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Nosocomial infection
Nosocomial infection
outlines• What is meant by nosocomial infections?
• Methods of transmission of nosocomial infections.
• Which bacteria can cause nosocomial infections?
• What are the sites of nosocomial infections?
• Problems of nosocomial infections.
• Control & prevention
Nosocomial infection
What is meant by Nosocomial infection?
It is hospital-acquired infection.
It comes from two Greek words:
1-(Nous) means : Disease.
2-(Komeion)means: To take care of.
Nosocomial infection
Definition cont
These infections appear:
- 48 hours or more after hospital admission.
- Within 30 days after discharge.
Nosocomial infection
Methods of transmission
• Contact transmission.
• Droplet transmission.
• Airborne transmission.
• Common vehicle transmission.
• Vector borne transmission.
Nosocomial infection
Contact transmission
The most common method & it has two types: Direct-contact transmission.
- Physical transfer of microorganisms between the host and infected person.
Indirect-contact transmission.
- contact of the host with a contaminated intermediate object
Nosocomial infection
Methods of transmission cont• Droplet transmission.- Germs from droplets deposit on the host’s body.
• Airborne transmission.- Droplets from the patient remain
suspended in air for along period of time.
- Dust particles contain the infectious agent.
Nosocomial infection
Methods of transmission cont
• Common vehicle transmission.
• Vector borne transmission.
Nosocomial infection
Bacteria causing nosocomial infection
Gram-positive bacteria:1- Staphylococcus aureus:
2- Enterococci:
Nosocomial infection
Bacteria cont Gram-negative bacteria:1- E-coli:
2- Enteric gram negative rods:
Nosocomial infection
Bacteria cont
3- Coagulase-negative staphylococci:
4- Pseudomonas aeruginosa :
Nosocomial infection
Factors predisposing a patient to nosocomial infections:
• Immunodeficiency.
• Chronic pulmonary disease.
Nosocomial infection
Factors cont
• Patient’s treatment.
• Recurrent blood transfusion.
• Chronic anaemia.
Nosocomial infection
Sites of nosocomial infection
• Urinary tact infection.
• Surgical site infection.
• Nosocomial pneumonia.
• Bacteraemia.
Nosocomial infection
Sites cont
• Urinary tact infection.
- The most common site for nosocomial infections. - Symptoms: Doudy offensive urine.
• Nosocomial pneumonia.- Occurs especially in patients depend on
ventilators in intensive care units.
Nosocomial infection
Sites cont
• Surgical site infection.
- Usually acquired during the operation itself.
- The main risk factor is: The extent of contamination during the surgery.
• Bacteraemia.
- Occasionally , Bacteria infecting urinary tract invade the blood stream to cause septicemia.
Nosocomial infection
Problems of nosocomial infection
• Prolong of hospitalization.
• Nosocomial infections are costly. Many countries spend much money :
- USA: 4.5 billion dollars per year.
- England: 3.6 million pounds per year.
Nosocomial infection
Problems cont
• Delaying wound healing.
• Delaying rehabilitation.
• Causing mortality.
Nosocomial infection
Problems cont
• Increasing exposure to antimicrobial therapy and its potential adverse effects.
Nosocomial infection
prevention
• Handwashing.
• Cleaning surrounding environment.
- Sterilization of equipments used in the hospital .
Nosocomial infection
Prevention cont
• Gloves
• Aprons.
- Play an important role in reducing risk of transmission of microorganisms.
Nosocomial infection
Prevention cont
• Patient isolation.prevent transmission of microorganisms from patient to
other patients , health-care workers & visitors.
• Vaccination of health care workers.
Nosocomial infection
Control of nosocomial infection
• Controlling nosocomial pneumonia.
• Controlling surgical wounds infection.
Nosocomial infection
Control cont• Controlling blood stream infection.
Nosocomial infection
Nosocomial infection
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