Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Carbon and Organic Molecules
Organic Molecules
Organic molecules —compounds mostly found in living things and containing the element carbon.
Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4-1
Organic molecule origins• Vitalism – organic molecules can only be made by
living organisms.
• Mechanism -is the view that organic molecules can be created through physical and chemical means.
• Miller proved mechanism in an experiment.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4-2
Water vapor
H 2NH
3
“Atmosphere”
Electrode
Condenser
Coldwater
Cooled watercontainingorganicmolecules
Sample forchemical analysis
H2O“sea”
EXPERIMENT
CH4
Why use carbon4 reasons:
-4 valence electrons, can form 4 bonds
-can link together in chains, branches, or rings
-can form single, double, or triple bonds
-bonds with a variety of elements
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 4-4
Hydrogen(valence = 1)
Oxygen(valence = 6)
Nitrogen(valence = 5)
Carbon(valence = 4)
H O N C
Fig. 4-3
NameMolecular Formula
Structural Formula
Ball-and-StickModel
Space-FillingModel
(a) Methane
(b) Ethane
(c) Ethene (ethylene)
Ethane Propane1-Butene 2-Butene
(c) Double bonds
(d) RingsCyclohexane Benzene
Butane 2-Methylpropane(commonly called isobutane)
(b) Branching
(a) Length
Hydrocarbons – only carbon and hydrogen
Isomers• Isomers are compounds with the same molecular
formula but different shapes:
– Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangements but their functional groups are in different locations
Isomers
– Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other
Isomers
• Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Functional Groups• Functional groups – They are the components of
organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. They give the molecules specific properties.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:
– Hydroxyl group
– Carbonyl group
– Carboxyl group
– Amino group
– Sulfhydryl group
– Phosphate group
– Methyl group
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
sugars
(Builds proteins)
Found in proteins
(fats)
ATP• adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary
energy-transferring molecule in the cell
• ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Adenosine
• A phosphate group is removed from the ATP which releases energy
• The ATP then becomes (ADP)
• A third phosphate group can be added back on to ADP so it become ATP again (recycling)
You should now be able to:
1. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules
2. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules
3. Distinguish among the three types of isomers: structural, geometric, and enantiomer
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4. Name the major functional groups found in organic molecules; describe the basic structure of each functional group and outline the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur
5. Explain how ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
