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The Unification of Germany
and Italy
Nationalism – Intense feeling of pride or loyalty to one’s group or
nation. - Driving force behind unification effort
German Unification Early forms of unification
Junkers Influential aristocratic landowners
Persuaded Prussia’s leaders to do away with Tariffs (breaks down trade barriers)
Zollverein Economic Union Reduced tariffs, other trade barriers Made uniform system of currency, and
weights
PrussiaOtto Von Bismarck
Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia by King William I
Believed in strong government and powerful army
Realpolitik (politics of reality) Blood and Iron speech
War...if justified...could be used as a method of expanding German interests
3 Wars War Against Denmark (1864)
Dispute over Schleswig and Holstein Defeated by Prussia and Austria
Schleswig to Prussia Holstein to Austria
Seven Weeks War (1866) Prussia vs. Austria
Prussia wins Ended chance of Austria being in control of
Germany North German Confederation (1867)
North of Main River Southern States
Catholic
3 Wars (Continued)
Franco-Prussian War Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern offered
Spanish throne Cousin of William I of Prussia Napoleon III against this move
No Hohenzollern on Spanish throne
War begins July 19, 1870 Southern states join northern states Prussians easily defeat French (4 months) Gain access to Alsace and Lorraine (France
bitter)
Formation of an Empire German states officially united (1871)
technically separate…but united too(Kind of like our own 13 colonies)
William I Kaiser
Bismarck Chancellor
Early Unification efforts Italian Nationalism
Risorgimento (resurgence or revival) Desire for national independence Spurs effort to unite Italy
Young Italy Giuseppe Mazzini (founder)
Leads uprising – Sicily (1848)
Piedmont (Sardinia)Count Camillo di Cavour
Count Cavour Appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel II
Goals– Industrial Growth– Increase Piedmont’s national interest in
foreign affairs by siding with foreign powers – Not a military power (have to be more diplomatic
than Prussia)– Ex. - Supported France and Britain in Crimean
War
War with Austria France joins Piedmont against Austria
– Lombardy to Piedmont– Austria keeps Venetia
Cavour’s success leads to more rebellion in other areas
– Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna demand to be joined with Piedmont
April 1860– Emmanuel II accepts the territories – Savoy and Nice are given to France
Southern Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi– Leader of nationalist group (Red Shirts) in
Southern Italy– Exiled after being part of a revolt– Went to South America (Brazil) – becomes an
expert in guerrilla warfare– 1860 takes control of Kingdom of Two Sicilies
South is United with North 1861 Garibaldi yields to Piedmont New state of Italy proclaimed 1861
Venetia and Rome Italy allies itself with Prussia (at war
with Austria) Acquires Venetia
Rome acquired due to Franco-Prussian War
French troops pull out of Rome
Emmanuel II moves capital from Florence to Rome
Italy formally recognized as independent state in 1871
Similarities and Differences Ways the two unifications are similar:
Timing –similar time frame (1815-1871) Why? Congress of Vienna v. Enlightenment
Use military to achieve goals (involved in multiple wars) Two major kingdoms/prime ministers lead way for
unification (Prussia/Bismarck and Piedmont/Cavour) Split between North and South
Ways they are different: Prussia has much stronger military force than Piedmont –
Piedmont must rely more on alliances Italian unification involves multiple leaders (Mazzini, Cavour,
Victor Emmanuel II, and Garibaldi) and various nationalist groups to rally people. Not that German unification does not involve multiple leaders but Bismarck is the dominant figure in German unification.