Non nova sed nove (Ne nova, već na novi način) - vpi.bavpi.ba/.../05/Tekst_BiH_pol_analiza_Ekonomska_diplomatija_Layout_1… · Ekonomska diplomatija – izazov visokog prioriteta

Ekonomska diplomatija –izazov visokog prioritetaza Bosnu i Hercegovinu

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Ovu nezavisnu analizu je pripremila Vanjskopolitička Inicijativa BH (VPIBH) uz finansijsku pomoć Friedrich Ebert Fondacije. Pogledi izneseni uovoj analizi su stoga pogledi VPI BH i ni u kojem slučaju ne oslikavajupoglede Friedrich Ebert Fondacije.

Ekonomska diplomatija – izazov visokog prioriteta zaBosnu i Hercegovinu

- Non nova sed nove (Ne nova, već na novi način) -

Rješavanje ekonomskih pitanja u međunarodnim odnosima postalo je kroz historiju neodvojivi diodiplomatske teorije i prakse. Posljedica najnovijeg ubrzanja globalizacije i liberalizacije trgovine porast jekonkurencije i na domaćem i na stranim tržištima, tako da države koje nemaju izgrađen koncept ekonomskediplomatije ne mogu imati proaktivnu ulogu u odnosima s drugim državama, već postaju objekt ekonomskihdiplomatija drugih država. Nakon rata, perioda primanja pomoći i djelimične obnove zemlje, izgradnja jakogkoncepta ekonomske diplomatije nameće se kao najviše rangirani prioritet bh. vanjske politike. Bosna iHercegovina ima koncept ekonomske diplomatije koji do sada nije dao dovoljno dobre rezultate, o čemunajviše govori veliki trgovinski deficit. Da bi koncept ekonomske diplomatije BiH bio efikasniji, aktivnosti semoraju provoditi kontinuirano, a tehnike ekonomske diplomatije treba da budu izgrađene i primjerenetrenutku i mjestu. I pored niza poteškoća koje ga kontinuirano prate, koncept ekonomske diplomatije u Bosnii Hercegovini ipak dobiva jasan oblik i ima realnu šansu da preraste u jaku polugu razvoja domaće ekonomije.

1. Ekonomija je neodvojivi dio diplomatske prakse na početku 21. stoljeća novo ubrzanje globalizacije kreira u ekonomskom smislu kvalitativno novurealnost u međunarodnim odnosima. najnovije ubrzanje globalizacije smanjuje razdaljinu između država,reducirajući vrijeme putovanja ili transporta, transakcijske i transportne troškove i tako omogućavaputem interneta ili telefona direktnu komunikaciju s business partnerom bez obzira na kojem dijeluplanete se on nalazio. Ekonomije država sve se jače integriraju, obim svjetske trgovine raste sve brže,investicije se planiraju širom svijeta, a novac slobodno teče zemaljskom kuglom. Sve je manje resursa, jerse s porastom stanovništva i širenjem vrijednosti potrošačkog društva oni sve brže troše. Klasičnoshvaćanje suvereniteta države neprestano se suočava s porastom međuzavisnosti država, što, uzliberalizaciju trgovine, omogućava da se uspostavljaju mreže unutarregionalnoga i međuregionalnogpovezivanja koje slabe državne granice i trgovačke barijere. U uslovima stalnog povećanja slobodnogprotoka ljudi, dobara, kapitala i usluga, čiji je rezultat enormna konkurencija, ne samo na stranim negoi na domaćim tržištima, najviši je prioritet diplomatije ekonomski prosperitet vlastite zemlje, tako dageoekonomija uzima primat geopolitici.

2. Izgrađen koncept ekonomske diplomatije prioritet jevanjske politike u modernom dobu

Odgovorne vlade na promjene izazvane recentnim globalizacijskim procesima odgovaraju izgradnjomefikasnog koncepta ekonomske diplomatije koji je sposoban odgovoriti na izazove s kojima se suočavaju.Izgradnja koncepta ekonomske diplomatije najbolji je način uspješnog vođenja vanjske politike uuslovima kada je neophodno stalno tražiti kvalitetne strane investitore i nova tržišta za domaćeproizvode, jer se time osigurava ekonomski razvoj vlastite zemlje i smanjenje nezaposlenosti.

Ekonomska diplomatija označava diplomatske aktivnosti usmjerene na unapređenje i zaštitu ekonomskihinteresa zemlje, a njezin koncept treba osigurati da aktivnosti takve diplomatije budu efikasne i uspješne.

Koncept ekonomske diplomatije treba da bude strateški osmišljen, u praksi dobro koordiniran ikoherentan. Izgradnji toga koncepta mora prethoditi politička odluka i kontinuirano ga mora pratitipolitička podrška zasnovana na volji da se postignu rezultati. Politička volja i politička odluka daekonomska diplomatija bude prioritet podrazumijevaju da se na unutrašnjem političkom planu kreirabusiness friendly atmosfera. U zemlji se moraju riješiti unutrašnja pitanja koja utiču na njezinu reputacijuu međunarodnoj zajednici. način poslovanja u zemlji je vrlo važan i on treba da se odvija po svjetskimnormama i standardima. Strani investitori treba da budu zaštićeni u mjeri u kojoj su zaštićeni u drugimdržavama, a opća poslovna klima mora biti takva da se osjećaju dobrodošlima. moraju se identificirati

1EKOnOmSKA DIPlOmAtIjA – IzAzOV VISOKOg PrIOrItEtA zA BOSnU I HErcEgOVInU

najatraktivniji sektori i istraživati ekonomski procesi u konkretnom okruženju kako bi se prepoznalibenefiti / prednosti što se nude investitorima i poslovnim ljudima iz inostranstva koji treba da dođu inaprave profit, što je njihov osnovni motiv. Ekonomska diplomatija mora napraviti link između planovai želja u pogledu ekonomskog razvoja zemlje te vanjske politike i diplomatije kao instrumenta te politike.

Koncept ekonomske diplomatije u inostranstvu se prvenstveno zasniva na radu diplomatskih misija ikonzularnih predstavništava, ali veliku pomoć mogu pružiti i predstavništva vanjskotrgovinske iliprivredne komore te specijaliziranih agencija za promociju izvoza i privlačenje stranih investicija u Bosnui Hercegovinu, kao i počasni konzuli.

3. Ekonomska diplomatija u vanjskoj politici BiHnakon rata, perioda primanja pomoći i djelimične obnove zemlje, izgradnja kompetentnog konceptaekonomske diplomatije nameće se kao najviše rangirani prioritet vanjske politike Bosne i Hercegovine,uz punopravno članstvo u nAtO-u i Evropskoj uniji, koje treba da joj osigura održivi mir i neophodanstepen sigurnosti, te je učini privlačnijom za poslovne ljude izvana i iz zemlje.

3.1. Zašto je BiH potreban efikasan koncept ekonomske diplomatije

3.1.1. Trgovinski deficit

Da bi ostvarila ekonomsku stabilnost iekonomski razvoj, Bosna i Hercegovina morasmanjiti trgovinski deficit, koji svake godineiznosi oko sedam milijardi eura. to je mogućenapraviti ukoliko se poveća ukupan izvoz ismanji uvoz, te osigura konstantan prilivdirektnih stranih investicija, posebno uproizvodne kapacitete.

Da bi bio povećan ukupan obim izvoza,bosanskohercegovačka ekonomska diplomatijamora tragati za partnerima širom svijeta, aproizvodi i usluge iz BiH treba da buduprisutni na tržištima na kojima će ostvaritinajbolju zaradu, bilo da su to tržišta susjednihili najudaljenijih zemalja. zato je potrebnoojačati poziciju bh. kompanija na tržištima nakojima su već prisutni njihovi proizvodi iuvoditi ih na tržišta na kojima ih do sada nijebilo.

Kompanije iz Bosne i Hercegovine koje jošnisu izvozile treba ohrabriti i podržati dapočnu izvoziti ukoliko imaju proizvode iusluge koje mogu ponuditi na stranimtržištima, jer da bismo povećali izvoz,potrebno je povećati i broj bh. izvoznika. UBiH oko 70% izvoza ostvaruje samo 100kompanija i ovaj broj je konstantan nizgodina. U 40% od tih 100 kompanija je stranikapital. U Evropskoj uniji 8% preduzeća suizvoznici. Ako bi se ovaj kriteriji slijedio, toznači da bi u BiH oko 12.000 malih i srednjihpreduzeća trebalo da budu izvoznici.1 UTabeli 2 je dat broj izvoznika u Sloveniji iAustriji.

