Molecules of Cells

Life is Based on Carbon

• Outer shell half full (4 e-)

• Organic Compounds = Contain C (and H)

Hydrocarbons• Compounds of only C and H

• Carbon skeleton (structural formula)– Straight

• Ethane

C C H

HH

H

HH

Hydrocarbons• Compounds of only C and H

• Carbon skeleton (structural formula)– Straight– Branched

• Isobutane

C C

H

H

C H

H

H

H

C

H

HH

H

Hydrocarbons• Compounds of only C and H

• Carbon skeleton (structural formula)– Straight– Branched– Double bonds

C C

H

C H

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

C C

H

C H

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

1-butane 2-butane

Hydrocarbons• Compounds of only C and H

• Carbon skeleton (structural formula)– Straight– Branched– Double bonds– Rings

C

C

H

C

HH

H

CH H

benzene

C C

Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl group (-O-H)– Alcohols

C C H

HH

H

OHH

ethyl alcohol

Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl group (-OH)

• Carbonyl group (CO-)– Aldehyde

C C

HHH

H

HH

propanol

CO

Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl group (-OH)

• Carbonyl group (CO-)– Aldehyde – Keytone

C C

HH

H

OH

acetone

C

H

H

Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl group (-OH)

• Carbonyl group (CO-)

• Carboxyl group (-COOH)

C

OH

O

Functional Groups

• Hydroxyl group (-OH)

• Carbonyl group (CO-)

• Carboxyl group (-COOH)

• Amino group (-NH2)

N

H

H

Macromolecules

• Polymers (Gr. many parts)

• Monomers (single parts)

• Hierarchical organization– Structure = function– Uniqueness of organsims

Dehydration Synthesis

• Linking molecules by removing H2O

HO H HO H

HO + H2OH

Hydrolysis

• Adding H2O to break bonds between molecules

HO H HO H

HO + H2OH

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides– Single carbohydrate units

– Formula = (X)CH2O

• Glucose = C6H12O6

– Hydroxal group - OH– Carbonyl group –COH– Combine to form

polysaccharides

Straight chain

Glucose

Straight chain

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Cellulose

• Most abundant organic polymer on earth.

• Glucose polymer

• Undigestable by most animals– Hooked together differently– Symbiotic relationship

Lipids

• Energy storage Molecule

• Mainly C & H atoms– Nonpolar– Hydrphobic

• Fatty acid molecules– General formula = (CH2)n

– Carbon chain attached to carboxyl group

Fatty Acids

Triglycerides

Other Types – Phospholipids

Steroids

Cholesterol

Waxes

• Have only 1 fatty acid

• More hydrophobic (Structure-function)

• Nature’s waterprofer

Proteins• Structural building blocks of life• 7 Classes

– Structural– Contractile– Storage– Defense– Transport– Signaling– Enzymes

Building Blocks of Proteins

Amino Acid Structure

Peptide Bonds & Protein Structure

Secondary Protein Structure

Tertiary Protein Structure

Quarternary Protein Structure

Protein Denaturation

Nucleic Acids

Polynucleotides

Ribose and Deoxyribose