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8/6/2019 Migration - 1st Year
1/45
MIGRATION
15th Batch PGDHM (2010-2012)
Dr Shilpi Mishra SharmaIIHMR, Jaipur
8/6/2019 Migration - 1st Year
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WWHATHAT ISIS MMIGRATIONIGRATION??
A move from one area to another area during give
interval of time
Geographic movement of people across a specified
boundary for the purpose ofestablishing a new
permanent or semi-permanent residence
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IITTSS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT??
Adynamic process - constantly changing Earth's landscapes and
modifying its cultures
Third Component of Population Change
Population change determined by ..
Basic Demographic EquationBasic Demographic Equation
Pt+n Pt = Births Deaths + In M Out M
Or
Population Change = Natural Increase + Net Migration
In absence of Migration Data
Net Migration = Population Change - Natural IncreasePGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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WWHYHY ITIT ISIS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT??
Developing world less important as a determinant of pop changey Demographic transition Middle of demographic transition
y High fertility and low mortality
y Migration across international boundaries less than migration within
Developed world more importanty Low fertility and mortality
Population change in province, districts, cities great importance
Determines size, Rate, Structure and Characteristics drastic
effect
Distribution of the population
Growth of labour force
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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MMIGRANTIGRANT??
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Duration ?
Certain distance?
Not simply a matter of moving certain distance for a certain length of
time
Attitude of Mind Concept of Intention Future Intention
Statistics-gathering organisation arbitrary criteria
International : duration 1 year
Internal : crossing political/administrative boundaries with an
intention
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MMIGRANTIGRANT
Who change his usual place
y least once during the migration interval.
y
Indian context, village in rural
town in urban
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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONSFor migration: area or place - a move is made
For migrants: an area of residence
at the beginning of migration interval from which
last move made for the current migration interval
For migration: area in which a move terminates
For migrants: area of residence at the end of
migration interval
Total number of moves made during a given
migration intervaly common area of origin and of destination
y Mij - area i toj
y Mji - opposing stream
y Larger - dominant stream
y Smaller - Counter stream or the reverse streamPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Area of
Origin:
Area of
Destination:
Migration
Streams:
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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS
First move, place of destination
More than one move from place of birth or usual residenceplace of destination
Moves back to the area of formal residence
necessary to know origin and destination at least two
migration period
not all return migrations are identified
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Primary
Migrants
Secondary
Migrants
Return
Migrant
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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS
Aperson whose area of residence at
census/survey date differs from his area of
birth
Number of such persons in a population
yAll the intercensal moves
y
Return MigrationyDies before Census
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Lifetime
Migrant
Lifetime
Migration
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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS IINTERNATIONALNTERNATIONAL
MMIGRATIONIGRATION
Amove into a new country
An international migrant who enters
the area from a place outside the
country
Amove out of home country
An international migrant departing
to another country by crossing the
international boundary
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Immigration
Immigrant
Emigration
Emigrant
A move across international boundary
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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS IINTERNALNTERNAL MMIGRATIONIGRATION
Amovement into a new administratively
defined area Area of Destination
a person who enters a migration-defining
area by crossing its boundary from some
point outside the area
Amovement out of a administratively
defined area Area ofOrigin
a person who moves out from a migration-
defining area by crossing its boundary to a
point outside it
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
In migration
In migrant
Out migration
Out migrant
A move within a Country
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DDEFINITIONSEFINITIONS
all moves or all migrants (Volume of Migration)
y Turnover - the sum of in-migration and out-
migration, or of in-migrants and out--migrants
Balance of movements in opposite directions
y difference between in-migration and out-migration
y in-migration exceeds out-migration - "net in-
migration (+)
y out-migration exceeds in-migration - "net out-
migration (-)
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Gross
Migration
Net
Migration
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TYPES OF MIGRATION
Stream of Migration
Internal migration: movements between rural and urban areas
1. Rural to rural migration
2. Rural to urban migration
3. Urban to rural migration
4. Urban to urban migration
Rural to urban migration - most important
y contributes to the transfer of labour force from the
traditional agricultural sector to the urbanized industrial
sector
y linked with the process of urbanization
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RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION
Rural to Urban Migration: A District LevelAnalysis for India
Author - Mitra, Arup Murayama, Mayumi
Abstract
Based on the recent census data this paper
analyses the district level rural to urban
migration rates (both intra-state and the inter-
state) among males and females separately.
