SUBCULTURES1. SUBCULTURE - AN ETHNIC, REGIONAL,

ECONOMIC, OR SOCIAL GROUP EXHIBITING CHARACTERISTIC PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR

SUFFICIENT TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM OTHERS WITHIN AN EMBRACING CULTURE OR SOCIETY

2. MOST POPULAR SUBCULTURES IN USA: HIPPIES, GRUNGE, PUNKS, BIKERS, GREASERS, HIP-HOP

3. MOST POPULAR SUBCULTURES IN AUSTRALIA: BIKERS, SURFERS, SHARPIES, HIP-HOP

4. MOST POPULAR SUBCULTURES IN GREAT BRITAIN: SKINHEADS, PUNKS, SKATERS, MODS,

GOTHS

Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop music that evolved from hardcore hip hop and purports to reflect urban crime and the violent lifestyles of inner-city youths. Lyrics in gangsta rap have varied from accurate reflections to fictionalized accounts. The genre was pioneered in the mid-1980s by rappers such as Schoolly D and Ice-T, and was popularized in the later part of the 1980s by groups like N.W.A.After the national attention that Ice-T and N.W.A attracted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gangsta rap became the most commercially lucrative subgenre of hip hop. Some gangsta rappers have been associated, or allegedly have ties with the Bloods or Crips gangs.

BLOODS

• THE BLOODS ARE A PRIMARILY, THOUGH NOT EXCLUSIVELY, AFRICAN AMERICAN STREET GANG FOUNDED IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. THE GANG IS WIDELY KNOWN FOR ITS RIVALRY WITH THE CRIPS. THEY ARE IDENTIFIED BY THE RED COLOR WORN BY THEIR MEMBERS AND BY PARTICULAR GANG SYMBOLS, INCLUDING DISTINCTIVE HAND SIGNS.

• THE BLOODS ARE MADE UP OF VARIOUS SUB-GROUPS KNOWN AS "SETS" BETWEEN WHICH SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES EXIST SUCH AS COLORS, CLOTHING, AND OPERATIONS, AND POLITICAL IDEAS WHICH MAY BE IN OPEN CONFLICT WITH EACH OTHER. SINCE THEIR CREATION, THE BLOOD GANGS HAVE BRANCHED OUT THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES

CRIPS• THE CRIPS ARE A PRIMARILY, BUT NOT

EXCLUSIVELY, AFRICAN-AMERICAN GANG. THEY WERE FOUNDED IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, IN 1969 MAINLY BY RAYMOND WASHINGTON AND STANLEY WILLIAMS. WHAT WAS ONCE A SINGLE ALLIANCE BETWEEN TWO AUTONOMOUS GANGS IS NOW A LOOSELY CONNECTED NETWORK OF INDIVIDUAL SETS, OFTEN ENGAGED IN OPEN WARFARE WITH ONE ANOTHER.

• THE CRIPS ARE ONE OF THE LARGEST AND MOST VIOLENT ASSOCIATIONS OF STREET GANGS IN THE UNITED STATES,WITH AN ESTIMATED 30,000 TO 35,000 MEMBERS. THE GANG IS KNOWN TO BE INVOLVED IN MURDERS, ROBBERIES, AND DRUG DEALING, AMONG MANY OTHER CRIMINAL PURSUITS. THE GANG IS KNOWN FOR ITS GANG MEMBERS' USE OF THE COLOR BLUE IN THEIR CLOTHING. HOWEVER, THIS PRACTICE HAS WANED DUE TO POLICE CRACKDOWNS ON GANG MEMBERS.

