J

\ '·

IGNAZ GOLDZIHER

MUSLIM STUDIES (MUHAMMEDANISCHE STUDIEN)

EDITED BY S. M. STERN

Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford

Translated from the German by

C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern

VO LUM E TWO

London

GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD RUSKIN HOUSE MUSEUM STREET

The original, published by Max Niemeyer in Halle a.s.

bore a dedication

To my dear AUGUST MULLER

in true friendship

-----------~~--~~------

VOLUME TWO

ABB RE VIA TI ONS

PREFACE

CONTENTS

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HADiTH

page 9

r3

I. If adith and Sunna I7 11. Ummayads and 'Abbasids 38

III. The If adith in its relation to the conflicts of the parties in Islam 89

IV. Reaction against the fabrication of /:ladiths !26 v. The lfadith as a means of edification and entertainment 145

VI. 'f alab al-!Jadith 164 VII. The writing down of the lfadith

v1u. The If.aaith Literature

VENERATION OF SAINTS IN ISLAM (I-X)

EXCURSUSES AND ANNOTATIONS

1. The Ummayads asfightersforreligion II. IfadithandNew Testament m. Imitations of the Koran IV. Women in the If adith literature v. Ordeals in sacred places

INDEX

181

189

255

345 346

363

366 369

37I

INDEX

'Abbas, xoo, 102, 106, 107 Ibn 'Abbas, 39, 133, 141, 147, 154 Abu'l- 'Abbas al-Nisaburi, 240 'Abbasids, 27, 29, 39, 48, 50, 53,

54, 59--68, 71, 75, 76, 87, 97-101, 105-8, IIO-I2, 117, 119, 122,

123, 189, 192, 193, 324, 325 'Abd Allah b. 'Amr b. al- 'A~, 23 'Abd Allah b. Lahi 'a, 126, 183 'Abd al-Malik, 44, 45, 49, 50, 60,

67, II7, 149, 186, 191, 345 tAbd al-Qadir, 289 'Abd al-Rahman b. al-Mahdi, 25,

r36, 168 tAbd al-Razzaq, 47, 151, 168 Abrogation, 32, 87, 88, 90, 141 abwab, 214, 227 •adl, 136 Adonis, 301, 304 a[idatha, 28 afikarn, 230, 248 'A'isha, 28, 102, 109, u4, 122, 161,

257, 272, 285 Abu'l- 'Ala' al-Ma 'arri, 132, 287,

301, 334, 364, 365 'Ali b. Abi Talib, 24, 27, 28, 44, 50,

51,61,90, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106,110-14,116,118,120,122-4, 134, 15~ 161, 207, 208, 273, 277, 282, 300, 301, 324, 331, 332, 334, 356

'Alids, 39, 43, 54, 61, 92, 98, 99, lOI-3,105,107-15, 118, 120,123, 128, 272, 273, 287, 322

Almohads, 33, 243, 356 'Amr b. al- 'A~. 50, 157 'Amr b. Shu 'ayb, 23, 184 'an, 228 analogy, 80, 178

Anas b. Malik, 25,.31, 41, 58, II4, 117, 151, 250, 323

Am?ar, 17, 23, 40, II4, 347, 355 'Antar, Romance of, 37, 160, 266,

293 Aphrodite, 301 Arabs, 17, 25, 26, 38-40, 51,59, 60,

65, 80, 97, II8, 122; their divi-sion into Northern and Southern,

57 'arrj,, 205 Arslan, 268 Ibn Abi 'Aruba, 196, 197 Ibn 'Asakir, x74, 186, 367 asceticism, 356-8 a§l:tab al-'f!,adith, 8r, 82, 88, 2r.5, 216,