2 EKOnOmSKA DIPlOmAtIjA – IzAzOV VISOKOg PrIOrItEtA zA BOSnU I HErcEgOVInU

tabela 1

Trgovinski deficit u milijardama eura

Izvor: Centralna banka BiH

tabela 2

Broj izvoznika u Sloveniji i Republici Austriji

Izvori: za Austriju Advantage Austriaza Sloveniju Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia

1 Nacrt Strategije rasta izvoza BiH od 2012. do 2015. godine, Izvozno vijeće BiH, novembar 2011. godine,http://komorabih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/6nacrt-strategije-rasta-izvoza-nov-11.pdf, posjećeno 20. 6.2013., str. 23.

Da bi se izvoz iz Bosne i Hercegovine unaprijedio, bh. ekonomska diplomatija može pomoći pri analizi idavanju kvalitetnih informacija o stranim tržištima, brendiranju i promociji BiH, uklanjanju trgovinskihbarijera, kao i uspostavljanju direktnih kontakata, ali ne može svojim radom nadomjestiti niz mjera kojese moraju provesti da bi se ojačao izvoz iz zemlje a tiču se ekonomske politike: uvođenje podsticajaizvoznicima; pojednostavljenje izvoznih procedura; osnivanje izvozne banke koja bi pratila izvoznike ifinansijski podržavala njihove aktivnosti; kreiranje domaće firme koja bi posjedovala lanac tržnih centarai garantirala otkup poljoprivrednih proizvoda; iniciranje pravljenja konzorcija domaćih firmi, ali ikonzorcija sa stranim firmama radi nastupa na trećim tržištima; povećanje kvaliteta domaćih proizvoda;certifikacija proizvoda; osnivanje udruženja bh. izvoznika, povoljnije cijene energenata i usluga telefonai interneta za izvoznike i sl.

Osnovna strategija smanjenja trgovinskog deficita treba da bude strategija povećanja izvoza, dok sekreiranje strategije uvoza ne može smatrati ispravnim pristupom, jer bi takva strategija bila u suprotnostis uslovima slobodne trgovine i važećim pravilima trgovine WtO-a kao i drugim multilateralnim ibilateralnim sporazumima. Ipak bi trebalo provesti niz mjera, kao što su kontrola kvaliteta uvoznihproizvoda, afirmacija domaćih proizvoda i mjere za stabilan uvoz onih proizvoda koji su neophodni bh.ekonomiji, a Bosna i Hercegovina ih ne posjeduje.

3.1.2. Privlačenje stranih investicija

Da bi se otvorila nova radna mjesta i smanjio procent nezaposlenosti u BiH, potrebno je omogućitistabilan priliv direktnih stranih investicija, posebno u proizvodne kapacitete i uslužne djelatnosti. Poredsmanjenja stope nezaposlenosti i plasmana roba i usluga na bh. tržište, strane investicije proizvode iartikle za izvoz, pa na taj način utiču i na povećanje ukupnog izvoza iz Bosne i Hercegovine, čime utičuna smanjenje trgovinskog deficita.

Iz navedene tabele se vidi da su najvećipriliv stranih investicija ostvarileHrvatska i Srbija, dok Albanija imastabilan rast priliva stranih investicija.Bosna i Hercegovina od 2009. godineima stabilan rast priliva stranihinvesticija i aktivnost ekonomskediplomatije treba biti usmjerena da seovaj trend održi, a ukupan obim stranihinvesticija poveća.

Podaci centralne banke BiH otokovima i stanju direktnih stranihulaganja revidirani su premapreporukama međunarodnogamonetarnog fonda (InternationalMonetary Funda – ImF) i Organizacije zaekonomsku saradnju i razvoj(Organization for Economic Cooperationand Development – OEcD). U skladu sastatističkim principima izvršene surevizije iznosa za tokove i stanjadirektnih stranih ulaganja i zaprethodne godine. U 2007. godini,zahvaljujući privatizaciji velikihdržavnih preduzeća, Bosna i

Hercegovina je imala priliv direktnih stranih ulaganja (DSU) od 1,3 milijarde eura, najveći godišnji iznoszabilježen u posljednjih petnaest godina. U 2007. godini je realizirana i najveća direktna strana investicijau BiH, a to je prodaja kompanije Telekomunikacije Republike Srpske. U 2008. godini priliv DSU-a od 684miliona eura, bez očekivane privatizacije, može se smatrati zadovoljavajućim, naročito ako se uzme uobzir njegova pozitivna struktura (ulaganje u proizvodni sektor i visoko učešće greenfield ulaganja). U2009. godini uticaj svjetske ekonomske krize odrazio se na priliv DSU-a. Ohrabruje postepeno povećanjepriliva u posljednje dvije godine, ali su oni još uvijek značajno niži nego u razdoblju prije početka globalnekrize. Bez obzira na nižu vrijednost DSU-a, priliv u 2011. je porastao za 31,6% u odnosu na 2010. godinu.


tabela 3

Priliv direktnih stranih investicija u zemljama regije umilionima eura

Izvori: za BiH Centralna banka BiH, FIPAza Albaniju Bank of Albaniaza crnu goru Montenegrin Investment Promotion Agency( MIPA)za Hrvatsku Agencija za investicije i konkurentnost, Državni zavod za statistikuza Srbiju Ministarstvo finansija Srbije

Napomena: Za neke zemlje nisu pronađeni podaci za 2005. i 2012. godinu.

Očekuje se nastavak pozitivnog trenda rasta, naročito prema informacijama o aktuelnim i najavljeniminvesticijskim projektima.2

Ekonomska bh. diplomatija treba da brendira Bosnu i Hercegovinu, promovira pozitivan poslovniambijent u našoj zemlji za direktne strane investicije, daje podršku poslovnim kontaktima, ostvarujedirektne kontakte s potencijalnim stranim investitorima u inostranstvu i pomaže im da pronađu partnereu BiH. Da bi se povećao priliv stranih investicija, potrebno je, međutim, napraviti i niz mjera koje nisu udomenu ekonomske diplomatije: investiranje u infrastrukturu, dobar sistem obrazovanja, jednostavnijeadministrativne procedure, izgradnja prijateljskog okruženja prema stranim investitorima u BiH, olakšicepri izdavanju viza za potencijalne i postojeće strane investitore, usavršavanje koncepta bescarinskih zona,izgradnja koncepta poslovnih zona, gdje usluge i troškovi energije i telekomunikacijskih usluga trebada budu niži, a ne viši u odnosu na fizička lica i sl.

3.2. Kakve mjere treba preduzeti da bi koncept bh. ekonomskediplomatije bio efikasniji

3.2.1. Organizacija ekonomske diplomatije u Ministarstvu vanjskih poslova BiH

Od 2002. godine ekonomska diplomatija je promovirana kao prioritet vanjske politike Bosne iHercegovine. Iz ministarstva vanjskih poslova BiH upućuje se u Washington D.c. grupa od dvadesetakdiplomata, ranga ministara-savjetnika i savjetnika, koji su stekli specijalistička znanja u oblasti ekonomskediplomatije. nakon toga je dio diplomata iz ove grupe raspoređen na mjesta ekonomskih savjetnika u bh.ambasadama, a dvoje diplomata je počelo raditi u Odsjeku za ekonomsku diplomatiju mVP-a BiH koji jeosnovan 2003. godine.

trenutno u ministarstvu vanjskih poslova BiH postoje dva odsjeka koja se bave ekonomskomdiplomatijom. Odsjek za ekonomsku diplomatiju organizacijski pripada Sektoru za bilateralne odnose iima osam diplomata. U svom radu kombinira regionalni i funkcionalni pristup u praćenju, analizi ipromociji bilateralnih ekonomskih odnosa Bosne i Hercegovine i drugih zemalja. Odsjek vrlo bliskosarađuje s diplomatskim misijama i konzularnim predstavništvima i koordinira njihove aktivnosti.Bilateralna dimenzija je sukus ekonomske diplomatije većine zemlja poput BiH, jer je to njihov realnidoseg. najvažnije su aktivnosti bilateralno orijentirane ekonomske diplomatije fokusiranje na konkretnatržišta i situacije na njima, uspostavljanje bilateralne ekonomske saradnje i usredotočenje na B2B situacije,odnosno na konkretne projekte, kompanije, proizvode i usluge, kao i pojedinačne investitore. Ovakavpristup zahtijeva angažman resursa u znatno manjem obimu, a pripreme za određene poslovneaktivnosti i događaje su znatno kraće jer su manje kompleksne. također je i kontrola cjelokupnog procesaznatno jednostavnija.


2 Direktna strana ulaganja (DSU) – stanje i performanse, FIPA, 2013,http://www.fipa.gov.ba/informacije/statistike/investicije/default.aspx?id=180&langtag=bs-BA, preuzeto 27. juna2013.