BLOODS VS CRIPS

SKINHEADS• A SKINHEAD IS A MEMBER OF A SUBCULTURE THAT

ORIGINATED AMONG WORKING CLASS YOUTHS IN LONDON, ENGLAND IN THE 1960S AND THEN SOON SPREAD TO OTHER PARTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND LATER TO OTHER COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD. NAMED FOR THEIR CLOSE-CROPPED OR SHAVEN HEADS, THE FIRST SKINHEADS WERE GREATLY INFLUENCED BY WEST INDIAN (SPECIFICALLY JAMAICAN) RUDE BOYS AND BRITISH MODS, IN TERMS OF FASHION, MUSIC AND LIFESTYLE. ORIGINALLY, THE SKINHEAD SUBCULTURE WAS PRIMARILY BASED ON THOSE ELEMENTS, NOT POLITICS OR RACE. SINCE THEN, HOWEVER, ATTITUDES TOWARD RACE AND POLITICS HAVE BECOME FACTORS BY WHICH SOME SKINHEADS ALIGN THEMSELVES. THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM WITHIN THE SKINHEAD SCENE RANGES FROM THE FAR RIGHT TO THE FAR LEFT, ALTHOUGH MANY SKINHEADS ARE APOLITICAL. FASHION-WISE, SKINHEADS RANGE FROM A CLEAN-CUT 1960S MOD-INFLUENCED STYLE TO LESS-STRICT PUNK- AND HARDCORE-INFLUENCED STYLES.

• IN THE LATE 1960S, SOME SKINHEADS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM (INCLUDING BLACK SKINHEADS) HAD ENGAGED IN VIOLENCE AGAINST SOUTH ASIAN IMMIGRANTS (AN ACT KNOWN AS PAKI BASHING IN COMMON SLANG). THERE HAD, HOWEVER, ALSO BEEN ANTI-RACIST SKINHEADS SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE SUBCULTURE, ESPECIALLY IN SCOTLAND AND NORTHERN ENGLAND.

• THESE EARLY SKINHEADS WERE NOT NECESSARILY PART OF ANY POLITICAL MOVEMENT, BUT BY THE EARLY 1970S, SOME SKINHEADS ALIGNED THEMSELVES WITH THE WHITE NATIONALIST NATIONAL FRONT.AS THE 1970S PROGRESSED, RACIALLY-MOTIVATED SKINHEAD VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM BECAME MORE POLITICAL, AND FAR RIGHT GROUPS SUCH AS THE NATIONAL FRONT AND THE BRITISH MOVEMENT SAW A RISE IN WHITE POWER SKINHEADS AMONG THEIR RANKS. BY THE LATE 1970S, THE MASS MEDIA, AND SUBSEQUENTLY THE GENERAL PUBLIC, HAD LARGELY COME TO VIEW THE SKINHEAD SUBCULTURE AS ONE THAT PROMOTES RACISM AND NEO-NAZISM. THE WHITE POWER AND NEO-NAZI SKINHEAD SUBCULTURE EVENTUALLY SPREAD TO NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE AND OTHER AREAS OF THE WORLD. THE MAINSTREAM MEDIA STARTED USING THE TERM SKINHEAD IN REPORTS OF RACIST VIOLENCE (REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THE PERPETRATOR WAS ACTUALLY A SKINHEAD); THIS HAS PLAYED A LARGE ROLE IN SKEWING PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE SUBCULTURE THREE NOTABLE GROUPS THAT FORMED IN THE 1980S AND BECAME ASSOCIATED WITH WHITE POWER SKINHEADS ARE WHITE ARYAN RESISTANCE, BLOOD AND HONOUR AND HAMMER SKINS

THE HIPPIE SUBCULTURE

• THIS CULTURE BEGAN IN USA DURING THE EARLY 1960´S

• HIPPIE DERIVES FROM HIPSTER THAT WAS INITIALLY USED TO DESCRIBE BEATNIKS

BEATNIKS HIPPIES

HISTORY

• ON JANUARY OF 1967 MICHAEL BOWEN HELPED TO POPULARIZE HIPPIE CULTURE ACROSS USA, FIRST IN SAN FRANCISCO AND SECOND IN NEW YORK.

HIPPIES IN THE WORLD

• IN THE UNITED KINDOM THERE ARE MANY NEW AGE HIPPIES THAT PREFER TO CALL THEMSELVES THE “PEACE CONVOY”.