220, 234, 238 a$[iab al ra'y, 78, 215, 234 Ash 'arites, 337, 338, 340 Asma' hint Umays, 22, 23 al-A{ima 'i, I J.6, 160, 364 athar, 2 I, 36 atha·r, 323 lbn al-Athir, 156, 173, 246 a/riif, 244 Ibn 'Awn, 52, 135, 154 Al-Awza 'i, 25 'ayn, 21 al-Azhar, r67, 183

al-Badawi, 262, 266, 283, 307·-·IO Badr, n9, 193, 212, 231, 260, 351,

370 al-Baghawi, 241, 247, 248 Baghdad, 63, 64, 66, 69-71, 146,

151, 154. 158 Abu Bakr, 22, 58, 62, 92, 96, 98,

I02, 105, 106, Tll, IT2, 156, 28T. 34.'5

372 INDEX

Abii Bakr al-I:lazmi, 195, 196 Baqi b . Makhlad al-Qurtubi, 177,

239 Barmakids, 30, 63, 100, 300 barnamaj, 173 Bashshar b. Burd, 150, 363 Ba~ra. 39, ·55, 82, II6, 122, 124,

154, 157, 165 Ibn Battuta. 210, 284, 367 bayif4, 219 al-Bayhaqi, 244, 248 al-Bazzar, 243 Bedouin saints, 291-3. Bedouins, 298, 353 Berbers, 283, 295, 3II, 312, 315,

321 bid'a, 26, 28, 33-7, 43, 126, 136 ,

234, 288, 310, 322, 335, 337; distinction between good and bad, 36, 37

Birk al-Ghumad, 165 Black Stone, 45, 333, 334 Bubastis, 306, 309 al-Bukhari, 52, 54, 56, 120. 138,

144, 154, 168, 177, 213, 215-17, 219, 220, 222, 225-30, 232-4, 236-8, 240, 242, 286, 366, 367

al-burda, 60, 61 Byzantine law, 79

Camel, Battle of the, 122, 124 cats, 306

dar al-fi,adith, 174. 175 al-Daraqutni, 236, 243, 24 7 al-Darimi, 76, 140, q3, 148, 237-9,

241, 243, 247 al-Dasuqi, 265, 307 dates, origin of deglet nur, 289 Abii Dawud, 25, 42, 122, 229-32,

235, 236, 239, 240 death penalty, 199, 200 dervishes, 265, 267, 276, 284, 3r8

335 al-DhahabI, 162, 250, 251 dhahib al-fi,adith, 137 dhawq, 144 IbnDi~ya, 172, 174 ~imar, 21 din, 62, 82, 96, I2l, 291, 345 Ditch, Battle of the, 162, 347 divorce, 217 Druzes, III du'a', 58, 232, 234, 269 Durayd b. al-Simma, 160, 234 Elijah, 250

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, III, 338, 339, 362, 365

Ibn al-Faqih, 124 Fatima, 22, 102, ro3, no, 274 Fatima bint 'Ali, 366 Fatimids, 277 fatwa, 75, 178, 198, 310, 335 fiqh, 77, 78, 8~ 83, 14~ 174· 1751

193, 194, 197, 199, 203, 216, 217, celibacy, 34, 357, 358 Christianity, 79, 346, 360; borrow- 227, 233, 234, 243

ings from, 346-62 Christians, 109, III, 131, 263, 321,

347, 359 Companions, 22-5, 32, 38; 39, 42,

52, 53, 71,96, 104, 127, 142, 158, 159, 161-3, 165, 182, 202, 2II, 212, 222, 236, 239, 320, 327, 347, 349, 350, 355, 366, 370

convents, 275, 276 coin, privilege of caliph, 68, 69 Copts, 297, 306

ef,iibit, 136 . ij,a 'if, 137, q3, 144, 146, 231, 240,

248, 250 Damascus, 46, 63, 89, 159

fitna (fttan), 77, 95, 98 Followers, 38, 42, 122, 347 free thinkers, 128-30, 191, 334, 337,

363-5 foqaha', 76, 78, 79

al-Ghazali, 70, 104, 146, 172, 245, 338

ghuluww, 120 golden m ean , 360, 361 Gospels, III , 149, 282, 348, 350, 356 graves of saints, 281, 282, 285-7,

289-93, 299, 303- 5, 307, 309,3 I I-13, 317, 319- ·21, 333-6, 340

[iadath, 26, 34

INDEX 373 ftaddathana, 176, 178 [1,adith, 17-22, 24, 25, 29, 31-3, 37,

42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 53, 55, 56, 59, 76, 78-90, 93, 97, IOI, 104-7,

