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Dario Hidalgo, PhDAileen Carrigan, MUP
December 14th, 2010
1
Modernizing Public Transport: Lessons
Learned from Bus Reforms in Latin
America and Asia
http://www.embarq.org/en/modernizing-
public-transportation
Projects with very different scope
5
One corridor Several corridors
Feeder lines
Route reorganization
of the whole city
No Inte
gra
tion
Inte
gra
tion
Metrobús – Mexico (1, 2)
BRT – Beijing (1, 2, 3)
TransMilenio - Bogotá
Metrovía - Guayaquil
Jakarta (1, 2, 3)
Quito (Trole, Ecovía, North)
Transantiago
Interligado – Sao PauloMegabús - Pereira
RIT - Curitiba
Rea Vaya -Johannesburg
Janmarg – Ahmedabad
Istanbul, Turkey
Optibus – Leon, Guanajuato
Transmetro – Guatemala
Metropolitano - Lima
BRT - Guanzhou
Macrobús - Guadalajara MIO - Cali
Metrolínea- BucaramangaTransmetro - Barranquilla
Reviewed
All the reviewed systems include BRT
components
6
Exclusive bus
lanes
Large buses with
multiple doors
Stations with prepayment
and level access
Centralized
control
Distinctive
image
Project focus: structural change in
transit provision, not just to build and
operate BRT corridors
Traditional Operation* Transformed Operation
Private operators or associations
under permits or concessions, with
weak supervision by government
New private companies under
contracts and with strong
supervision of government
(new agencies)
* Not applicable to Beijing, Ahmedabad Sao Paulo
Traditional Operation* Transformed Operation
Competition in the market
(“guerra del centavo” penny war)
Competition for the market
(bidding process)
or consolidation of existing
operators (direct negotiation with of
new contracts/concessions)
* Not aplicable to Beijing, Ahmedabad, partial in Sao Paulo
Diverse Sizes
(2009)
Varied throughput
(2009)
Commercial speed
(2009)
Operational productivity
(2009)
Capital productivity
(2009)
Capital Cost
(2009)
User Fares
(2009)
Common issues in Planning
• Insufficient funding for studies and design
• Lack of experience with BRT (staff and local consultants)
• Implementation focus, not adequate preparation
• Low user fares – tight financial planning
• Local implementation teams outside existing bureaucracy (latter staff of new agencies)
19
Trinary Road System-Curitiba
Trolebús en el Centro Histórico - Quito
Fo
to: U
RB
S,
20
00
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
Decision Processes
• Political will and leadership at the top level fast implementation
• Need for regulatory and instutional changes (creation of new agencies)
• Funding from external or new sources
20
Northwestern Terminal – León, México
Metrobús Insurgentes – México DF
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
Rushed implementation – most difficulties
solved within few weeks
• Incomplete infrastructure and fare collection and control systems
• Lack of training for bus operators
• Insufficient user education
• Public protests
21
Fo
to: J. E
rnst 2
00
5
Jakarta
Beijing BRT
Fo
to: D
. H
ida
lgo
20
06
Common operational concerns
• High occupancy levels
• Long waiting times for feeder services
• Road surface maintenance
• Pick-pocketing
22
The main structural problems are institutional
or regulatory
• User fares are defined after political negotiations – absence of
operational subsidies - financial stress
• Expansion is difficult after initial lines
– Opposition from existing operators
– Lack of political priority and funding for infrastructure
• Lack of dedicated funding for maintenance
• Lack of integration with normal bus services (except Santiago, which
suffered from profound planning and implementation difficulties)
23
Fotos: D. Hidalgo 2006, 2007
Megabús – Pereira Metrovía - Guayaquil Transantiago - Santiago
Despite issues, most systems have been
succesful
• Quality and performance are better than in the systems they replaced
• Main achievement: travel time reduction and increased safety and reliability
– Efficiency gains resulted in reduced energy consumption and decreased pollutant emissions
– Improved urban environments
24
Filename/RPS Number
What Went Wrong
• Rushed implementation – several components
incomplete
• Very tight financial planning – non technical user fares
• Very high occupancy levels (160 pax/bus standard for
articulated buses is not accepted by the users)
• Early deterioriation of infrastructure (lack of road surface
reinforcement or problems in design/construction)
• Implementation of fare collection systems requires
longer time tables and very tight supervision
• Insufficient user education
Common problems
Recommendations
• Planning
• Decision process
• Type of implementation
• Implementation process
• Design and operation
• Structural issues
• Further studies
26
¡Muchas Gracias!