HIPPIES IN THE WORLD

• IN NEW ZELAND BETWEEN 1976 AND 1981 TENS OF THOUSAND OF HIPPIES GATHERED IN NAMBASSA FESTIVAL, HERE FOCUSED ON PEACE, LOVE AND BALANCE ALTERNATIVE LIFESTYLE, CLEAN AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY.

POLITICS• HIPPIES WERE OFTEN PACIFISTS AND

PARTICIPATED IN NON VIOLENT POLITICAL DEMOSTRATION, SUCH AS CIVIL RIGHTS MARCHES AND THE ANTI VIETNAM WAR.

CULTURE

• THE PHILOSOPHY HIPPIE IS: LOVE, PEACE AND FREEDOM.

• THE HIPPIE´S CODE WAS: “DO YOUR OWN THING, WHEREVER YOU HAVE TO DO IT AND WHENEVER YOU WANT”.

CULTURE

• SINCE THE 1960´S MANY ASPECTS OF HIPPIE CULTURE HAVE BEEN ASSIMILATED BY THE MAINSTREAM SOCIETY: INFLUENCING POPULAR MUSIC, TELEVISION, FILMS, LITERATURE AND THE ARTS.

MUSIC STYLE

• THIS CULTURE LISTENED PSYCHEDELIC ROCK,FOLK AND USED DRUGS AS MARIJUANA AND LSD TO EXPLORE ALTERNATIVE STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS, IN FACT A FORM OF REBELLION BY THE HOMOGENEITY OF CONCEPTS THAT SOCIETY OFFERS.

MUSIC STYLE

• SCOTT MCKENZIE IN 1967 PRODUCE THE SONG: “BE SURE TO WEAR FLOWERS IN YOUR HAIR”, BECAME A HOMECOMING SONG FOR ALL VIETNAM SOLDIER.

FASHION

• ONE EXPRESSION OF HIPPIE INDEPENDENCE FROM SOCIAL NORMS WAS FOUND IN THEIR STANDARD OF DRESS AND GROOMING AND SIRVED AS A VISUAL SYMBOL OF THEIR RESPECT FOR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS.

• BY 1968, HIPPIE CULTURE INFLUENCED FASHION WERE BEGINNING TO TAKE OFF IN THE MAINSTREAM.

FASHION

• THE MEN CHANGE HIM LOOK, FOR EXAMPLE THE USE OF LONGER HAIR.

• THEY USE BEADS, FEATHERS, FLOWERS AND BELLS.

FASHION

• WEAR BRIGHTLY COLORING CLOTHING AND FORMS HOW THE T-SHIT TYE-DYE WITH PSYCHEDELIC FLAVOR.

COLORS AND MORE COLORS

• HIPPIE HOMES, VEHICLES AND OTHER POSSESSIONS WERE OFTEN DECORATED WITH PSYCHEDELIC ART.

BIKERS

• 1. BIKERS: MOTORCYCLE SUBCULTURE WHICH HAS ITS ROOTS IN THE IMMEDIATELY POST-WORLD WAR II ERA OF AMERICAN SOCIETY. IT IS GENERALLY CENTERED AROUND THE USE OF CRUISER MOTORCYCLES, PARTICULARLY HARLEY-DAVIDSONS AND CHOPPERS, AND A SET OF IDEALS WHICH CELEBRATE FREEDOM, NONCONFORMITY TO MAINSTREAM CULTURE AND LOYALTY TO THE BIKER GROUP.WHILE ORGANIZATIONS MAY VARY, THE TYPICAL INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF A MOTORCYCLE CLUB CONSISTS OF A PRESIDENT, VICE PRESIDENT, TREASURER, SECRETARY, ROAD CAPTAIN, AND SERGEANT-AT-ARMS. LOCALIZED GROUPS OF A SINGLE, LARGE MC ARE CALLED CHAPTERS OR CHARTERS, AND THE FIRST CHAPTER ESTABLISHED FOR AN MC IS REFERRED TO AS THE MOTHER CHAPTER. THE PRESIDENT OF THE MOTHER CHAPTER SERVES AS THE PRESIDENT OF THE ENTIRE MC, AND SETS CLUB POLICY ON A VARIETY OF ISSUES.LARGER MOTORCYCLE CLUBS OFTEN ACQUIRE REAL ESTATE FOR USE AS A CLUBHOUSE OR PRIVATE COMPOUND.IN SOME "BIKER" CLUBS, AS PART OF BECOMING A FULL MEMBER, AN INDIVIDUAL MUST PASS A VOTE OF THE MEMBERSHIP AND SWEAR SOME LEVEL OF ALLEGIANCE TO THE CLUB. SOME CLUBS HAVE A UNIQUE CLUB PATCH (OR PATCHES) ADORNED WITH THE TERM MC THAT ARE WORN ON THE RIDER'S VEST, KNOWN AS COLORS.