U praksi to podrazumijeva: rad na izgradnji alijanse bh. institucija, organiziranje privrednih foruma,investicijskih konferencija, podršku učešću domaćih privrednika na sajmovima, privrednimkonferencijama i drugim privrednim manifestacijama u svijetu, obuku kadrova, davanje kvalitetnihinstrukcija i informacija diplomatskim i konzularnim predstavništvima u oblasti ekonomske diplomatijei usmjeravanje njihovog djelovanja u zemljama prijema, pa sve do rješavanja konkretnih problema upraksi.

Odsjek za ekonomsku multilateralnu saradnju i rekonstrukciju ima sedam diplomata i zadužen je zakoordinaciju aktivnosti s multilateralnim finansijskim organizacijama, ekonomskim forumima,međunarodnim organizacijama i specijaliziranim agencijama. Odsjek mobilizira strane donatore ikoordinira međunarodnu pomoć Bosni i Hercegovini.

Da bi koncept ekonomske diplomatije bolje funkcionirao, dobro bi bilo da se ova dva odsjeka objedineu jedan sektor za ekonomsku diplomatiju kojim bi rukovodio pomoćnik ministra za ekonomskudiplomatiju, čime bi ekonomska diplomatija i organizacijski bila podržana kao prioritet vanjske politikeBiH. Iako se zbog postojanja Agencije za promociju izvoza BiH i FIPA-e može javiti dilema u pogledupreklapanja nadležnosti, pažljivim postavljanjem nadležnosti Odsjeka za promociju izvoza i Odsjeka zaprivlačenje stranih investicija ta će dilema biti otklonjena jer je osnovna zadaća ovih odsjeka dakoordiniraju rad u navedenim oblastima između bh. institucija, prvenstveno Agencije za unapređenjeizvoza BiH i FIPA-e te diplomatskih misija i konzularnih predstavništava.

Od polovine 2012. godine u ministarstvu vanjskih poslova BiH napravljena su nova kadrovska rješenja,nakon čega se čine intenzivni napori da ekonomska diplomatija ne bude samo deklarativni, nego i stvarniprioritet vanjske politike BiH. Proaktivnom pristupu u radu daje se prednost u odnosu na dotadašnjireaktivni pristup, komunikacija se značajno ubrzava efikasnijim korištenjem informacijskih tehnologija,a koncept ekonomske diplomatije i teoretski se osmišljava. U novim uslovima diplomatske misije ikonzularna predstavništva BiH dobivaju odgovarajuće instrukcije i podršku iz centrale (mVP-a BiH) uskladu s novim konceptom i načinom njegove implementacije. I pored otežavajućih okolnosti, a naosnovu čvrste odluke da se dā realan doprinos izgradnji efikasnog koncepta ekonomske diplomatije uBosni i Hercegovini, te uz punu političku podršku, teoretski je osmišljen i u praksi provođen konceptekonomske diplomatije. taj koncept nije potpuna novina u poređenju s onim što se radi u regiji i svijetu,ali je napravljen na novi način i prilagođen uslovima u BiH. Promijenjen je način rada Odsjeka, tako da seiz reaktivnoga prešlo u fazu proaktivnog pristupa, a napravljen je i niz aktivnosti čija je realizacijaekonomsku diplomatiju od deklarativnoga transformirala u stvarni prioritet vanjske bh. politike.napravljen je zaokret prema sistemskom pristupu ovoj problematici, jer se ekonomska diplomatija dotada svodila na pojedinačne uspjehe bh. diplomata koji su imali dovoljno sklonosti, želje, inicijative isnage da naprave ozbiljne aktivnosti u ovoj oblasti. Primjer takvog iskoraka je angažman ambasadoraFerhata Šete u libiji, koji se sa stanovišta ekonomske diplomatije može ocijeniti vrlo uspješnim.

Da bi u budućnosti koncept ekonomske diplomatije istinski zaživio, potrebno je voditi brigu o kadrovskimrješenjima i uvažavati mišljenje šefa Odsjeka pri izboru kadrova koji će raditi u njemu. također je potrebnomnogo više pažnje posvetiti njegovoj tehničkoj opremljenosti. U sljedećim fazama bit će potrebno


izgraditi čvršće veze s poslovnim sektorom, čime će ekonomska diplomatija postati više orijentirana nabiznis.

3.2.2. Organizacija bh. ekonomske diplomatije u inostranstvu

Koncept konomske diplomatije u inostranstvu prvenstveno se temelji na radu diplomatskih misija ikonzularnih predstavništava Bosne i Hercegovine podržanih radom počasnih konzula i poslovnih klubovaili poslovnih savjeta, kao i predstavništava Vanjskotrgovinske komore BiH koja tek treba da buduosnovana.

Diplomatske misije i konzularna predstavništva bez sumnje imaju najvažniju ulogu u konceptuekonomske diplomatije u inostranstvu. U najvažnijim bh. ambasadama, sa stanovišta ekonomskediplomatije, treba da rješenjem budu postavljeni ekonomski savjetnici čiji će posao biti isključivo bavljenjeekonomskom diplomatijom. Oni treba da imaju dobar uvid u ekonomsku situaciju u zemlji prijema, dobroizgrađene kontakte i u središtu njihovog zanimanja treba da budu informacije o privrednim sektorimainteresantnim za bh. izvoz, kontakti s potencijalnim investitorima, pravne norme koje se odnose naposlovanje u zemlji prijema, eventualne trgovinske barijere itd. Diplomatske misije i konzularnapredstavništva treba da budu u stanju dati praktične savjete o načinu poslovanja domaćih kompanija uzemlji domaćinu. također treba da budu u mogućnosti davati prijedloge u vezi s tim koji proizvodi i nakoji način mogu pronaći kupca na tržištu zemlje prijema.

Izvještavanje o privrednom sektoru zemlje prijema, koji je interesantan za izvoz iz BiH, treba da budefokusirano na – opis tržišta samo za taj specifičan privredni sektor, proizvodnju i potražnju proizvoda uokviru toga sektora, informacije o politici zemlje prijema u tome sektoru, procjenu šansi bh. privrednikau spomenutom sektoru, uslove i načine plaćanja, podatke i procjene o konkurenciji, specifične ili ciljnesajmove, tendere i projekte koji treba da budu realizirani u tome specifičnom sektoru.

Većina diplomatskih i konzularnih predstavništava BiH ima dvije-tri osobe s diplomatskim statusom. zatoje takvim uslovima teško organizirati specijaliste koji bi kao diplomati bili posvećeni samo poslovimaekonomske diplomatije. U svakom slučaju, rješenjem o radnom mjestu mora se odrediti koja je osoba udiplomatskom ili konzularnom predstavništvu zadužena za poslove ekonomske diplomatije, kako bi sepostigao kvalitet putem odgovornosti i mjerljivosti učinka. također je vrlo bitno da se za ove poslovediplomatskoj misiji i konzularnom predstavništvu odobri odgovarajući budžet, jer ekonomska diplomatijakoja nije podržana budžetom postaje zmaj od papira.

Procjena mogućnosti ekonomske saradnje s nekom zemljom ne treba da bude presudna, ali bi moralabiti jedan od važnih faktora u donošenju odluke o otvaranju ili zatvaranju diplomatskoga ili konzularnogpredstavništva zemlje slanja u zemlji prijema. glasnogovornik ministarstva vanjskih poslova Filipina raulHernandez, prilikom zatvaranja 10 filipinskih ambasada u svijetu tokom 2012. godine, rekao je da seodluka o zatvaranju ambasada donosi na osnovu tri stupa filipinske vanjske politike: osiguranjanacionalne sigurnosti, promocije ekonomske diplomatije i zaštite prava i prosperiteta Filipinaca koji žive

u inostranstvu. Hernandezje naveo da na odluku ozatvaranju diplomatskemisije, pored troškovaambasade i osoblja, utičufaktori kao što su obimtrgovine sa zemljomprijema, investicije teFilipinci koji tu žive.3 RadioNetherlands Worldwide(rnW) donosi 8. aprila2011. godine vijest da ćenizozemska zatvoriti devetambasada vodeći seprvenstveno redizajnomprioriteta vlastite vanjskepolitike. Ekonomski interesiNizozemske sada imajuprioritet u odnosu na


3 tina g. Santos, 10 PH embassies, consulates to be closed, 25. januar 2012. http://globalnation.inquirer.net/23935/10-ph-embassies-consulates-to-be-closed-palau-appeals, posjećeno 20. juna 2013.

pomoć zemljama u razvoju, rekao je tadašnji nizozemski ministar vanjskih poslova Uri rosenthal. tada suzatvorene ambasade nizozemske u četiri afričke zemlje (Burkini Faso, Kamerunu, Eritreji i zambiji) i u petzemalja latinske Amerike (Boliviji, Ekvadoru, gvatemali, nikaragvi i Urugvaju). Istovremeno je nizozemskaotvorila dvije nove diplomatske misije, i to u Panami i kineskom gradu chengduu, dok je u tanzanijiambasada reorganizirana u ekonomsko predstavništvo.4

Posebnu podršku poslovnom lobiranju i umrežavanju mogu pružiti počasni konzuli. Do sada je Vijećeministara Bosne i Hercegovine imenovalo 17 počasnih konzula u 13 zemalja, a imenovanje 46 počasnihkonzula u proceduri je. Predsjedništvo BiH je u 2013. godini preuzelo imenovanje počasnih konzula. Dabi ostvarili rezultate u svome radu, počasni konzuli bi trebali proći obuku u trajanju od najmanje sedamdana u ministarstvu vanjskih poslova BiH, posebno u Odsjeku za ekonomsku diplomatiju, a potrebno jeizgraditi sistem i način izvještavanja o njihovim aktivnostima, posebno u ekonomskoj oblasti. Premapostojećoj praksi, počasni konzuli jednom godišnje podnose izvještaj mVP-u BiH. Ponovno imenovanjepočasnog konzula treba biti uslovljeno kvalitetom rada i izvještavanja.