Both the rates are closely associated irrespectiveof whether the migrants originate from the rural
areas within the state or outside the state. This
would suggest that women usually migrate as
accompanists of the males.
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ABSTRACT CONTD
Though many of the relatively poor and
backward states actually show large population
mobility, which is primarily in search of a
livelihood, the mobility of male population is also
seen to be prominent in the relatively advanced
states like Maharashtra and Gujarat. Rapid
migration of rural females within the boundaries
of the states is, however, evident across most of
the regions.
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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ABSTRACT CONTD
The social networks, which play an important
role in the context of migration are prevalent
among the short distance migrants and tend to
lose their significance with a rise in the distance
between the place of origin and destination
though there are some exceptions to this
phenomenon. Besides the north-south divide in
the Indian context is indeed a significant
phenomenon with a few exceptions ofmetropolitan cities.
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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ABSTRACT CONTD
As regards the effect of factors at the place of
destination, prospects for better job opportunities
are a major determinant of male migration.
Low castes and minority groups tend to pullmigration through network effects.
Among females also these effects are evident
though with the inclusion of the male migration
rate they become less significant.
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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TYPES OF MIGRATION DISTANCE OF
MIGRATION
Short Distance Migration
y People moving out to areas under different blocks/
regions but within the same district
R R migration
Medium Distance Migration
y When migrants settle in a district different from the
earlier one but within the same state
Long Distance Migration
y The movement is between two states within the samecountry or between two different countries
y 1 & 2 are exclusively related to internal migration
y 3 refers to both internal and international migration
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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SSOURCESOURCES OFOF DDATAATA
Census:
y Most important source of data on internal migration
y Direct questions on internal migration cover
Place of birth,
Place of last residence,
Duration of residence in the place of enumeration
Place of residence on a specified data before the census
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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2001 CENSUS
Table D
Place of birth
Place of last residence
Reason for migrationy Employment,
y Education,
y Marriage,
y Family moved
y Natural calamities
y Others.
Duration of residence at the place of enumeration
Classification of Migration : rural to urban, urban to rural,rural to rural and urban to urban
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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CENSUS
migration within a district
migration across a district
boundary
migration within a state
migration across a state boundary
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Intra-district migration:
Inter-district migration:
Intra-State migration:
Inter-State migration:
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Surveys:
Useful in supplementing the information obtained from a nationalcensus - in depth
Characteristics of the migrants
y Motives for migration
y Attitudes towards migration
Rounds of the National Sample Survey : 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th,
15th
, 49th
, 55th
Independent Agencies: In 1965, a sample survey on RuralMigration Patterns in Southern Maharashtra by IIPS, Bombay
Population Registers:
Information on internal moves involving residential changes -recorded in continuous population registers.
Useful for an analysis of interval between each internalmigration.
Korea, Taiwan, SwedenPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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METHODS OF MEASURING INTERNAL
MIGRATION
Direct techniques: based on data obtained from direct
questions obtained from data source:
(a) the place of birth of the person,
(b) the last or previous place of residence of the person,
(c) the duration of stay of a person at the present place of
residence
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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PPLACELACE OFOF BBIRTHIRTH
(i) Migrants or life-time migrants, defined as persons
who are enumerated in a place which is different
from the place where they were born; and
(ii) Non-migrants defined as persons who were
enumerated in the place where they were born
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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Out Migrants from the Region A NAB + NAC = OA
In-Migrants in Region A NBA + NCA = IA
Diagonal element NAA, NBB, NCC: non-migrants of region A, B,
C
Net Migrants to the Region A= NMA = IA - OA
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Region of
Birth
Region of Enumeration Total
A B C
A NAA
NAB
NAC
NA
B NBA
NBB
NBC
NB
C NCA
NCB
NCC
NC
Total N.A N.B N.C N
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AADVANTAGESDVANTAGES ANDAND DDISADVANTAGESISADVANTAGES
Advantage:
Question - simple and easy to ask and easily understood Easy to remember his/her place of birth,
Accurate and complete.