· II2, 1151 1I7, 118, 120-31 126, 128-37, 140, 145, 147-9, 154· 158, 159. 161, 164-6, 168, 169, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 192-8, 201, 202, 209-II, 215-17, 221-3, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 235, 23~ 238, 239, 244, 246-9, 251, 256, 257, 281, 333, 335, 336, 345-62, 366-8; accep-tance of rejected traditions, 249-51; al;adith margu 'a, 148; a!iadith mawquja, 148; canonical recogni-tion of the 'six books', 240--4; classification of, 231, 232, 248; collections of, 194-8, 202, 203, 209-12, 214, 215, 226-32, 234-41, 243, 244, 247, 248; compila-tions of canonical books, 247; criticism and disparagement of, 124, 126-8, 130-6, 140, 141, 143, 145, 171, 236, 237, 249, 250; distinction from sunna, 24; dynastic, 99, 106, 107, n5; encouragement, suppression, etc. of tendentious traditions, 44, 46, 49, 53, 105; as entertainment, 150, 154, 156; generalization of local traditions, 166-8; 'fi,adUh al-;ayr, u3; l;iadith mu 'an 'an, 228, 229; harmonization of conflict-ing, 85, 86, 141; inability to reverse prevailing usage, 87; interpolation, n5, l2o, 127, 128, 131; invention of, 43-6, 50- 2, 54, 56,57, 74, 75, 78, 81, 82, 104, lo6-8, IIo, 112, n4, 115, r26-8, 134, 138, +40, 145- 7, 150, 151, 154., 156-9, 162, 184, 249; legal l;ladiths, see literature, legal; less stringent criticism of ethical than oflegal, 145, 146; local traditions, 123-5, 164; mediating, 93, 97; payment for, 169, 170; variant readings of, 221-6; women in, 366-8; writing clown of, 181--8

fiafi~. 136

Haggada, 131, 194 Ibn I:Iajar al- 'Asqalani, 161-3,

221, 230, 244, 247, 250, 367 [ia}i, 44-6, 51, 150, 164, 165, 270,

277, 287-9, 306, 308, 357, 358 al-I:Iajjaj b. Yusuf, 24, 40, 41, 43,

47, 48, 89-91, 95, 107, II7, 273, 345

[talal, 76, 77, 145, 230 [iamala, 164 Ibn I:Ianbal, 24, 8I, 140, 144, 151,

173, 185, 196, 197, 2Il, 216, 229-31, 238, 239, 243, 244, 359

Abu I:Ianifa, 25, 72, 80-2, 110, 142, 147· 157, 193, 206, 207, 209, 213, 215, 244

fi,aram, 76, 77, 145, 230 al-I:Iariri, 124, I55, 159 Harlin al-Rashid, 6r, 64, 65, 72-5,

83, 94, 100, 154, 200, 206, 277, 325, 326

fl,asan, 232, 247 I:Iasan al-Ba~rl, 41, 48, i38, 289,

361 I:Iassan b. TM.bit, 28, u6 Ibn Abi I;3:atim, 138 Ibn I:Iazm, 240, 246 hereditary character of spiritual

dignity, rejection of, 103, 104 Ibn I;3:ibban, 247, 261 '!l-ifz, 183, 186, 187 :E;Iijazi school, 82-5 ftikma, 22, lgo, 191 (1,itm, 149, l9I Hisham, 47, 131, 277 l;ujja, I36, 228 al-Humaydi, 168 Abu Hurayra, r7, 18, 56, 122, 125,

138, i42, 170, 182, 184, 208, 232 I:Iusayn, 103, 152, i56, 272, 273,

277, 301-3, 320, 323, 332

iba[ta, 267 ihliil, 30 i{tyii al-mawta, 270 ihya al-sunna, 32, 33, 73 i'jaz, 363 ijaza, 175-80, 205, 366-8 ijmii', 36, 87, 88, 97-9, IOI, 112,