Pored partnerstva u okviru strateške alijanse bh. institucija, potrebno je graditi još jedno značajnopartnerstvo – partnerstvo s bh. dijasporom u svijetu. niko bolje ne poznaje zemlju od onoga ko u njoj živii svakodnevno se bori za svoju egzistenciju i napredak svoje porodice. Diplomati dođu i odu, a dijasporaostaje da dijeli sudbinu sa svojim domaćinima. U principu su iskustva s bh. dijasporom veoma pozitivna,ali je potrebno popravljati stare i graditi nove odnose s njom. Bosanskohercegovačka dijaspora je postrukturi heterogena. Postoje bh. državljani u inostranstvu koji su postigli veliki uspjeh u businessu, naucii umjetnosti. Isključivo su svojim radom i ponašanjem zaslužili poštovanje u zemlji domaćinu, a mnogiod njih tamo su i nagrađivani. zbog toga posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti pri razvoju bilateralnih odnosasa zemljama u kojima živi brojna bh. dijaspora, prije svega da se zaštite interesi bh. građana u timzemljama, unapređuju kulturne veze, ali i da se dijaspora uključuje i u bilateralne ekonomske odnose. Utome je smislu jako dobar pristup da koncept ekonomske diplomatije u inostranstvu bude podržanputem organiziranja mreže poslovnih klubova ili poslovnih vijeća. Poslovni klubovi treba da budu mjestookupljanja poslovnih ljudi, ostvarivanja businessa te poslovnih kontakata (B2B), brzo organiziranihposlovnih sastanaka i mjesto gdje će se poslovni ljudi družiti i razmjenjivati informacije. Posebno trebanjegovati kontakte između poslovnih ljudi iz Bosne i Hercegovine koji žive i rade u državi prijema i bh.privrednika koji namjeravaju početi poslovati u zemlji prijema.

3.2.3. Strateška alijansa bh. institucija

Odsjek za ekonomsku diplomatiju inicirao je formiranjestrateške alijanse bh. institucija koja djeluje kaoneformalna grupa, a čine je ministarstvo vanjskihposlova BiH, ministarstvo vanjske trgovine i ekonomskihodnosa BiH, Agencija za unapređenje i zaštitu investicija(FIPA) i Vanjskotrgovinska komora BiH (VtKBiH).temeljna je intencija formiranja strateške alijanse bh.institucija da se stvori kompetitivna sinergija institucijakoje su njezine članice. na taj način je poboljšanakomunikacija u oblasti ekonomske diplomatije. Svedruge državne i entitetske institucije i komore koje želei mogu pomoći u unapređenju izvoza bh. proizvoda uinostranstvo i privlačenju stranih investicija u BiHdobrodošle su u stratešku alijansu bh. institucija kojaostaje otvorena.

3.2.4. Uslovi djelovanja ekonomske diplomatije

Koncept ekonomske diplomatije ne može lebdjeti u sferi ideja, već egzistirati u vrlo realnom okruženjuu kojem su u toku procesi čiji su subjekti stvarni ljudi. zato se u izgradnji jakog koncepta ekonomskediplomatije aktivnosti moraju provoditi kontinuirano, a tehnike biti izgrađene i primjerene trenutku imjestu. Okruženje u kome trenutno djeluje ekonomska diplomatija BiH izuzetno je kompleksno. KretanjeBiH na putu prema Evropskoj uniji i nAtO-u značajno je usporeno, naša zemlja još uvijek nije članicaSvjetske trgovinske organizacije (WtO); vrlo važan trgovinski partner BiH republika Hrvatska izlazi iz


4 john tyler, Netherlands to close nine embassies, radio netherlands Worldwide, 8. aprila 2011.,http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/netherlands-close-nine-embassies, posjećeno 24. juna 2013.

cEFtA-e, 1. jula 2013. godine postala je punopravna članica EU-a; izvoz bh. proizvoda otežava jaka valuta,koja je istovremeno važna za privlačenje stranih investicija; evidentno je nepostojanje odgovarajućihpropisa u BiH, posebno onih što se odnose na certificiranje domaćih proizvoda koji se žele izvoziti;budžeti su sve manji, a potreba za finansiranjem aktivnosti ekonomske diplomatije sve je veća, jer sedobar marketing mora dobro i platiti. također se moraju imati u vidu i uslovi na stranim tržištima: oštrakonkurencija, prezasićenost tržišta robom različite kvalitete, jako jeftina roba, kao i stanje ekonomskekrize u današnjem globaliziranom svijetu. Ipak, i u takvim uslovima ekonomska diplomatija BiH realiziraaktivnosti i čine se napori da i bh. privrednici nađu svoje mjesto na svjetskom tržištu.

zavaljujući realizaciji aktivnosti i ekonomske diplomatije, Bosna i Hercegovina je danas članica cEFtA-ei ima Sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini s turskom, što broj stanovnika naše zemlje od četiri miliona proširujena oko 100 miliona potrošača, a u planu je i članstvo u EFtA-i, čime će ovaj broj potrošača biti dodatnopovećan.

Ekonomska diplomatija ima i šire implikacije jer kvalitetna ekonomska saradnja djeluje kao stabilizirajućifaktor u regiji. logičan put ka obnovi povjerenja u regiji je realizacija velikih ekonomskih projekataregionalnog značaja.

3.2.5. Strateška tržišta za BiH

tržišta koja su strateška za ekonomiju BiH, a time i za ekonomsku diplomatiju, susjedne su zemlje, ostalezemlje regije zapadnog Balkana, tržište EU-a, zemlje mediterana, zemlje Bliskog Istoka te velika tržišta uekspanziji kao što su Indija i Kina. U aktuelnoj situaciji tzv. treća tržišta čine se najperspektivnijima jer BiHodranije s njima ima pozitivne ekonomske memorije i realizirane značajne poslovne projekte, a imajućiu vidu globalnu recesiju, ta tržišta su upravo tržišta koja se najdinamičnije razvijaju jer su još neizgrađenaili nezasićena te objektivno daju dosta prostora za poslovne aktivnosti. Istina i na njima svakoga danakonkurencija postaje sve veća, tako da je vrijeme jedan od odlučujućih faktora, pa je stoga veoma bitnoda se na njima počne djelovati što prije.

3.2.6. Lokalne zajednice u konceptu ekonomske diplomatije

nedovoljno iskorišten potencijal za privlačenje stranih investitora u Bosni i Hercegovini su lokalnezajednice, od općine do kantona ili regije, koje mogu biti najbolji akceptori / primaoci stranih investicijau našoj zemlji. Ukoliko lokalna zajednica ima dobro urađene razvojne projekte po svjetskim standardima,ona je vrlo atraktivna za strana ulaganja i bh. ekonomska diplomatija u budućnosti puno više trebakoristiti ovaj potencijal. S druge strane, vlasti u lokalnoj zajednici mogu riješiti većinu pitanja s kojima sestrani investitori susreću.

3.4. Poslovni forum – pozitivan primjer efikasnog koncepta bh.ekonomske diplomatije Efikasna organizacija ekonomske diplomatije uinostranstvu podrazumijeva sistemski pristup s tačnodefiniranim aktivnostima. Organizacija poslovnogforuma vani predstavlja proaktivan pristupekonomskoj diplomatiji, jer bh. diplomatija preuzimainicijativu analizom i preciznim lociranjem zemalja spotencijalom za daljnji razvoj ekonomske saradnje.Poslovni forumi se zasnivaju na ideji da se povećanjeizvoza i povećanje obima priliva stranih investicijamože realizirati ostvarivanjem neposrednihkontakata između poslovnih ljudi. na taj način sestvara i prijateljsko okruženje za poslovne ljude izobje zemlje.