Disadvantage:
Single movement
All persons enumerated at their places of birth are non-migrants
Exclusion of return-migrants
Concerns:
Answers to the census questionnaire by head of household
Not to know the exact birth place of each member Possibility of deliberate misreporting for some political reasons
Tendency to report a better-known place, instead of a little known or aremote rural place
Boundary changes in the political regions
Girls to go to their parents' homes for their first deliveryPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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DDURATIONURATION OFOF RRESIDENCEESIDENCE
Person living in the place of enumeration all through live -non-migrant.
Ever migrated:
(a) those born outside the area of enumeration
(b) those born in the area of enumeration who had at sometime lived outside it (return migrants).
Advantage:
y return migrants
2001 census:
(a) less than 1 year
(b) 1 to 5 years
(c) 5 to 9 years
(d) 10 year and abovePGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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PPLACELACE OFOF LLASTAST RRESIDENCEESIDENCE
Place of last residence - all migrants and covers all persons whohad migrated at any time during their life-time
In order to ask Last move important to ask place of birth
Place of last residence cross-classified - place of enumeration
y volume of in-migration, out-migration and net migration
Place of last residence - useful - when cross-classified duration of
residence
Advantage
y Reflects on a direct movement from the place of origin to the
place of destinationPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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MMIGRATIONIGRATION RRATEATE
The number of migrants - may have migrated during a givenmigration interval.
MR =
Where:
MR = Rate of migration for the specified migration interval
M = Number of migrations or migrants
P=Population exposed to the likelihood of migration during the
interval
K=100 or 1000.
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
kP
M*
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CCHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICS OFOF MMIGRANTSIGRANTS Age
y Adolescents and Youth Adults
y 15-20 and 20-35
Sex
y Revenstein 1985: Females appears to be dominate among shortjourney migrants
y
Asian and African Studies Urbanization Male predominates Urban areas
y Rural Migration Pattern female predominates
y Latin America, North America, Europe : reverse pattern
Marital Status
y Unmarried tend to move more than marriedy Half of the female migrate because of marriage
Educational Attainment
y Important component
y
Considerable higher educated than population in generalPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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WWHYHY DDOO PPEOPLEEOPLE MMIGRATEIGRATE ??
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION
Push-Pull Dichotomy
Biological Characteristics of Migrants
y Age
y
Sex differencey Racial difference
y Difference in intellectual ability
y Physical strength
Social Characteristics of Migrants
Individual Characteristics of Migrants
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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EFFECTS OF MIGRATION
Migration - Aprocess of population redistributionboth at national and international level
Sending State and receiving state
y Change in the parameter of population such as
Aparticular age-sex group Aparticular religion and caste group
Professionals
Skilled or unskilled labor
y In large scale migration Lasting effect on the
composition of both sending and receiving state Preference of a particular area among migrants
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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EFFECTS OF MIGRATION
Effect of Migration on individual moving out & alsoon the people where they settle
y No effect on biological characteristics such as race, caste,
religion, intellectual level
y Effect on physical capacity depending upon how easily
one could adapt to the changing climatic condition and
physical and social environment
y Substantial change in education, profession and social life
Effect on birth and death
y Birth and death may get affected if migration between twoareas continue for long time leaving significant effect on
composition of the population
Social Consequences of migration
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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IIMPACTMPACT OFOF MMIGRATIONIGRATION ONON HHEALTHEALTH
Epidemic / pandemic
y 1881 Cholera in India 300,000 died n Russia alone
y 1918 Spanish Flue epidemic killed 20 Million people
y SARS (SARS Coronavirus) (2002 03 - China) 37 countries within 6
months 8096 know infected 774 deaths American Businessman traveling through CHINApneumonia like
symptoms died in Vietnam
y Chikungunya in 2006-07 (Aedes) (tropical Africa and Asia reunionislands) Human mosquito human transmission
y H1N1 (Swine Flue) 2009 First Case reported in US Outbreak in Maxico
y Re-emergence of malaria in the areas Effective malaria eradication campaigns in 1950s and 60s.
