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8/10/2019 Montano, Bonifacio, Rumboao 1999
1/5
LSEVIER
Aquatic Botany
65
999) 321-325
gu tlc
l ot ny
www.elsevier.coml1ocale/aquabot
Proximate analysis
of
the flour and starch from
Enhalus
acoroides .f.) Royle seeds
M. Nemesio E. Montano Ronald
S
Bonifacio, Rowena Grace O Rumbaoa
Marine Science Institute College Science PO. Box I University the Philippines 1101 iUrnan
Quezon City Philippines
Abstract
The seeds ofthe tropical seagrassEnhalusacoroideswere analyzed for theirnutritive components
to assess their dietary value for hwnans. Proximate analysis of flour prepared by grinding the dried
seeds gave the following results: 9.8 moisture; 8.8 protein; 0.2 fat; 72.4 carbohydrates;
2.4 crude fiber; 6.4 ash; 933 mg/kg calcium; 2392mg/kg phosphorous; and 2813mg/kg iron.
Correspondingly, proximate analysis of the starchprepared from the flour with a 50 yield, resulted
in the following: 11 moisture; 0.8 protein; 1 fat; 87.6 carbohydrates; 0.4 crude fiber;
0.5 ash; 320mg/kg calcium; 210m l phosphorous and; 220 mg/kg iron. Comparison
of
the
proximate analysis results and the calculated caloric values of the seagrass seed flour and starch
showed similarity with those
of
terrestrial origin.
1999 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.
Keywords: Enhalus acoroides; Seagrass seed; Proximate analysis; Flour and Starch; Caloric value
1. Introduction
Seagrasses can surpass the productivity
of
wheat,
com,
rice
hay and
sugar beets Rollon
and Fortes, 1990). This high productivity suggests that seagrasses may be further explored
to benefit humans directly as a source of food. For example, the seeds of Zostera marina
were discovered to be an important traditional food source of the
Sen
Indians Felger
and Moser,
1973).
They made :flour from the seeds and sometimes enriched its flavor by
mixing itwith the
ground
seeds
ofthe
columnar cactus Pachysereuspringlei Valencia et aI.,
1985). Thus, seeds of the seagrass, Enhalus acoroides which is abundant in the Philippines,
might have the same potential as that
of
Z marina. Further, the seeds of this seagrass are
considered edible in
most
parts of the Philippine areas where
beds
are found.
The pods
of
Corresponding author.
03043770/991
- see front matter1999 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.
PIl: S0304-3770 99 00049-2
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322
M N E Montano
l l
Aquatic Botany 65 (1999) 321 325
this marine angiosperm are collected and the raw seeds consumed or, alternatively boiled
before consumption. In some localities, the seed pods are sold
in
the market. This
paper
documents the results
of
proximate analyses of seed flour and starch obtained from the
tropical seagrass acoroides (L.f.) Royle.
2. Materials
and
methods
The pods of acoroides were collected duringits fruiting season (August-Dctober) from
Silaki Island (1626.68 N I 1955.33 E) in Bolinao, Pangasinan located
at
the northwestern
portion of the Philippines. The pods contained 9 to
12
l ight green seeds, 12 to
IS
mm in
height and 11 to 15 mm in diameter.
Crude flour was prepared by drying the seeds in the oven at 60C and grinding to a fine
powder. The starch, as confirmed by iodine test, was extracted from the flour according to
Vail et
a1
(1978). Both the flour and starch were subjected toproximate analyses. Moisture,
ash and crude fiber were determined by gravimetric method; fat by soxWet extraction and
gravimetry; protein by Kjeldahl determination; and carbohydrates
by
difference. Phospho
rus and ironwere determined by ashing-acid digestion and spectrophotometry. The samples
were further determined for their calcium content by ashing-acid digestion and atomic ab
sorption spectrophotometry or titrimetry. The analyses followed the methods described
in the Official Methods
of
Analysis by the Association
of
Official Analytical Chemists
(Helrich, 1990). All analyses were done in triplicate. Energy values were calculated from
the caloric equivalent of the carbohydrate, protein and fat content of the samples (Steven
sonand Miller, 1960). The values were comparedwith those of common flour and starches
listed in the Food Composition Table of the Food and Nutrition Research Institute
of
the
Philippine Department
of
Science and Technology (portugal et aI., 1990).
3
Results
Results of the proximate analysis showed the removal of protein and other components
by the extraction process. Protein content decreased significantly from 8.8 in the flour to
0.8 in the starch. Likewise, ash content was reduced from 6.4 to 0.4 (Table 1). Similarly,
fat and fiber contents were lowered during the extraction process. Only the carbohydrate
content increased indicating that the extraction retained most
of
the starch. The proximate
composition
of
the acoroides seed flour was comparable to those obtained from terrestrial
plants, exceptfor its mineral (ash) content (Table I). Its mineral components(including Ca,
P
and Fe) were significantly higher than common flours such as wheat flour, cassava flour and
rice flour. On the other hand, the proximate composition of the starch from the acoroides
seed did notvary significantly from reported values ofcommon starch (Table 1).The protein,
fat, fiber and ash content of
acoroides
seeds flour were slightly less than the reported
composition of another seagrass seed z
marina
while moisture and carbohydrates were
slightly higher. Meanwhile, the calcium and iron contents of
acoroides
flour exhibited
significantly higher values than that of marina (Table I).