U prvoj polovini 2013. godine ministarstvo vanjskihposlova BiH je u saradnji s Vanjskotrgovinskomkomorom BiH i FIPA-om organiziralo šest poslovnih


foruma u inostranstvu, u Ujedinjenim Arapskim Emiratima, Kataru, Indiji, Austriji, Velikoj Britaniji i rusiji.Imajući u vidu visoku cijenu nafte, prepoznati su potencijali investiranja u zemljama koje je prodaju itime ostvaruju veliki priliv novca. S obzirom na to da BiH sa zemljama zaliva ima i jako dobre političkeodnose, onda je vrlo logično da su UAE i Katar bile i prve zemlje u kojima su 2013. godine održaniprivredni forumi. Slijedili su privredni forumi u Indiji i rusiji, zemljama koje imaju velika tržišta. Ointenziviranju aktivnosti bh. ekonomske diplomatije govori podatak da je broj privrednih forumaorganiziranih u inostranstvu u prvoj polovini 2013. godine veći od broja privrednih foruma održanih uprethodne tri godine.

za svaki poslovni forum Vanjskotrgovinska komora BiH, u saradnji sa ministarstvom vanjskih poslovaBiH, objavljuje javni poziv, što praktično znači da svaka bh. kompanija koja je članica ove komore možebiti članica državne delegacije, što je svojevrsna inovacija u odnosu na raniju praksu. Firme iz BiH idu naosnovu iskazanoga vlastitog interesa i svaka sama snosi troškove putovanja i boravka svojih predstavnikau zemlji u kojoj se održava poslovni forum.

Diplomatska i konzularna predstavništva, zajedno s domaćinom, dakle institucijama zemlje prijema, naposlovni forum nastoje dovesti respektabilne partnere iz zemlje prijema, tako da su bh. kompanije upoziciji da ostvare kvalitetne kontakte. Organizacija poslovnog foruma se veže za posjetu visokoga inajvišeg nivoa, tako da se ostvaruje sinergija politike i ekonomije. tokom svake posjete u koju je uključenai organizacija poslovnog foruma predviđa se i potpisivanje sporazuma sa zemljom prijema kako bi seotklonile eventualne prepreke privrednoj saradnji i privlačenju stranih investitora.

Poslovni forum počinje uvodnim obraćanjem visokih dužnosnika, najčešće ministra vanjskih poslovaBiH, zatim slijede prezentacije dotadašnje trgovinske saradnje i mogućnosti ulaganja u našu zemlju.Važan dio poslovnog foruma je vrijeme za B2B kontakte i okrugli sto. na kraju bude upriličen prijem nakojem poslovni ljudi, u neformalnoj atmosferi, mogu razmijeniti informacije i produbiti već uspostavljenekontakte.

nakon održavanja poslovnog foruma diplomatske misije i konzularna predstavništva Bosne iHercegovine daju podršku bh. kompanijama za daljnji angažman na tržištu države prijema.

4. Zaključak Bosna i Hercegovina je već godinama suočena s nizom izazova, a jedan od njih je traganje za uspješnimekonomskim razvojem. Ona je zemlja koja ima velike potencijale. Sintagma karakteristična za zemlje kojese hvališu svojim neiskorištenim potencijalima kaže da su to „…bogate zemlje siromašnih ljudi...“ Da biu bogatoj zemlji živjeli bogati ili bar ljudi koji nisu na granici siromaštva, potrebno je uspješno liderstvoi još bolja organizacija. radi se, dakle, o tome da se potencijali pretoče u ekonomski atraktivne i ekološkiprihvatljive projekte koji se mogu ponuditi domaćim i stranim investitorima.

mnogo je više od aktivnosti koja se odnosi na kreiranje ovakvih projekata izgradnja efikasnog konceptaekonomske diplomatije koji, pored ove, uključuje i niz drugih aktivnosti. za izgradnju takvog konceptapotreban je multidisciplinarni pristup i u pogledu oblasti koje se njime bave, ali i u pogledu bh. institucijakoje su dio ovog koncepta. Ekonomska diplomatija kao krajnji cilj mora imati – ekonomski razvoj zemlje;zato je takav koncept imperativ svake odgovorne vlasti koja želi dobro zemlji kojom vlada.

I pored niza poteškoća koje ga kontinuirano prate, koncept ekonomske diplomatije u Bosni i Hercegoviniipak dobiva jasan oblik i ima vrlo realnu šansu da preraste u jaku polugu razvoja domaće ekonomije.Prazne političke parole i apatija neće riješiti ekonomske probleme i probleme masovne nezaposlenostiu BiH, nego će samo uporan svakodnevni rad (nulla dies sine linea) na izgradnji i razvoju ekonomije našezemlje pokrenuti stvari naprijed, pri čemu treba iskoristiti pružene šanse, a one uvijek postoje. Dobar iefikasan koncept ekonomske diplomatije može sigurno doprinijeti otklonu od siromaštva u pravcublagostanja, ali samo ako je podržan proaktivnom politikom, politikom koja će angažirati institucije ovezemlje na svim nivoima, ali isto tako i civilni i nevladin sektor.


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Economic Diplomacy –High Priority Challenge for

Bosnia and HerzegovinaNon nova sed nove

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This Independent analysis has been prepared by the Foreign PolicyInitiative BH (FPI BH) with the financial support of the Friedrich EbertStiftung. The views expressed here are those of the Foreign PolicyInitiative BH and are not to be understood as in any way reflecting theviews of Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.

Economic Diplomacy – High Priority Challenge forBosnia and Herzegovina

Non nova sed nove (Not new, but in a new way) – Resolving economic issues in international relations has become an inherent part of diplomatic theory andpractice. Increased globalisation and trade liberalisation led to fierce competition on domestic and foreignmarkets. Consequently, countries which have not embraced the concept of economic diplomacy cannot havea proactive role in relations with other countries and they become objects of economic diplomacy of othercountries. In the post-war period, time of aid receiving and partial rebuilding in the country, development ofa strong concept of economic diplomacy emerged as the highest priority in the foreign policy of Bosnia andHerzegovina. The concept of economic diplomacy of Bosnia and Herzegovina has not yielded satisfactoryresults, which is best manifested in the large trade deficit. In order for the concept of economic diplomacy ofBosnia and Herzegovina to be more efficient, it is necessary to undertake permanent activities and apply thetools of economic diplomacy that are developed in a manner suitable to the given time and place. Despitenumerous difficulties associated with the concept of economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is,nonetheless, taking a clear shape and has a real chance to develop into an effective leverage that will enhancethe growth of the domestic economy.

1. Economy as an integral part of diplomatic practice At the beginning of the 21st century, the increasing pace of globalisation created, in terms of theeconomy, a new reality in international relations. Increasing globalisation diminishes the distancebetween countries, reducing the travel or transport time and transaction and transport costs andenabling direct communication with business partners by means of Internet or telephone, regardless ofthe distance. State economies are increasingly integrated and the volume of world trade is growing atever increasing pace. Investments are planned all over the world and there is a free flow of capital on aglobal scale. The resources are depleting because the population growth and adoption of values of aconsumerist society have led to the resources being exploited faster. The classical understanding of astate sovereignty is challenged by continuously growing interdependence of states, which, togetherwith trade liberalisation, enables the establishment of networks within and between regions that weakenstate borders and trade barriers. Under the circumstances of ever increasing free movement of people,goods, capital and services that resulted in enormous competition both on foreign and domestic markets,diplomacy should give priority to the economic prosperity of the country, so that geoeconomics takeprecedence over geopolitics.

2. Developed concept of economic diplomacy as apriority of foreign policy in the contemporary era

responsible governments respond to the events arising from the recent globalisation processes bydeveloping the efficient concept of economic diplomacy, which can respond to the challenges we face.Developing the concept of economic diplomacy is the best method to successfully carry out the foreignpolicy under the circumstances when it is necessary to continuously look for best foreign investors andnew markets for domestic products as a requirement for economic development and reduction ofunemployment in the country.

Economic diplomacy means diplomatic activities directed towards improving and protecting theeconomic interests of a country, while the concept of economic diplomacy should ensure that theactivities of economic diplomacy are efficient and successful.