II6, 133, 134, 136, 198, 199, 20

374 INDEX

ijmfi '-continued 232, 236, 237, 239, 240, 26r, 332, 334, 340

ikhtilaf, 199 'ilal al-[iadith, q.1 'Imad al-Din b. Kathir, 212 Imam, 60, 63, 64, 66, 69-71, 73, 80,

90, 92,98, IOI, 266 inheritance, 78, 98, IOO, IOI, II2,

139; of Prophet's property, IOI, !02

innovation, 26-8, 33-5; see also bid 'a, ft,adath

'Iraqi school, 82-5 irjii', 92 irsiil, 210 al-Isfara'ini, 338, 340, 341 Abu Isl).aq al-I~fahani, 240 Abii IsQ.aq al-Kazariini, 284 Ibn Isl:iaq, 120, 131, 147, 190 isniid, 19, 22, 44, 55, 81, 128, 129,

132, 134, 135, 138-45, 151, 155, 157, 159, r6r, I64, 166, 171, 179, 187, 189, 202, 203, 208, 2lI, 214, 218, 219, 227-31, 239, 244, 248, 251, 279, 336, 366, 367; criticism of authorities, 135-8, 140, 143, 250; interpolations, 138, 148; invention of authorities, 139, · 140; priority over matn, 141; terminology, I g

Isra'Uiyyiit, 156 istidraj, 337 isti§liih, 8 5 istisqa', 106, 285, 286 istitiiba, 199, 200 itti§al, 228, 229

al-Jabarti, 262, 327 J abir al-JU 'fi, I IO, 134 Jabir b. 'Abd Allah, 23 Jahiliyya,25,57, r60,226,271,298 jam' al-]awami', 247 Jami', 168, 213, 229, 234, 235, 239 al-J amma 'ill, 24r, 248 al-]arfi wa'l-Ta 'dil, 137, 249 Ibn al-Jawzi, 96, 124, 146, 156, 173, ~174, 241, 249 .

Jerusalem, 44, 45, 51, 123, 287 Jesus, 257, 258, 261, 345, 346

Jews, 109, III, 130, 131, 181, 263, 283 .

jihad, 352, 354, 357 Ibn Jurayj, 176, 184, 196, 197

Ka 'ba, 30, 44, 141, 279, 287, 288; 299

kahin, 260, 293, 339 karamat, 336-41 Khadija, 104, 279 Ibn Khaldii11, 50, 67, 70, 133, 135,

143, 243, 340 Khalid al-Qasri, 53, 82, 89 Ibn Khallikan, 178, 367 Kharijites, 48, 52, 90, 92, II5, 154,

273, 352 Ibn al-Kharrat al-Azdi, 241, 248 kha$ii!i$, 31, 256 al-Khaµb al-Baghdadi, 46, 146,

171, 172, 177, 185, 249, 250 Khiqr, 154, 303 khu/ba, 27, 34, 49-52, 68, 69, 71,

98, 308, 356 kitab (kutub), 22-4, 182, 191, 196,

197 Kitiib al·Kharaj, 72, 73 !{oran, 17, 18,31,32,40,48,56,60,

64, 67, 71, 78, 82, 84,90,96, 100, 109-12, rr4, 124, 128-31, 133, 136, 147, 14~ 15~ 1531 154, 15~ 165, 169, 181, 182, 184, 185, 189, 191, 192, 215, 222-4, 234, 235, 256-9, 261-5, 274, 277, 282, 301, 329, 330, 332, 333, 340, 352, 362, 368; falsification of text, 109; imitations of, 363-5; tendentious exegesis, 110-12

Kufa, 50, 55, 57, 58, 82, 95, l ro, II6, IIJ, 134, 154

law, 71, 73, 74, 76-83, 87, 90, 92, 9~ 100, IOI, 130, 145, r67, I68

legitimacy, 97-9, 105, 112 lexicography, 155 li 'an, 33 literature, decay of, in 5th century,