2.SOME OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUBS CAN BE DISTINGUISHED BY A 1% PATCH WORN ON THE COLORS. THIS IS CLAIMED TO BE A REFERENCE TO A COMMENT MADE BY THE AMERICAN MOTORCYCLIST ASSOCIATION (AMA) IN WHICH THEY STATED THAT 99% OF MOTORCYCLISTS WERE LAW-ABIDING CITIZENS, IMPLYING THAT THE LAST ONE PERCENT WERE OUTLAWS. AS A RESULT, SOME OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE CLUBS USED IT TO UNITE OR EXPRESS THEMSELVES AND ARE COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS "ONE PERCENTERS". ACCORDING TO THE ATF THEY ARE ALSO KNOWN AS OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS (OMG).

• 3. CRIMINAL ACTIVITY:THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DEFINES THE TERM "OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANG" (OMG) AS AN ORGANIZATION WHOSE MEMBERS USE THEIR MOTORCYCLE CLUBS AS "CONDUITS FOR CRIMINAL ENTERPRISES". BOTH THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI) AND CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE CANADA HAVE DESIGNATED FOUR MCS AS "OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS"; THE HELLS ANGELS, THE PAGANS, THE OUTLAWS, AND THE BANDIDOS, KNOWN AS THE "BIG FOUR". THESE FOUR HAVE A LARGE ENOUGH NATIONAL IMPACT TO BE PROSECUTED UNDER THE FEDERAL RACKETEER INFLUENCED AND CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS (RICO) STATUTE. THE CALIFORNIA ATTORNEY GENERAL ALSO LISTS THE MONGOLS AND THE VAGOS MOTORCYCLE CLUB AS OUTLAW MOTORCYCLE GANGS.THE FBI ASSERTS THAT OMGS SUPPORT THEMSELVES PRIMARILY THROUGH DRUG DEALING, TRAFFICKING IN STOLEN GOODS, AND EXTORTION, AND THAT THEY FIGHT OVER TERRITORY AND THE ILLEGAL DRUG TRADE[65] AND COLLECT $1 BILLION IN ILLEGAL INCOME ANNUALLY.4. APPERANCE

PUNKS

• 1. THE PUNK SUBCULTURE EMERGED IN THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND AUSTRALIA IN THE MID-1970S. THE PUNK SUBCULTURE INCLUDES A DIVERSE ARRAY OF IDEOLOGIES, AND FORMS OF EXPRESSION, INCLUDING FASHION, VISUAL ART, DANCE, LITERATURE, AND FILM, WHICH GREW OUT OF PUNK ROCK. PUNK IS LARGELY CHARACTERIZED BY A CONCERN FOR INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT VIEWS.THE EARLIEST FORM OF MUSIC TO BE CALLED "PUNK ROCK" WAS GARAGE ROCK (1963-1967). THE TERM WAS APPLIED TO IT RETROACTIVELY BY INFLUENTIAL ROCK CRITICS IN THE EARLY HALF OF THE 1970S.THE FIRST ONGOING MUSIC SCENE TO CLAIM THE PUNK LABEL APPEARED IN NEW YORK CITY BETWEEN 1974 AND 1976. AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME OR SHORTLY AFTERWARD, A PUNK SCENE DEVELOPED IN LONDON. SOON AFTER, LOS ANGELES BECAME HOME TO THE THIRD MAJOR PUNK SCENE.IN THE MID-1980S TO THE EARLY 1990S IN AMERICA, VARIOUS UNDERGROUND SCENES EITHER DIRECTLY EVOLVED FROM PUNK OR AT LEAST APPLIED ITS ATTITUDES TO NEW STYLES, IN THE PROCESS PRODUCING THE ALTERNATIVE ROCK AND INDIE MUSIC SCENES. A NEW MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES BECAME VISIBLE IN THE EARLY AND MID-1990S THAT SOUGHT TO REVIVE THE PUNK MOVEMENT, DOING AWAY WITH SOME OF THE TRAPPINGS OF HARDCORE.