A concept of economic diplomacy should be strategically designed, coherent and coordinated inpractice. Development of the concept of economic diplomacy must be preceded by a political decisionand it has to be constantly accompanied by political support based on the determination to achieveresults. Political will and political decision to put the economic diplomacy as a priority implies creationof a business friendly atmosphere at the internal political level. It is necessary to resolve internal issuesin the country, which have an impact on the reputation of the country in the international community.The manner of business operations is very important and it has to be compliant with global regulatoryrequirements and standards. Foreign investors should be protected at the level to which they areprotected in other countries and general business environment has to be such that they feel welcome.

1EConomIC DIPlomACy – HIgH PrIorITy CHAllEngE For BoSnIA AnD HErzEgovInA

It is necessary to identify the most attractive sectors and research economic processes in a concreteenvironment in order to recognise the benefits offered to foreign investors and business people, whoprincipally driven by the profit motive. Economic diplomacy has to make the connection between theplans and desires for economic development of a country and the foreign policy and diplomacy, as theinstrument of that policy.

The concept of economic diplomacy is primarily based on the work of diplomatic missions and consularoffices. However, significant assistance can also be provided by representative offices of the foreign tradechamber or chamber of commerce or specialised agencies for promotion of export and foreigninvestments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as by honorary consuls.

3. Economic diplomacy in foreign policy of Bosnia andHerzegovina

Following the war, period of aid receiving and partial rebuilding of the country, development of a strongconcept of economic diplomacy emerged as the highest priority of the foreign policy of Bosnia andHerzegovina, together with the membership in the EU and nATo, which are to ensure, for Bosnia andHerzegovina, sustainable peace and necessary level of security and make it more attractive for businesses,both foreign and national.

3.1 Why does Bosnia and Herzegovina need the efficient concept ofeconomic diplomacy?

3.1.1 Trade deficit

In order to effectively achieve economicstability and economic growth, Bosnia andHerzegovina has to reduce trade deficit,which currently amounts to approximately €7 billion each year. This is possible to achieveby increasing the total exports and reducingthe imports and by ensuring the constantinflow of foreign investments, primarily inproduction capacities.

Total exports will increase if we increase thevolume of exports, which means that the BiHeconomic diplomacy must look for partnersall over the world. Products and services fromour country should be present at the marketswhere they can make best profit, whetherthose are the markets of our neighbouringcountries or the markets of distant countries.Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen theposition of the BiH export companies at themarkets where their products are alreadypresent and introduce them at the marketswhere they have not been present so far.

Companies from Bosnia and Herzegovina thatdo not export their products should beencouraged and supported to start exportingthose products and services which can beoffered at foreign markets. In order to boostexports, it is also necessary to increase thenumber of exporters from BiH. In Bosnia andHerzegovina, only 100 companies participate in70% of the total exports and this number has

2 EConomIC DIPlomACy – HIgH PrIorITy CHAllEngE For BoSnIA AnD HErzEgovInA

Table 1

Trade deficit in € billion

Source: BiH Central Bank

Table 2

Number of exporters in Slovenia and the Republic ofAustria

Sources:For Austria: Advantage Austria

For Slovenia: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia

not changed in years. out of those 100 companies, 40% of them have foreign capital. In the European Union,8% of all companies are exporters. Following this criterion, it means that in Bosnia and Herzegovina around12.000 small and medium enterprises should be exporters.1 The number of exporters in Slovenia and Austriais presented in the Table 2.

In order to boost the BiH export sales, economic diplomacy of Bosnia and Herzegovina can provideassistance in making analysis and providing high-quality information about foreign markets, promotingand branding BiH, removing trade barriers and establishing direct contacts. However, it cannot be asubstitute for a series of measures that have to be implemented in order to increase the exports fromBosnia and Herzegovina and which are related to economic policy such as: introduction of subsidies forexporters, simplification of export procedures, establishment of an export credit bank which would keeppace with exporters and financially support their activities, establishment of a local company whichwould own a chain of markets and guarantee sale of agricultural products, initiation of establishment ofconsortiums of local companies and also of consortiums with foreign companies for the purpose of a jointaction on third markets, increasing the quality of domestic products, certification of products,establishment of an association of BiH exporters, discounted prices for energy-generating products,telephone and internet services for exporters, etc.

The basic strategy for decreasing the trade deficit should be the strategy of export growth, while thedevelopment of an import strategy may not be the right approach as such strategy would not be incompliance with the free trade requirements and applicable trade rules of the WTo and other multilateraland bilateral agreements. However, it would be necessary to implement a series of different measures,such as quality control of imported products, affirmation of domestic products and measures to ensurestable import of those products which are necessary to the BiH economy and BiH does not have them.

3.1.2 Promotion of foreign investments

In order to create new jobs and reduce the unemployment rate in BiH, it is necessary to enable a constantinflow of foreign direct investments, particularly of investments in production capacities and services. In

addition to lowering the unemployment rateand ensuring the distribution of goods andservices on the BiH market, foreigninvestments involve production of goods forexport sale, thereby influencing the increaseof the overall exports from Bosnia andHerzegovina and consequently, reduction ofthe trade deficit.

The data in the table indicate that Croatiaand Serbia had the highest level of foreigninvestments, while Albania had a constantgrowth of foreign investments. Bosnia andHerzegovina, ever since 2009, has had aconstant growth of foreign investmentsand activities of economic diplomacyshould be directed to maintain this trendand increase the overall volume of foreigninvestments.

The BiH Central Bank data on the inflow offoreign direct investments have beenrevised in line with the recommendationsof the International monetary Fund andorganisation for Economic Cooperationand Development (oECD). In line with thestatistical principles, the amounts for the

inflow of foreign direct investments have been revised for earlier years. In 2007, Bosnia and Herzegovina,thanks to the privatisation of large state-owned companies, had the inflow of foreign direct investmentsin the amount of € 1.3 billion, which is the largest amount in the last fifteen years. The largest foreigndirect investment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is the privatisation of Telekom of republika Srpska,


Table 3

Foreign direct investments in the countries of the regionin € million

Sources: For BiH: the Central Bank of BiH, FIPAFor Albania: the Bank of AlbaniaFor Montenegro: Montenegrin Investment Promotion Agency (MIPA)For Croatia: Investment and Competition Agency, State Institute for StatisticsFor Serbia: the Ministry of Finance of Serbia

Note: Data for 2005 and 2012 for some countries are not available

1 Draft Export Growth Strategy of BiH for the period 2012-2015, BiH Export Council, november 2011.http://komorabih.ba/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/6nacrt-strategije-rasta-izvoza-nov-11.pdf, download 20. 06.2013. p. 23

was also realised in 2007. Foreign direct investments in the amount of € 684 million in 2008, withoutexpected privatisations, can be considered to be satisfactory, particularly having in mind their favourablestructure (investments in the production sector and high percentage of greenfield investments). Theworld economic crises affected the FDI inflow. The increase of FDI over the two previous years isencouraging, but the FDI levels remain significantly lower compared to the period prior to the globalcrisis. regardless of the lower levels of FDI, the FDI in 2011 increased by 31.6% compared to 2010. Havingin mind the announced investment projects, this trend is expected to continue.2

Economic diplomacy of Bosnia and Herzegovina should brand Bosnia and Herzegovina, promote apositive business environment in our country for foreign direct investments, provide support inestablishing the business contacts, establish direct contacts with potential foreign investors and assistthem in finding partners in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In order to increase the inflow of foreigninvestments, it is, however, necessary to undertake a series of measures which do not fall under the scopeof economic diplomacy: infrastructure investments, good education system, simplified administrativeprocedures, creation of a friendly environment for foreign investors in Bosnia and Herzegovina,facilitation of visa issuance for potential and existing foreign investors, furthering the concept of tax-freezones, development of the concept of business zones and services and reduction of costs of energy andtelecommunication services which should be lower and not higher than the prices for households, etc.