245-7; development of religious, r89-93; legal, 193, 197--g, 203, 212, 216, 227, 230-3, 238

longevity, 159-63

INDEX 3.75 Lord's Prayer, 350

madhhab (madhahib), 70. 78, 83, ro8, x74, 212, 2x7, 233

Madrasa, lJ4., 175 maghazi, 147, x91-3 al-Mahdi, 50, 58, 63, 74, IOO, I06,

324 ma!z,mal, 306 Ibn Maja, 229, 240-4 majalla, 190 majdhitb, 264 majhul, 138 inakhraj, 137 Makl:iul, 31, 42, 197 mala~im, 77 Ibn Malik, 187, 221 Malik b. Anas, 25, 36, 72, 75, 76,

80, 83, 84, 88, IOI, IZ5, 135, J40, 158, 176. 183, 192, 195-208, 212, 216, 223, 224, 243, 251, 360, 366

Ma 'mar b. Rashid, 47, 151, 168 al-Ma'mfin, 50, 54, 64, 65, 72, 99,

102, 154, 233, 281, 300, 328 al-Ma.nl?iir, 63, 72, 119, 123, 191 al-Maqrizi, 174, 246, 275, 287, 295,

319-21, 333 m.aqtu ·, 202 marriage, 76, 83, 208, 209 martyr, 97, 351-4 Marwan I, 51, 152 matn, 20·-2, 141, x87, 218; earliest

occurrence in l)adith literature, 21

matrult al-"ftadith, 137 al-Mawardi, 71 maw~u 'at, 146 mawlii (mawali), 59, 80, 123, 161,

263 mawlid, 284, 285, 307, 309, 368 mawquf, 202 Mecca, 17, 30, 44, 45, 150, 162, 168,

178, 235, 241, 270, 276, 277, 279, 280, 288, 290, 298, 306, 3 r8, 326, 333, 334, 358, 368

Medina, 26-8, 33, 36, 38- 40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 75, 80, 82-4, 87, 96, II6, 142, 150, 154, 158, 161, 164, 168, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 224, 25r, 268, 334, 353

minbav, 49- 51, 68, 69, 98 miracles, 256-8, 260-2, 264, 266,

268- 70,274,276-8,292,294, 300, 301,309, 311,312, 330, 333,336-8, 340, 346, 347; distinction be-tween aya, mu 'jiza, harama, 336

Mishkat a.l-Ma9abil:i, 248 Mishnah, 194 Moses, 154, 321, 326, 350 Mu 'awiya, 38, 41, 44, 49-51, 54, 67,

90, 93, 99, lI6, II8, 142, 152, 160, x90, 194, 279, 323

Muhammed, r8, 26, 34, 36, 40, 55·-7, 59, 63, 83, 84, 88, 99-104, I IO, 122, 124., 129, 140-2, 148, 149, 158, 162, 182, l9I, 2_50, 256- 6I, 263, 265- 7, 273, 279, 281, 289, 301,321, 324, 332, 334,335, 346-8, 350, 351, 356-8, 370; ascrip-tion of pagan sayings to, 148; autographs, 328, 329; footprints, 331; hairs, 323, 329-31; shoe, 284, 327, 328; will, II4

mu[1:iltun, 90 muhawwiz, 159 niulk, 40, 43, 60, 63, 66, 121 munawa.la, 176, 177, 205 munlla1', 144, 231 al-Muqaddasi, 124, 245, 285 Mnrji'ites, 90-2, 136, 196 muruwwa, 149, 291-3 mursal, 202, 231 musam.a[ia, 145 mu$annaf, 168, r97, 214--.16, 2261 22~ 232, 234, 240, 243, 244

Muslim b. n.1-Ha.jjaj, i42, 143, 213, 220, 224- 9, 232, 234, 235, 240, 242, 251

rn.usnad, 210-15, 235, 237- 40, 243, 244, 247

mitsnid(a), 2ro, 367, 368 al-Mu 'ta9id, 54, 67, 98, 107 al-Mutawa.kkil, 34, 63, 64, 75, roo,