• 2.ALTHOUGH PUNKS ARE FREQUENTLY CATEGORISED AS HAVING LEFT-WING OR PROGRESSIVE VIEWS, PUNK POLITICS COVER THE ENTIRE POLITICAL SPECTRUM. PUNK-RELATED IDEOLOGIES ARE MOSTLY CONCERNED WITH INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM AND ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT VIEWS. COMMON PUNK VIEWPOINTS INCLUDE ANTI-AUTHORITARIANISM, A DIY ETHIC, NON-CONFORMITY, DIRECT ACTION AND NOT SELLING OUT. OTHER NOTABLE TRENDS IN PUNK POLITICS INCLUDE NIHILISM, ANARCHISM, SOCIALISM, ANTI-MILITARISM, ANTI-CAPITALISM, ANTI-RACISM, ANTI-SEXISM, ANTI-NATIONALISM, ANTI-HOMOPHOBIA, ENVIRONMENTALISM, VEGETARIANISM, VEGANISM AND ANIMAL RIGHTS. HOWEVER, SOME INDIVIDUALS WITHIN THE PUNK SUBCULTURE HOLD RIGHT-WING VIEWS (SUCH AS THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONSERVATIVE PUNK WEBSITE), NEO-NAZI VIEWS (NAZI PUNK), OR ARE APOLITICAL (E.G.HORROR PUNK). EARLY BRITISH PUNKS EXPRESSED NIHILISTIC VIEWS WITH THE SLOGAN NO FUTURE, WHICH CAME FROM THE SEX PISTOLS SONG "GOD SAVE THE QUEEN". IN THE UNITED STATES, PUNKS HAD A DIFFERENT APPROACH TO NIHILISM BASED ON THEIR "UNCONCERN FOR THE PRESENT" AND THEIR "DISAFFECTION FROM BOTH MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASS STANDARDS".[CITATION NEEDED] PUNK NIHILISM WAS EXPRESSED IN THE USE OF "HARDER, MORE SELF-DESTRUCTIVE, CONSCIOUSNESS-OBLITERATING SUBSTANCES LIKE HEROIN, OR METHAMPHETAMINE"

• 3. PUNKS SEEK TO OUTRAGE OTHERS WITH THE HIGHLY THEATRICAL USE OF CLOTHING, HAIRSTYLES, COSMETICS, TATTOOS, JEWELLERY AND BODY MODIFICATION.SOME PUNKS WEAR TIGHT "DRAINPIPE" JEANS, PLAID/TARTAN TROUSERS, KILTS OR SKIRTS, T-SHIRTS, LEATHER JACKETS , AND FOOTWEAR SUCH AS CONVERSE SNEAKERS, SKATE SHOES, BROTHEL CREEPERS, OR DR. MARTENS BOOTS. SOME EARLY PUNKS OCCASIONALLY WORE CLOTHES DISPLAYING A NAZI SWASTIKA FOR SHOCK-VALUE, BUT MOST CONTEMPORARY PUNKS ARE STAUNCHLY ANTI-RACIST AND ARE MORE LIKELY TO WEAR A CROSSED-OUT SWASTIKA SYMBOL. SOME PUNKS CUT THEIR HAIR INTO MOHAWKS OR OTHER DRAMATIC SHAPES, STYLE IT TO STAND IN SPIKES, AND COLOR IT WITH VIBRANT, UNNATURAL HUES.