3.2 What measures need to be taken in order for the concept of BiHeconomic diplomacy to be more efficient?

3.2.1. Organisation of economic diplomacy in the BiH Ministry of Foreign Affairs Economic diplomacy has been promoted as a priority of the BiH foreign policy since 2002. The ministryof Foreign Affairs sent to the Washington D.C. a group of around 20 diplomats, at the level of minister-advisor and advisor, who gained specialist knowledge in the field of economic diplomacy. Followingthat, a number of these diplomats were posted to the positions of economic advisors in BiH embassiesand two of the diplomats started working in the Economic Diplomacy Department within the ministryof Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was established in 2003. In the BiH ministry of Foreign Affairs, there are currently two departments dealing with the economicdiplomacy. The Economic Diplomacy Department organisationally falls under the Sector for Bilateralrelations and it has 8 diplomats. In terms of monitoring, analysis and promotion of bilateral economicrelations between Bosnia and Herzegovina and other countries, it combines in its work regional andfunctional approach. The Department closely cooperates with the diplomatic missions and consularoffices and coordinates their activities. Bilateral dimension of the economic diplomacy is quintessentiallysimilar to the economic diplomacy of majority of countries like BiH, because that is realistically themaximum they can accomplish. most important activities of bilaterally-oriented economic diplomacyare focused on concrete markets and situations on these markets, establishment of bilateral economic


2 Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) – Condition and Performance, FIPA 2013http://www.fipa.gov.ba/informacije/statistike/investicije/default.aspx?id=180&langTag=bs-BA, 27 June 2013.

cooperation and on B2B contacts, i.e. concrete projects, companies, products and services, as wellindividual investors. This approach requires the engagement of significantly smaller scope of resources,while preparations for certain business activities and events, being less complex, demand significantlyless time. In addition, control of the entire process is considerably cheaper. In practice, this implies working on the establishment of an alliance of BiH institutions, organisation ofbusiness forums, investment conferences and other economy-related events in the world, staff trainingand education, provision of high-quality instructions and information to diplomatic and consular officesin the area of economic diplomacy and guidelines for their work in the host countries, as well as resolvingconcrete problems in practice. Department for multilateral Economic Cooperation and reconstruction has 7 diplomats and it is in chargeof coordination of activities with multilateral financial organisations, economic forums, internationalorganisations and specialised agencies. This Department mobilises foreign donors and coordinatesinternational assistance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In order for the concept of economic diplomacy to better function, it would be beneficial for thesedepartments to merge into one Economic Diplomacy Sector, which would be managed by the Assistantminister for Economic Diplomacy. Thereby, economic diplomacy would also, in terms of its organisation,be supported as a priority of the BiH foreign policy. There might be a dilemma that, due to the existenceof the BiH Export Promotion Agency and FIPA, there would be an overlap of competences. However, bycarefully defining the competences of the Department for Export Promotion and Department for ForeignInvestment Promotion, it will not be the case, because the main task of these departments is tocoordinate the work in these areas between BiH institutions, primarily the BiH Export Promotion Agencyand FIPA and diplomatic missions and consular offices. In mid-2012, the BiH ministry of Foreign Affairs made changes in staff appointments, followed up byintensive efforts to make the economic diplomacy a real and not only a declarative priority of the foreignpolicy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Departing from earlier reactive approach, priority is given to proactiveapproach to work. Communication is significantly enhanced though the efficient use of information-technology, while the concept of economic diplomacy is also designed at a theoretical level. Under thenew circumstances, BiH diplomatic missions and consular offices receive adequate instructions andsupport from the Head Quarters (BiH mFA), in line with the new concept and the manner of itsimplementation. Based on the strong decision to give real contribution to the establishment of anefficient concept of economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and with a full political support,the concept of economic diplomacy is theoretically designed and implemented in practice, in spite ofaggravating circumstances. This concept is not a novelty compared to what is done in the region and theworld, but it is made in a new way and adjusted to the conditions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. TheDepartment changed the way of work and, instead of a reactive approach, starting applying a proactiveapproach, implementing a series of activities which transformed the economic diplomacy from adeclarative to the real priority of the BiH foreign policy. A shift was made towards a systematic approachin this area. Prior to this, economic diplomacy was reduced to individual success of BiH diplomats whohad enough predisposition, desire, initiative and strength to implement noteworthy activities in this


area. Such an example would be the engagement of the ambassador Ferhat Šeta in libya, which, fromthe point of view of economic diplomacy, can be evaluated as very successful. In order for the concept of economic diplomacy to truly come to life, it is necessary to pay attention topersonnel issues and take into account the opinion of the Head of Department when selecting staff towork in the Department. Also, it is necessary to pay much more attention to improving the technicalequipment in the Department. In the forthcoming stages, it will be necessary to establish better links withthe business sector, whereby the economic diplomacy will be more business oriented.

3.2.2 Organisation of BiH Economic Diplomacy AbroadThe concept of economic diplomacy abroad is primarily based on the work of diplomatic missions andconsular offices of Bosnia and Herzegovina supported through the work of honorary consuls andbusiness clubs or business councils, as well as the representative offices of the BiH Foreign Trade Chamberwhich need to be established. Diplomatic missions and consular offices have, without any doubt, the most important role in the conceptof economic diplomacy. From the point of view of economic diplomacy, it is necessary to appointeconomic advisors in the most important embassies, who will exclusively deal with the economicdiplomacy. They should have good insight into the economic situation in the host country and wellestablished contacts. In the focus of their interest should be the following: information about theeconomic sectors of interest for BiH export, contacts with potential investors, legislation pertaining to thebusiness operations in the host country, possible trade barriers, etc. Diplomatic missions and consularoffices should be able to provide practical advice concerning the manner of business operations ofdomestic companies in the host country. In addition, they should be able to give proposals as to whichproducts and in which manner can find buyers at the market of the host country. reporting on economic sectors of the host country, which are attractive to exporters from BiH, shouldbe focused on the following: description of the market for a specific economic sector, production anddemand for products within that sector, information about the policy of the host country in that sector,assessment of opportunities for BiH businesses in that sector, conditions and manner of payment, dataand assessments about the competition in that sector, specific or aimed fairs and tenders and projectswhich are to be implemented in that specific sector. majority of BiH diplomatic and consular offices have two to three persons with diplomatic status.Therefore, it is difficult under such circumstances to organise specialists who would, as diplomats, bededicated only to the issues concerning the economic diplomacy. In any case, it is necessary in a decisionon appointment to determine which person in a diplomatic mission or consular office is in charge of thetasks related to the economic diplomacy, in order to achieve the quality of work through accountabilityand performance appraisal. In addition, it is very important that diplomatic missions and consular officeshave an adequate budget for economic diplomacy tasks, since the economic diplomacy withoutbudgetary support remains a “paper dragon”. An assessment of opportunities for economic cooperation with a country should not be crucial, but itshould be one of the most important factors when deciding on opening or closing of a diplomatic

mission or consular office of asending country in a hostcountry. Spokesperson of theministry of Foreign Affairs of thePhilippines, raul Hernandez, onthe occasion of closing of 10Philippine embassies said thatthe decision on closing of theembassies was made based onthe three pillars of the nationalforeign policy: national security,promotion of economicdiplomacy and protection ofrights and prosperity of theFilipinos living abroad.Hernandez said that, in additionto the costs of the embassy andstaff, main factors affecting the


decision to close a diplomatic mission are the scope of trade with a host country, investments ... Filipinoswho live there.3

on 08 April 2011, the rnW broke the news that the netherlands would close 9 embassies, primarily ledby the redesign of the priorities of its own foreign policy. The then Dutch minister of Foreign Affairs, Urirosenthal said that economic interests of the netherlands had the priority over the provision of assistanceto developing countries. Accordingly, the Dutch embassies were closed in four African countries (BurkinaFaso, Cameroon, Eritrea and zambia) and in five countries of latin America (Bolivia, Ecuador, guatemala,nicaragua and Uruguay). Simultaneously, the netherlands opened two new diplomatic missions inPanama and Chinese city of Chengdu, while the embassy in Tanzania was transformed into an economicrepresentative office.4

Particular support to business-related lobbying and networking can be provided by honorary consuls.The Council of ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina has so far appointed 17 honorary consuls in 13countries, while the appointment of additional 46 honorary consuls is in process. In 2013, the Presidencyof Bosnia and Herzegovina took over the task of appointment of honorary consuls. In order to achieveresults in their work, honorary consuls should complete training in duration of at least 7 days in the BiHministry of Foreign Affairs, particularly in the Department for Economic Diplomacy. It is also necessaryto develop a reporting system for them to report on their activities, particularly in the field of economy.The existing practice is that honorary consuls report to the BiH Foreign ministry once a year.reappointment of honorary consuls should depend on the quality of work and reporting. In addition to the partnership within the strategic alliance of BiH institutions, it is necessary to buildanother significant partnership, which is a partnership with the BiH diaspora in the world. nobody knowsa country better than the people who live in it and make their living and struggle for the advancementof their families. Diplomats come and go, while diaspora share their destiny with the citizens of the hostcountry. In principle, experiences with the BiH diaspora are very positive, but it is necessary to maintainthe existing and establish new relations with our diaspora. BiH diaspora, by its structure, isheterogeneous. There are BiH citizens abroad who made great success in business, science and art. Theyearned respect in the host country solely on the basis of their work and conduct and there are numerousBiH citizens abroad who were awarded prestigious awards. Therefore, it is necessary to pay particularattention to the development of bilateral relations with the countries where there is a large BiH diaspora,primarily to protect the interests of BiH citizens in those countries, to improve cultural relations, but alsoto include diaspora in bilateral economic relations. In that sense, a very good approach would be toensure support for the concept of economic diplomacy abroad through the network of business clubsand business councils. Business clubs should be a place of gathering of business people, establishmentof business to business contacts (B2B), fast organisation of business meetings and a place where businesspeople can meet each other and exchange information. of particular importance is to maintain contactsbetween businessmen from Bosnia and Herzegovina who live and work in the host country andbusinessmen from Bosnia and Herzegovina who intend to start a business in the host country.