102, I06, 323, 325, 326 Mu 'hzilites, 65, 71, 88, 222, 337,

339, 340, 361' 363 mutqin, r36 MUte;atta', 168, 177, 196-9, 201- 6,

2IJ, 220, 223, 224, 241, 243, 244, 247

INDEX

MuwaHa' Mu[l.ammad, 206, 207 Muwatta' Yafiya, 205-8

nafl, 42, 99, 102 Ibn al-Najjar, 212 al-Nasa'i, 52, 54, 135, 143, 229,

230, 232, 233, 239, 240 nasikat, 271 na§§ wa-ta 'yin, I 12 al-Nawawi, 104, 146, 167, 175, 237,

240, 243 niyya, I67, 168 Anii Nuwas, 183, 325, 326

oaths, 79, 121, 167 obedience to unjust rulers, 93-7 Old Testament, 149 opinio, 79, 83 ordeals, 369, 370

patron saints, 283, 284 Persians, 59, 80, 109, no; langua.ge,

153 pious opposition, 41, 47, 9 0-2, 345;

emergence under 'Abbasids, 75 plagiarism, 245, 246 preachers, 151, 153,155, 156, 158,159

qada[ia, 137 Qadarites, 136, 196, 220 al-Qastallani, 221 Qatada, 23, 151, 185 qawi, 231 Qubbat al-~akhra, 44, 45, 287, 288;

comparison with Black Stone at Mecca, 45; extension of al-Aq~a mosque to include, 45

Quraysh, 40, 50, 58, 62, 99, 107, 118, 218

qU$$a$, 131, 15Q-9 lbn Qutayba, 32, 86, 88, 130, 131 qujb, 265, 266, 274

Ratan b. 'Abd Allah, 162, 163 riiwi, 2 1, 177 ra'y, 74, 79-83, 88, no, 126, 140,

181, 201, 202, 211, 216, 234 relics, 322, 324, 326-32 religions, survival of old, 296-306,

309, 3II, 312, 314-16, 334·

rijal, 135-7, 143, 214, 230, 242, 244, 250, 366

Roman law, 79 1'ukh$a, 233

sabil, 354 sacred springs, 313-15 sacrifices, 314, 315 Sa 'd b . 'Ubada. 22 $adaqa, 43, 57, 102, 353 $aduq, 136, 144 $aftifa, 22-4, 58, 149, 182, 190, 194 Sa~i~, 123, 143, 198, 216, 217,220,

221, 226-32, 234-8, 240, 242, 244, 247, 250, 251, 366

Sa 'id b. al-Musayyib, 41, 97, 125, 183, 280

saints, see wali, veneration, women, patron, graves, Bedouin

Ibn al-$alal,l al-Sharaziiri, 175, 242, 243

$aliit, 26, 32, 36, 39, 40, 51, 59, 61 , 62, 73, 94

§aliit al-jinaza, u8, 141 ~alil_i, annual feast at grave 111

Sinai, 299 §alili al-[tadith, 136 al-Sayyid al-l;Iimyari, 92, u8, ng Senilsi order, 333 sermons, 146, 153, 156, 159 al-Sha 'bi, 48, 157, 185, 192 shafi', 263, 264, 292 al-Shafi 'i, 32, 36, 86, 140, 149, 167,

193, 212, 240, 244, 277 shahid, 350-2, 354 shar/ (shurul) , 215, 228-30, 232,

234, 250, 251 shawahid, 25, 221 IbnAbiShayba, 243 al-Shaybani, 32, 65, 80, 94. 193,

196, 2o6- 8 Shi'ites, 22- 4, 27, 6r, 67, 71, rn2,

103, 108-11, 113, 117, 120, 122, 156, 162, 322, 323

shirk, 257, 258, 263, 333 Shu'ba, 76, 135, 170, 230 silsila, 19, zrr, 228 sinia', 177 Ibn Sina, 335, 362 Sinai, 299

INDEX 377 snakes, 310, 3n Sphinx, 306 ~ufistn, 147, 162, 266,267, 274, 276,

322, 340 Sufyan al-Thawri, 25, 55, 64, 187.