8/10/2019 Montano, Bonifacio, Rumboao 1999
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M N E Montano e/ al Aqua ie Bo/any
65 (1999) 32/-325
323
Table 1
Comparalive proximate analysis values of different flour and starches
Sample
E.
acoroides
Wheat
Cassava Rice
acoroides Arrow root East Indian
Z marina
seeds' flour
floui
seeds starch
arrow root
raw C
starch
starch
Moisture ( )
9.8
12.3 9.5 10.2
12.6 13.5 7.4
Protein ( ) 8.8
12.6
1.1
7.6 0.8 0.1
0.1 11.3
Fat( )
0.2
0.8 0.7 0.3
0.1 0.5
0.5 1.4
Carbohydrates 72.4 73.7 87.8 81.3 87.6 86.4 85.8 65.3
( )
Fiber Yo) 2.4 3.3 1.9
2.1
0.4
0.2 0.3
7.4
Ash
Yo)
6.4
0.6
0.9 0.6 0.5 0.4
0.1
7.1
Calcium 933
820 840 150
320 330
560 7.1
(mglkg)
Phosphorous 2392
1050 370
240 210 240 80
nd
(mglkg)
Iron (mglkg) 2813
10 0
220 72
15
1.0
Energy
327
352
362
358 355 351
348 nd
(calories/I 00 g)
, This study.
Portugal et aI., 1990.
C
Valencia el aI., 1985.
Discussion
The seeds
of
the tropical seagrass E.
acoroides
have been traditionally eaten in the Philip
pines. The raw seeds are described as crunchy and sweet,while boiled seeds aremore starchy
and taste like cooked sweet potato. In addition to being edible, the seeds are thought to have
aphrodisiac and contraceptive properties (Alino et aI., 1990).
The proximate composition of the flour and starch derived from E.
acoroides
seeds was
comparable to flour and starch from terrestrial plants. Consequently, the energy values were
also similar to land plant flour and starches (Table I).
would be interesting to investigate
on whether the seeds contain other nutrients such as vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids
and antioxidants. The slight differences in the proximate composition
of
E.
acoroides
and
marina suggest that the composition of grains from seagrass may vary with species and
geographical location. This study suggests that seagrass seeds could be a staple food along
coastal areas.
If
nutritional and toxicity studies confirm seagrass seeds as a food source,
carbohydrate requirements for human survival in small islands might be possible. With
the objective
of
food production, mariculture
of
the seagrass
E. acoroides
would be the
next logical step. The high flowering frequency
of
E.
acoroides
(as compared with that
of
Cymodecea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii with an average of 2.8 flowers per shoot
per year (Duarte et aI., 1997), seems to support the feasibility of its culture but its low
vegetative growth rate (Duarte, 1991) suggests otherwise.
The bulk of the Filipino diet consists
of
cereal and cereal products (mainly rice and
corn) with a mean one-day per capita consumption of 340 g/day or 124 kg/year equivalent
to 42.3
of
total food intake
(FNRJ,
1995). From our study, each seagrass fruit produces
8/10/2019 Montano, Bonifacio, Rumboao 1999
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324 M.N.E. Montano et al Aquatic Botany 65 1999
321-325
about 6.4 g
of
seeds per fruit. Thus, a hundred percent substitution
of
the cereal diet with
acoroides
seeds would require an equivalent of53 fruits per day.
The study of
acoroides
by Rollon 1998
in
the same area yielded the following data:
l
acoroides
density
is
ca.
10
shoots per quadrat
l
quadrat
= 0.25
m
2
; 2
an average
shoot flowers 1.054 per year; 3 the fruiting female flower ratio is ca. 1.88 out
of
4.79
females; and the average fruit contains ca.
9
seeds. Using these
data
the number of fruits
produced per square meter per year may be computed as follows:
10 shoots
0.25 m2
X
1.054 flowers 1.88 fruits
year shoot 4.79 flowers
6 5
fruits
m
2
year
Combining these data with the number of fruits required to meet the one-day per capita
food consumption of an average Filipino, the total land area required for production may
be estimated according
to
the equation:
53 fruits/day
2
O
04 fru
/
2
d = 1178.78 m
. 5
Its m ay
The large area needed
to
sustain the production of seagrass fruits per day per capita food
production makes mariculture of the seagrass,
acoroides
not feasible. This additional data
support the earlier conclusion. Biotechnological innovations might change the picture but
a thorough ecological and environmental assessment are still needed before the application
of
a new technology.
cknowledgements
This research was partially supported by the ASEAN--eanada Cooperative Programme
on Marine Science - Phase
II
CPMS-II with supplementary funds from the Philippine
Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development
of
the Department
of
Science
and Technology DOST-PCAMRD . Appreciation is
given
to
the staff of the
U P
MSI
Seaweed Building. This paper is U P Marine Science Institute Contribution No. 299.
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