Nationalism Germany and Italy

I can explain the unification of Germany and Italy

What impact does Napoleon have in Europe?

• Napoleonic Wars: 1799-1815• He conquers much of Europe–Deposing leaders, changing boundaries

• He changes the nature of war–New technologies–New strategies: blockades, waging war on

civilians

Why does Nationalism develop after Napoleon?

• National—• Ism—

• Definition:

What are the benefits of a country displaying nationalism?

What are the drawbacks of a country displaying nationalism?

Congress of Vienna

• 1814-1815• Purpose: to rebuild Europe after Napoleon• Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and

France all sent diplomats

Prince Klemens von Metternich

• From Austria; wanted 3 major goals completed:–Containment of France–Balance of Power– Legitimacy (restoring rulers Napoleon

dethroned)

RESULTS:

• The Congress of Vienna–Created a group of 39 German States–Returned many French conquered

countries back to power–Diminished some of France’s power (but

not too much!!)–Returned dethroned rulers to power–Created a balance of power and brought a

temporary peace to Europe

Europe 1812

Europe 1815

CONSERVATISM

• A return to ways of the past---monarchies, royal families

• A social hierarchy• An established church• SLOW changes• Fear of revolutions• Opposed freedom of press and protests

LIBERALISM

• More supportive of revolutions• Wanted constitutions based on separation of

power• No monarchies• Life, liberty, property• Political rights for male property owners• A middle class movement

Crash Course

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl_M

• Watch this one:• http://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/t

ome01/index.php– Who is happy?– Who might not be so happy?– What potential issues could arise from this?

• http://aofe.pbworks.com/f/Nationalism.pdf

GERMANY• Early 1800s – no unified “Germany”• German-speaking people lived in Prussia and other

states (Bavaria, Saxony, etc…)• Germanic people had been around since the times of

the Romans• Napoleon’s raids had spurred German nationalism and

contempt for French• Otto von Bismarck – “The Iron Chancellor” – prime

minister of the Prussian monarchy.– Master of Realpolitik

• Realistic policies based on the needs of the state; power is more important than principles; diplomacy would never unite Germany

Otto von Bismarck

Bismarck

• Pulled away from Austria, which had historically ruled the German states

• Began process of German unification– Built up Prussian army– Annexed smaller, weaker German states– “Started” the Franco-Prussian War.• Why would he start a war?• He knew other German states would unify against

France (Germans hated France since Napoleon)

Franco-Prussian War1870

• Started over a disagreement about an heir to the Spanish throne.

• He “edited” a telegram sent to him by the Prussian king, William.

• Made it look like King Will insulted France. Made Napoleon III furious. He declares war.

• Prussia beats France in 6 weeks– How? Modern technology (telegraphs, railroads,

breech-loading weapons)

Franco-Prussian War

• Humiliating for the French– Very quick defeat– Forced to pay Prussia to leave– Lose 2 border provinces: Alsace and Lorraine

• The huge Prussian victory led to the crowning of Will I as “Kaiser” William I (emperor)

• 1871 – “Germany” becomes a unified nation

ITALY

• Had not been a unified nation since the days of the Roman Empire

• People there spoke common language (Italian) but lived in several city-states ruled by Austria and other foreign powers.

• Reasons some wanted unification:– Made economic sense (remove tariffs)– Common language, history, culture

Nationalist Leaders

Giuseppe Mazzini

Count Camillo Cavour

Victor Emmanuel II

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italy• Mazzini-founded Young Italy in the 1830s– A secret society– Organized a revolution, but it failed. He was

exiled. Important: planted seeds of nationalism• Cavour-became Prime Minister of Sardinia• King-Victor Emmanuel II• Cavour was a crafty politician like Bismarck• Secret alliance with France; provoked war with

Austria. Won and annexed some Italian states.

Garibaldi and the Red Shirts

• Garibaldi –longtime nationalist – recruited 1,000 red-shirted volunteers.

• Invaded Sicily and conquered north to Naples• Very patriotic, turned over his control to Victor

Emmanuel.• By 1870, all of Italy was unified.

CRITICAL CONNECTIONS

• In what ways can the nationalist movements of the 1800s be traced back to Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna?

• How does France’s humiliation in the Franco-Prussian war contribute to future conflict?