory

Short-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

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Serial Position Effect

Recency Effect

Kintsch & Buschke (1969)

Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence

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Recency Effect

Primacy Effect

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How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS?

How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?

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H.M. - Epileptic- Temporal Lobes /

Hippocampus- STM ---> LTM disrupted

K.F. - Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex- LTM Normal- STM capacity severely limited

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The dog bit the man and the man died.

vs.

The man the dog bit died.

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More recent research challenges the

strict coding distinction

Recency Effect challenged

Neuroscience evidence

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Sensory memory or sensory

register

Visual, auditory, touch, taste,

smell

Relatively raw, unprocessed form

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Stimuli change

Maintain for selection and further

processing

Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a

single unitary perception

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Sperling (1960)

Averbach & Sperling (1961)

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*

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J Z G B

S X P L

R M Q F

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*

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Y Q C H

N D R J

V B K S

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1. Location

2. Usefulness

3. Saccades

4. Nature of the code

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1 K 5 L

H J 3 B

7 D 8 T

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Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the

echo

Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972)

Differences from iconic memory

Crowder (1982)

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Nature of Forgetting

Duration

Nature of Code

Capacity

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Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Trigram task

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KHR

Delay / Distractor

Recall Trigram

0 – 18seconds

(947, 946, 945. . . 939)

K X J

P L G

S Y T

H Z R

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Conrad (1964)

Visual display of letters

Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’ but not ‘F’ for ‘E’)

Wickelgren (1965)

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K Z L F

distractor tasks(copy down 4 new letters)

C B G D X M I W

recall original 4 letters

Sensory Memory

Short-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

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Limited Capacity (7 + 2)

Digit Span Task

Difficulties

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Chunking

Recoding:(1 4 9 2 ----> ‘1492’ Columbus)

Chase & Ericsson (1982)

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Initial Session (8 digits):Digit Series: 1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4SF’s Recall: 105

31874 Later Session (11 digits):

Digit Series: 90756629867SF’s Recall: 907

56629867

SF’s Report: 9:07 a 2-mile time

Still Later Sessions (22 digits):Digit Series: 4131778406034948709462SF’s Recall: 413.1 / 77.84 / 0603

494 / 870 / 946.2SF’s Report: 4:13.1 mile time

06:03 mile time 9:46.2 2-mile time

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Decay vs. Interference

Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task

Varying the type of distractor task and stimulus material

Keppel & Underwood (1962)

PI = Proactive Interference

Wickens et. al. - Release from PI

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16 digits -----> probe digit

5 1 9 6 3 5 1 4 2 8 6 7 3 9 4

9 8 3 7 5 7 1 4 9 3 8 6 2 7 5 2

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Trial 1 – ‘HJX’

Trial 2 – ‘RLB’

Trial 3 – ‘ZNF’

Control Experimental ‘GST’ ‘493’

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Revision of STM

3 part system

Baddeley

Dual task paradigm

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Figure 4.5 with caption

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AB

‘A’ precedes ‘B’? T or F

‘B’ is preceded by ‘A’ . T or F

‘B’ does not precede ‘A’. T or F

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1. Study 6 pictures 1. Study 6 pictures while saying “la, la, la . . .”

2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part, and name it.

2. Create mental image, subtract a specific part and name it.

3. Number of correct items: 2.7

3. Number of correct items: 3.8

Condition 1 Condition 2

? Fish

Result?

Read the following words. When you have finished look away and try to remember them:

England, Burma, Greece, Spain, Iceland, Malta, Laos

Again read the words, look away and try to remember them:

Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Philippines, Madagascar

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• Difficult to Estimate

• Different meanings (storage capacity vs.processing capacity)

• Digit Span Task

• Miller – “The Magical Number Seven,Plus or Minus Two . . .”

• 7 ± 2