230 sultan, original meaning, 143 Sunan, 197, 229, 232-5, 237-44,

247, 248 sunan al-huda, 31 223, 308 sunna, 24-38, 42, 43, 51, 63, 73-6,

83, 85, 87, 88, 94, 98, 106, ro8, 109, 125, 126, 130, 134, 1391 145, 164, 165, 167, 177, x82, 191, 194-9, 202, 230, 235, 262, 331, 333-7, 356

Sunnites, 22, 23, 71, 102, 103, 106, 108, uo-17, 323

al-Suyiiti, 74, 245, 247 swords, 324, 329 Syria, preference for Syrian shrines

under Umayyads, 44-6

ta'ana, 137 al-Tabari, 106, 158, 279 tabarruh, 282, 290, 322, 324 ta 'dil, 137 tadlis, 55, 56 !afsir, IIO, !II, 147, 153, 192, 193 !alab al- 'ilm, 42, 165, 166, 169-77,

184, 290 Talmud, 85, 170, 337 Tanta, 307-10 taraka, 137 Jariq (!uruq), 202, 214, 227, 366 tar}uma, 216, 217 tashayyu ', 108, 120 ta$fi,if, 222, 223, 225 tafawwu1', 269 tawaf, 44, 287, 288 tawatur, 340 ta'wil, 110 tax, 58, 72; see also $adaqa thabt, 136, 173 Thawr, 27 thiqa, 134, 136, 227, 228 al-Tirmidhi, x23, r47, 229, 231-3,

240, 250 Torah, 46, xr1, 142, 282 trees, veneration of, 316-18

Turabiyya, rI7

Ul.md, u8, II9, 193, 226 'Umar, 27, 36, 38, 50, 58, 84, 92,

98, IOI, 102, 104, 106, r13, 116, 124, 131, 138, :t49, 152, 181, 195, 209, 261, 298, 333. 345, 350

Ibn 'Umar, 30, 56, 76, 78, 96, II8, IIg, 125, 149, 184, 358, 360

'Umar II b. 'Abd al- 'Aziz, 29, 32, 35, 39, 40, 43, 58, 60, 63, 78, 91, 102, 149, 195, 196

Umayyads, 24, 32, 38-54, 59-65, 67, 68, 72, 75, 76, 89-92, 98, 99, IOI, 105-7, III, II5-17, I2I, 123, 152, 189, 191, 194, 273, 279, 325, 345

'umra, 281, 287 'umra, 83, 87 U:;ul al-!Jadith, 175 'Uthman, 44, 5r, 98, 99, 109, n5-

20, 127, 134., r42, 161, 223, 224, 345; flight from Ul).ud, u8, II9

'Uthmaniyya, u5-17

variants, 221-3 veneration of saints, 255-341

passim vows, 284

Ibn Wahb, 204 Wahhabism, 34, 333-5 wahm, 231 wafi,y, 20 wati (awliya,), 259, 263-70, 274,

276, 279, 285, 291, 292, 295, 303, 304, 3I3, 322, 336, 339

Walid I b. 'Abd al-Malik, 49, 107, 108

Walid II b. Yazid, 46, 65, ro8 Wa$iyya, I I 2 wiy"ada, 179 women, position of, 270-4 women saints, 274-8 written documents, forgery of, 57,

58, 76

YaJ:iya b. Mu 'in, 140, 143, r51, 202, 228, 230

Yal,1ya b. Sa 'id al-An9ari, r68, 196

378 INDEX

Yal;lya b. Yal;lya al-Mal;lmiidi, 205, 206, 224

Yazid I b. Mu 'awiya, 41, 46, 96, 273 Yazid II b. 'Abd al-Malik, 41, 47,

102, 345 Yii.nns b. Yiinus a l-Shaybani, 264 Abu Y usuf. :t5, 73, 74, 80, 94, 193,

200

Za 'ama, 58, 59 zaMU, 39

al-Zamakhshari, 178, 337, 339, 364, 365, 367

Zamzam, 45, 250, 281 zawiya, 270, 284 Ziyad b. 'Abd Allah, 55 ziyiira, -z87, 290. 304, 309, 323, 335,

336 l bnal-Zubayr, 41,44,96, lI7, 142,

2 73 al-Zuhri, 31, 44-8, 58, 81, 125, 182,

J9I, 195, 204, 231, 232