3.2.3 Strategic alliance of BiH institutions

Department for Economic Diplomacy initiated theestablishment of a strategic alliance of BiH institutionswhich acts as an informal group composed of the BiHministry of Foreign Affairs, BiH ministry of Foreign Tradeand Economic relations, Foreign Investment PromotionAgency and BiH Foreign Trade Chamber. The main reasonbehind the establishment of the strategic alliance of BiHinstitutions is to create a competitive synergy of theinstitutions that are members of the strategic alliance. Inthis way, communication in the field of economicdiplomacy was improved. All other state and entityinstitutions and chambers which want to do so can assistin improving the export of BiH products to other countriesand promoting foreign investments in BiH and they arewelcome to join the strategic alliance of BiH institutions.


3 Tina g. Santos, 10 PH embassies, consulates to be closed, 25 January 2012. http://globalnation.inquirer.net/23935/10-ph-embassies-consulates-to-be-closed-palau-appeals, downloaded 20 June 2013.

4 John Tyler, Netherlands to close nine embassies, radio netherlands Worldwide, 8 April 2011,http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/netherlands-close-nine-embassies, downloaded 24 June 2013.

3.2.4 Environment in which economic diplomacy operates The concept of economic diplomacy cannot remain at the level of ideas. It operates in a real environmentwhere there are real processes going on and whose subjects are real people. For that reason, activitieson the development of a strong concept of economic diplomacy have to be implemented continuallyand related techniques must be developed and tailored in a manner suitable to a particular place andtime. The environment in which the economic diplomacy of Bosnia and Herzegovina currently operatesis very complex. EU and nATo integration has significantly stagnated, our country is not yet a memberof the WTo and as of 01 July 2013, Croatia, which is a very important BiH trade partner will leave CEFTAand become a member of the EU. Export of BiH products is harder due to a strong currency, which is, atthe same time, important for attracting foreign investments. There is an obvious lack of adequatelegislation in BiH, particularly of those regulations governing the area of certification of domesticproducts which are to be exported. In addition, budgets are ever tighter, while the need to financeeconomic diplomacy activities is increasing because good marketing is costly. In addition, it is necessaryto have in mind conditions on foreign markets: fierce competition, overcrowded markets with goods ofdifferent quality, very cheap products, as well as the economic crisis in today’s globalised world. Still,even under such conditions, the BiH economic diplomacy is implementing its activities and investingfurther efforts to ensure BiH businesses find their place on the world market. Thanks to the activities under the realm of economic diplomacy, Bosnia and Herzegovina is today amember of CEFTA and it has a Free Trade Agreement with Turkey, which, in addition to 4 million citizensof our country, increases the market to around 100 million consumers. In addition, it is also planned tojoint EFTA, which would further increase the number of consumers. Economic diplomacy also has some wider implications, because good economic cooperation acts as afactor of stability in the region. A logical path towards renewal of trust in the region is implementationof large economic projects of regional significance.

3.2.5 Strategic markets for BiH

markets of strategic importance for BiH and thereby for economic diplomacy are the neighbouringcountries, other countries of the Western Balkans, EU market, mediterranean countries, middle Easterncountries and large markets in expansion, such as India and China. In the current situation, so called thirdmarkets are the most promising markets because BiH has had a positive economic memory with themand it has already realised significant business projects there. Having in mind the global recession, thesemarkets are the ones with the most dynamic development as they are still not developed or crowded andobjectively they offer wide room for business activities. The fact is that the competition is getting fiercerin these markets, wherefore the time is one of the key factors and requires that the activities in thesemarkets start as soon as possible.

3.2.6 Local communities in the concept of economic diplomacy

local communities, from municipal to cantonal or regional level, are insufficiently used as a potential toattract foreign investors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, although they could be the best acceptors of foreigninvestments in our country. local communities which have well designed development projects in linewith the global standards are very attractive to foreign investors and BiH economic diplomacy should infuture rely on this potential much more. on the other side, authorities in a local community can resolvemajority of issues that foreign investors face. e strane, vlasti u lokalnoj zajednici mogu riješiti većinupitanja s kojima se strani investitori susreću.

3.4 Business Forum – a positive example of efficient concept of BiHeconomic diplomacyEfficient organisation of economic diplomacy involves a systematic approach to precisely defined activities.organisation of a business forum abroad represents a proactive approach to economic diplomacy, considering thatBiH diplomacy takes over the initiative by analysing and precisely determining the countries that have potential forfurther development of economic cooperation. Business forums are based on the idea that improvement of exportsand increasing of inflow of foreign investments can be achieved by establishing direct contacts between businessmen.This is the way to create a friendly environment for businessmen from both countries. In the first half of 2013, the BiH ministry of Foreign Affairs, in cooperation with the BiH Foreign Trade Chamberand FIPA, organised 6 business forums in the United Arab Emirate, Qatar, India, Austria, russia and the UK.


Having in mind the increasing oil prices,potential of investment in the countries thatsell oil has been recognised as high yielding.Considering that BiH has good politicalrelations with the gulf countries, it is logicalthat the UEA and Qatar were the firstcountries to organise business forums in2013. The business forums in India andrussia were next, because these are thecountries with large markets. The fact thatthe number of business forums organisedabroad in the first half of 2013 is larger thanthe number of business forums organisedover the three previous years speaks howmuch the BiH economic diplomacyactivities have been intensified. The BiH Foreign Trade Chamber, in cooperation with the BiH ministry of Foreign Affairs, announces a callfor applications, which practically means that any BiH company, member of the BiH Foreign TradeChamber, can be a member of the state delegation, which is a sort of “innovation” compared to earlierpractice. Companies from BiH attend the forums on the basis of their own interest and costs of traveland accommodation of their representatives are borne by the companies themselves. Diplomatic missions and consular offices, together with the host, i.e. institutions of the host countryattempt to bring esteemed partners from the host country, which means that the BiH companies are inthe position to establish high-quality contacts. organisation of a business forum is linked to the visit ata high or highest level, whereby linking the politics and economy. Every visit within which a businessforum is organised also includes the signing of an agreement with a host country in order to removepotential barriers to economic cooperation and foreign investments. A business forum starts with opening remarks by high-level officials, usually the BiH minister of ForeignAffairs, followed by presentations of the existing trade cooperation and possibilities for investments inBosnia and Herzegovina. An important element of the business forum is a time for B2B contacts and around table. The forum is closed by a reception where businessmen can exchange information andfurther already established contacts in an informal atmosphere. Following the business forum, diplomatic missions and consular offices of Bosnia and Herzegovinaprovide further support to the BiH companies for their engagement at the market of the host country.

4. Conclusion Bosnia and Herzegovina has faced different challenges over the years. one of these challenges is how toachieve successful economic development. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with great potential.An expression characterising the country boasting about its unused potentials is that it is a “... rich countryof poor people...”. good leadership and good organisation is required to achieve that rich people live ina rich country, or at least people who are not on the verge of poverty. This therefore means that potentialsshould be transformed into economically attractive and environmentally acceptable projects that can beoffered to domestic and foreign investors. However, development of an efficient concept of economic diplomacy implies much more than theactivities related to the development of such projects and it includes a series of other activities.Development of such a concept requires a multidisciplinary approach both in terms of the areas coveredand institutions involved in this concept. The ultimate objective of the economic diplomacy must beeconomic development of the country. Therefore, it is an imperative that every government that wishesgood for the country it governs has such concept. Despite numerous difficulties accompanying the concept of economic diplomacy in Bosnia andHerzegovina, it is taking a clear shape and has a very real chance to develop into an effective leveragethat will enhance the growth of the domestic economy. Empty political catchphrases and apathy will notresolve the economic problems and a problem of mass unemployment in BiH. only consistent hard workon a daily basis (nulla dies sine linea) on economic growth and development of economy of our countrywill move things forward, while it is necessary to use offered opportunities, which always exist. goodand efficient concept of economic diplomacy can certainly contribute to move from poverty toprosperity, but only if it is supported by a proactive policy which will engage institutions at all levels inthis country, as well as the civil society and non-governmental sector.


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Non nova sed nove (Ne nova, već na novi način) - vpi.bavpi.ba/.../05/Tekst_BiH_pol_analiza_Ekonomska_diplomatija_Layout_1… · Ekonomska diplomatija – izazov visokog prioriteta