Exposure to disease
transport mosquitoesPGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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IIMPACTMPACT OFOF MMIGRATIONIGRATION ONON HHEALTHEALTH
y Task Force of International Union against TB and Lung
CancerHigh TB cases of foreign migrants
y HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases: mobilitykey factor
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Health status of migrantsHealth status of migrants
U Residents - R U Migrants R Non Migrants
Ghana - infant mortality is low among r-u migrants
Increase in female education, use of health services and
family planning
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INTERNALMIGRATION
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PPLACELACE OFOF LLASTAST RRESIDENCEESIDENCE
30.4
61.5
23.7
13.1
1.6
Tot l i r tion Intr - i tri t
i r nt
Int r- i tri t
i r nt
Int r- t t
i r nt
Int rnational
i rant
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
314,541,350
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TTRENDREND ININ IINTERNALNTERNAL ANDAND IINTERNATIONALNTERNATIONAL
MMIGRATIONIGRATION BYBY PPLACELACE OFOF LLASTAST RRESIDENCEESIDENCE
30.329.1 30.4
27.1
1.4 0.9 0.7 0.4
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
1971 1981 1991 2001
% Internal Migrants % of International Migrants to Total
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
159.6 m 200.5 m220.7 m 300.9 m
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PPERCENTERCENT DDISTRIBUTIONISTRIBUTION OFOF MMIGRANTSIGRANTS
BB SSTREAMTREAM (0(0--99 DURATIONDURATION), I), INDIANDIA20012001
60 6
17 6
6 5
12 1
26 6
38 2
6
26 7
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
R al t
R al
R al t
Urba
Urba t
R ral
Urba t
Urba
R ral t
R ral
R ral t
Urba
Urba t
R ral
Urba t
Urba
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Intra State Inter State
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SEXRATIO MIGRANTS, 2001
(MALE PER 1000FEMALE)
422
323
481
865
1085
All M
r ts tr
str
t
migr
ts
ter istrict
migr
ts
ter st te
migr
ts
ter ti
l
migr
ts
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
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SSEXEXRRATIOATIO BYBY RRURALURAL & U& URBANRBAN SSTREAMTREAM
(0(0--99YEARSYEARS), 2001), 2001
MMALESALES PERPER1000
F1000
FEMALESEMALES
257
842
651
796
648
1480
984 970
Ru al
Ru al
Ru al
a
a
Ru al
a
a
Ru al
Ru al
Ru al
a
a
Ru al
a
a
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
Intra State Inter State
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RREASONEASON FORFOR MMIGRATIONIGRATION
((DURATIONDURATION 00--99YEARSYEARS),), IINDIANDIA, 2001, 2001
37.6
2.96.2
2.1
10.4
25.1
15.7
3.20.3 1.3
64.9
4.8
18.9
6.7
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
Work-
ployment
B
ine ss Educ ation Marriage Movedafter
irt
Moved wit
ousehold
Other
Male Female
PGDHM 15th Batch (First Year) by Dr Shilpi Mishra Sharma
14. 43. 1.. .1. 3.
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MMAJORAJOR
MMIGRATIONIGRATION
NNETET FFLOWLOW
((DURATIONDURATION
00--99YEARSYEARS),),IINDIANDIA, 2001, 2001