Organic Molecules

I. Organic Molecules in living things

A. Introduction1. Living things are made of organic

molecules 2. Organic – has Carbon as the base, and

often has Hydrogen and Oxygen3. Molecule – more than one atom joined

together with a chemical bond

B. Simple molecules – water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2)

C. Complex organic molecules1. Carbohydrates – C, H, O in rings2. Lipids [fats] – C, H, O in long chains3. Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen4. Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorus

D. Functions and Examples

Organic Molecule

Function Examples

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

energy (animals-plants) structure (plants)

sugar, starch, glycogencellulose

energy, insulation, waterproofcell membrane

fats, oils, waxesphospholipids

build, maintain, and repair the body, alternate energy

organs, bone, blood, muscle + antibodies,hormones, enzymes

code to build proteins in thebody

DNA (double strand) RNA (single strand)

E. Energy

1. Body uses carbs 1st, fats 2nd, proteins last2. How much energy

(fats = 9 cal/g, carbs/proteins = 4 cal/g)

3. starches/sugars

PARTNER SHARE

muscles/liver for 1-24 hrs

carbs from food

directly to cells

fat

glycogen

Your digestive system converts the carbohydrates in food into glucose, a form of sugar carried in the blood and transported to cells for energy. Any glucose not used by the cells is converted into glycogen - another form of carbohydrate that is stored in the muscles and liver. However, the body's glycogen capacity is limited to about 350 grams; once this maximum has been reached, any excess glucose is quickly converted into fat.

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

a.k.a. “many sugars”

Lipids

Saturated Fat

Examples: dairy foods, animal fats “unhealthy fats”

Unsaturated Fats

Examples: avocados, vegetable oils, nuts. “healthier fats”

PROTEINS

Function of Proteins

Structure – muscle, bone, skin, blood, organs

Processing Questions

What organic molecules are found in this meal? Where?

Processing Questions

What does each type of organic molecule do for the body?

F. Metabolism – all chemical reactions that take place in an organism; all involve H20

1. Digesting, breaking down food(like carbs, fats, proteins)

Hydrolysis reaction – water is added and used up to break down the molecules

2. Building organic molecules(like proteins, glycogen, fats)

Dehydration (condensation) reaction – water is removed/pulled out when molecules are built

Demonstration

F. __________ – all chemical reactions that take place in an organism; all involve H20

1. Digesting, breaking down food(like carbs, fats, proteins)

_________________ reaction – water is _______ and used up to break down the molecules

2. Building organic molecules(like proteins, glycogen, fats)

______________ (condensation) reaction – water is __________ /pulled out when molecules are built

II. Proteins in humans

A. Basics1. made of 20 diff. amino acids

(different combos – RAT, TAR, ART)

2. > 100,000 different proteins in humans

3. 12 amino acids formed by the body, and 8 in foods.

B. What do proteins do?

1. structure/cells – muscles, bone, organs, skin (collagen), blood (hemoglobin)

2. regulate /control body (floating freely)a.     enzymes - reactions for digestion,

metabolism; substrate is the particle that fits with a certain enzyme

b.    hormones - control growth, reproduction (testosterone, hgh, adrenaline, estrogen)

C. Proteins being denatured (broken down, damaged, ruined)

1.     radiation treatment for cancer 2.    temperature bacteria-food3. chemicals pH , bleach to kill bacteria,

fungi

D. Lack of protein in diet

no raw material to build, maintain, repair body examples = fetus, anorexia, starvation